Environmental performance assessments of different methods of coal preparation for use in small-capacity boilers: experiment and theory

The purpose of this article is to receive environmental assessments of combustion of different types of coal fuel depending on the preparation(unscreened,size-graded,briquetted and heat-treated)in automated boilers and boilers with manual load-ing.The assessments were made on the basis of data obtained from experimental methods of coal preparation and calculated methods of determining the amount of pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions,as well as the mass of ash and slag waste.The main pollutants from coal combustion are calculated:particulate matter,benz(a)pyrene,nitrogen oxides,sulfur dioxide,carbon monoxide.Of the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide is calculated.As a result of conducted research it is shown that the simplest preliminary preparation(size-graded)of coal significantly improves combustion efficiency and environmental performance:emissions are reduced by 13%for hard coal and up to 20%for brown coal.The introduction of automated boil-ers with heat-treated coal in small boiler facilities allows to reduce emissions and ash and slag waste by 2-3 times.The best environmental indicators correspond to heat-treated lignite,which is characterized by the absence of sulfur dioxide emissions.

Preparation of magnetically separable mesoporous activated carbons from brown coal with Fe3O4

Magnetically separable mesoporous activated carbon was prepared from brown coal in the presence of Fe3O4 as a bi-functional additive.Magnetic activated carbon(MAC)was characterized by lowtemperature nitrogen adsorption,scanning electron microscopy(SEM),transmission electron microscopy(TEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)and vibrating sample magnetometry(VSM).The evolution behaviors and transition mechanism of Fe3O4 during the preparation of MAC were investigated.The results show that prepared MAC with 6 wt%Fe3O4 addition having a specific surface area and mesopore ratio of 370 m^2·g^-1 and 55.7%,which meet the requirements of adsorption application and magnetic recovery.Highly dispersed iron-containing aggregates with the size of 0.1 lm in the MAC were observed.During the preparation of MAC,Fe3O4 could enhance the escape of volatiles during the carbonization.Fe3O4 could also accelerate burning off the carbon wall during activation,which leads to enlarging micropore size,then resulting in the generation of mesopore and macropore.As a result,a part of Fe3O4 converted into FeO,FeOOH,a-Fe,c-Fe,Fe2SiO4 and compound of Aluminum-iron-silicon.The prepared activated carbon,which was magnetized by both of residual Fe3O4,reduced a-Fe and c-Fe,can be easily separated from the original solution by external magnetic field.

A review of state-of-the-art processing operations in coal preparation

Coal preparation is an integral part of the coal commodity supply chain. This stage of post-mining, pre-utilization beneficiation uses low-cost separation technologies to remove unwanted mineral matter and moisture which hinder the value of the coal product. Coal preparation plants typically employ several parallel circuits of cleaning and dewatering operations, with each circuit designed to optimally treat a specific size range of coal. Recent innovations in coal preparation have increased the efficiency and capac- ity of individual unit operations while reinforcing the standard parallel cleaning approach. This article, which describes the historical influences and state-of-the-art design for the various coal preparation unit operations, is organized to distinguish between coarse/intermediate coal cleaning and fine/ultrafine coal cleaning. Size reduction, screening, classification, cleaning, dewatering, waste disposal unit operations are particularly highlighted, with a special focus on the LI.S. design philosophy. Notable differences between the U.S. and international operations are described as appropriate.

The beneficiation of tailing of coal preparation plant by heavymedium cyclone

Dense-medium cyclones have been used for beneficiation of fine particles of coal. In this study, the usability of cyclones in the beneficiation of tailings of a coal preparation plant was investigated. For this purpose, separation tests were conducted using spiral concentrator and heavy medium cyclones with the specific weight of medium 1.3-1.8 （g/cm^3） on different grading fractions of tailing in an industrial scale （the weight of tail sample was five tons）. Spiral concentrator was utilized to beneficiate particles smaller than 1 mm. In order to evaluate the efficiency of cyclones, sink and float experiments using a specific weight of 1.3, 1.5, 1.7 and 1.9 g/cm^3, were conducted on a pilot scale. Based on the obtained results, the recovery of floated materials in cyclones with the specific weight of 1.40, 1.47 and 1.55 g/cm^3 are 17.75%, 33.80%, and 50%, respectively. Also, the cut point （Pso）, which is the relative density at which particles report equally to the both products are 1.40, 1.67 and 1.86 g/cm^3. The probable errors of separation for defined specific weights for cyclones are 0.080, 0.085 and 0.030, respectively. Also, the coefficients of variation was calculated to be 0.20, 0.12 and 0.03. Finally, it could be said that the performance of a cyclone with a heavy medium of 1.40 g/cm^3 specific weight is desirable compared with other specific weights.

Intelligent Control and Maintenance Man-agement Integrated System Based on Multi-Agents for Coal-Preparation Plant

This paper discusses the progress of computer integrated processing （CIPS） of coal-preparation and then preserits an intelligence controlled production-process, device-maintenance and production-management system of coal- preparation based on multi-agents （IICMMS-CP）. The construction of the IICMMS-CP, the distributed network control system based on live intelligence control stations and the strategy of implementing distributed intelligence control system are studied in order to overcome the disadvantages brought about by the wide use of the PLC system by coaipreparation plants. The software frame, based on a Multi-Agent Intelligence Control and Maintenance Management integrated system, is studied and the implemention methods of IICMMS-CP are discussed. The characteristics of distributed architecture, cooperation and parallel computing meet the needs of integrated control of coal-preparation plants with large-scale spatial production distribution, densely-related processes and complex systems. Its application further improves the reliability and precision of process control, accuracy of fault identification and intelligence of production adjustment, establishes a technical basis for system integration and flexible production. The main function of the system has been tested in a coal-preparation plant to good effect in stabilizing product quality, improving efficiency and reducing consumption.

Study on Model for Assessment of Quality Management Performance of Coal Preparation Plant in CIMS

In this paper the method to calculate intangible quality cost is put forward for the first time based on the production and management characteristics of coal preparation plant. A model for assessment of quality management performance of coal preparation plant is established on the ground of quality cost. By using of CIMS integration environment the strategy to carry out the model and the application example are also offered. It provides a new and feasible way to assess performance quality management of coal preparation plant.

Study on Inorganic Flocculant Prepared from Powdered Coal Ashes

The feasibility of preparing flocculant from powdered coal ashes is studied in detail. By means of orthogonal tests, the influence of various factors, such as the activation temperature, the activation time, the ratio of CaO to Al2O3, the hydrochloric acid concentration, the reaction time and the reaction temperature, on preparation is investigated, and the hest operating condition is determined.

S-FHMC710型煤泥重介质旋流器在吕家坨选煤厂的应用

吕家坨矿选煤厂为了解决粗煤泥分选效果差的问题,采用S-FHMC710型超级煤泥重介质旋流器分选粗煤泥,并通过工业性试验对超级煤泥重介质旋流器进行工艺性能进行检测。试验结果表明:大于0.5 mm粒级可能偏差0.050 kg/L,数量效率99.64%;0.50~0.25 mm粒级可能偏差0.060 kg/L,数量效率98.76%;0.25~0.10 mm粒级可能偏差0.087 kg/L,数量效率96.99%,有效分选下限达到0.10 mm。该超级煤泥重介质旋流器应用效果良好,对于提高精煤质量、产率和选煤厂经济效益具有显著的效果。

全自动煤炭采制样系统的设计研究

钢铁企业的入厂煤炭具有品种繁多、煤质差异大、检测项目多的特点,其质量检验重点关注如何在煤炭的采样、制样和化验环节避免样品污染和黏附。通过对破碎、缩分设备的优化,设计了一种全自动煤炭采制样系统。结果表明:该系统实现了在线粒度分析、全水分检测、一般分析试验煤样和存查煤样的封装标识,是目前钢铁企业煤炭采制样系统进料品种复杂、自动化程度较高的设计方案之一。

高吸油量煅烧高岭土的制备与性能表征

通过插层剂二甲基亚砜、接枝剂甲醇和剥离试剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵协同超声震荡辅助作用,将层状煤系高岭土剥离为超细片状煤系高岭土。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶红外(FT-IR)、N_(2)吸附-脱附及扫描电镜(SEM)与能谱分析(EDS)等技术手段对煤系高岭土进行表征。结果表明,其层间距由层状煤系高岭土的0.708 nm扩大到片状煤系高岭土的1.12 nm,内部孔隙增加,形成了裂隙形状的介孔且孔径分布均匀。煅烧高岭土较煤系高岭土的吸油性能大幅提升,其吸油量从60~73 g/100 g煤系高岭土增至70~79 g/100 g煅烧高岭土。整个制备工艺流程中无引入强酸强碱等腐蚀性物质,提供了一种环境友好型煅烧高岭土制备技术。

重介分选密度智能控制系统在济二煤矿选煤厂的应用

阐述了济宁二号煤矿选煤厂针对重介分选密度控制问题,以数字化建设为基础,依托人工智能技术进行了智能化建设的探索。基于完善的生产传感器,采集原煤灰分、入洗煤量、磁性物含量、精煤灰分等生产数据入库保存,作为智能控制系统的数据基础。基于盘古大模型和优化求解技术构建重介分选密度设定值的智能推荐系统,并将推荐的分选密度自动下发到PLC系统执行,形成完整的生产闭环。生产实践表明,该系统控制得到的精煤产品灰分稳定性更高,精煤理论产率相比人工控制提升0.334%。

松软破碎煤体取制样与剪切试验系统研制及应用

研究松软破碎煤体力学性质对巷道支护和煤与瓦斯突出预测等工作具有重要意义,但当前缺乏有效的松软破碎煤体取样、制样及力学特性分析装置。为此,研发了一套松软破碎煤体取制样与剪切试验系统,主要由取样装置、制样装置和力学特性参数测试系统组成,各部分具有以下主要功能与特点:①取样装置中的单动三管取芯器包含脑袋总成、外管总成及内管总成3部分,内外管间设置稳定环,保证内外管同心,内管总成腔体内部设置衬管用于储存煤心,取芯钻进时内管不随外管旋转;当钻取的煤心充满衬管后,退出取芯器,拆卸取出衬管,将煤心连同衬管一并取出并进行封装。取样装置灵活、轻便、易拆装携带。②制样装置包含脱模仪、切割机、冰箱、热风枪4部分,脱膜仪用于脱去煤心外层衬管,切割机、冰箱和热风枪用于对煤心进行切割、冷冻和热缩;制作标准煤心试件分为打孔润湿、冷冻切割和热缩脱模3个步骤,采用端头局部冷冻切割、脱模与热缩均匀同步等技术,实现多种标准尺寸试件制备,制样方法完善、成功率高。③力学特性参数测试系统包含主体结构、伺服油源控制装置和软件系统3部分,能实现限制性及非限制性直剪试验功能,主要用于开展松软破碎煤体标准试件不同法向应力下直剪试验、不同围压下三轴压缩试验。整体设计结构简单、操作方便。研究利用单动三管取芯器获取松软破碎煤体,利用脱模仪等制样装置将其制备成标准试件,进而在力学特性参数测试系统上分别开展松软破碎煤体标准试件在0.04、0.05、0.06、0.07、0.08、0.09 MPa法向应力下的直剪试验和0.2、0.3、0.4 MPa围压下的三轴压缩试验,并求得两种试验条件下松软破碎煤体的黏聚力和内摩擦角等抗剪强度参数,其中直剪试验求得的黏聚力和内摩擦角为0.125 kPa和37.2°,三轴压缩试验求得的黏聚力和内摩擦角为0.121 kPa和36.4°。结果表明,该套系统具有较好的实用性和可靠性,为研究松软破碎煤体力学特性提供了较好的试验平台和方法。

煤基碳材料制备与电化学储能应用

煤基碳材料作为一种重要煤衍生碳材料,优点主要体现在比表面积高、导电性好、资源丰富且价格低,在储能领域应用前景广阔。煤基碳材料制备方法主要包括活化法、模板法以及杂原子掺杂法等。活化法是常用煤基碳材料制备方法,通过高温下用气体或化学试剂对煤活化处理,可获得具有高比表面积和丰富孔结构的煤基碳材料。模板法通过选择合适模板材料,制备有特殊孔结构的碳材料,且孔径均一、结构有序。杂原子掺杂法通过向煤基碳材料中引入杂原子,调控其电子结构和电化学性能,不仅可在碳材料表面形成官能团,提高材料反应效率,还可通过氧化还原反应产生赝电容,提高材料电化学性能。以煤为前驱体制备的煤基电极材料种类繁多,包括煤基无定形碳、煤基多孔碳、煤基石墨、煤基碳纳米纤维、煤基石墨烯及煤基石墨烯量子点等。与传统碳电极材料前驱体(天然石墨、石油焦、沥青焦等)相比,煤基碳材料芳香层片结构和烷基支链有特殊性质,芳香层片经高温石墨化形成横向延展的石墨晶层,而烷基支链则形成有活性基团的碳中间体或小分子团簇,进一步构筑出新碳材料,使煤基碳材料具备制造电极材料优势。在电化学储能领域,煤基电极材料已广泛的应用。研究者已将煤基碳材料应用于超级电容器、锂离子电池、钠离子电池、钾离子电池等储能器件,并取得良好性能表现。煤基碳材料作为潜力巨大的新型能源材料,具有广阔应用前景和重要研究意义。然而,目前煤基电极材料在储能领域研究仍存在着许多困难和挑战,如在对原煤处理过程中强氧化剂的使用、对高温高压环境和特殊保护气氛的需求,都会产生污染环境的废弃物及副产品。因此,未来不仅需优化煤基碳材料制备工艺、提高材料电化学性能、拓展煤基碳材料在能源储存领域应用,更需采用绿色、安全且经济的方法规模化制备高品质煤基碳材料,以期为煤炭清洁、高效、低碳利用提供支持,为开发先进煤衍生碳材料提供参考。

吕家坨选煤厂粗煤泥分选回收工艺改造

阐述了吕家坨选煤厂为解决原有粗煤泥分选与回收系统分选效果差、回收效率低的问题,采用超级煤泥重介质旋流器+两段弧形筛+煤泥离心机回收工艺,对原有粗煤泥分选系统进行技术改造。改造后超级煤泥重介质旋流器对0.25~0.10 mm粒级分选可能偏差E pm低至0.087 kg/L,分选下限低至0.10 mm,两段精煤泥弧形筛筛分效率高达80.55%,增加精煤产率约0.6%,每年可给选煤厂增加税前利润3600万元。

选煤厂大煤块智能图像识别方法研究

针对现有选煤厂大煤块识别受到大煤块与矸石线性不可分影响,导致识别效率低、识别精度差的问题,设计了一种选煤厂大煤块智能图像识别方法。首先,应用图像采集设备获取煤块混合图像,并对图像进行增强、去噪等操作,以完成图像预处理。然后,计算煤块的面积和厚度,以获取煤块与矸石的物质特征。最后,基于煤块与矸石的X射线衰减曲线完成识别阈值的设定,并结合最小二乘支持向量机解决煤块与矸石的线性不可分问题,从而完成大煤块图像的智能识别。对比试验结果表明,所提方法应用效果较好、识别率及识别精度较高、识别速度较快,总体性能优于对比方法。该方法可大幅提升大煤块图像识别效果,有较高的应用价值。

选煤厂生产线调度最优决策专家系统设计

为提升选煤工艺的运行效率、创造更多的企业效益,设计了一种生产线调度最优决策专家系统。采用多种终端等组件,构建网络连接子系统。采用传感器、采集器等不同设备,构建实时监测子系统。结合上位机与调度决策模块,组成移动调度子系统。以可编程逻辑控制器(PLC)控制程序与调度最优决策方案制定程序作为技术支持,根据最优决策的目标函数模型与约束条件,生成最优调度决策方案。试验结果表明,应用所设计系统,每吨煤炭的最长加工时间最小化至17.69 s,且用于调度的时间仅为17.13 s。由此证明:所设计系统运行速度较快;给出的决策方案完全符合调度目标;煤炭调度时间和加工时间均较短。该系统可行性与实时性优势显著。该设计能为企业创造较好的实践价值与经济效益。

数字化工程设计在选煤厂设计中的应用思考

结合当前智能选煤厂的建设趋势,介绍了数字化工程设计内容及意义;数字化工程设计是建设智能选煤厂的重要基础技术,可以提升设计质量,增强企业竞争力;分析了在推广过程中可能存在数据难以收集使用、数据孤岛、缺少设计软件及对应标准、设计模式难以转变等问题;并从数据收集及利用、软件开发、管理措施等方面提出了推广数字化工程设计可采取的措施。

稀缺主焦煤高效重介分选工艺在吕家坨矿选煤厂的应用

针对吕家坨矿选煤厂原生产工艺存在的问题,分析了入选原煤煤质特性,采用超宽粒级原煤三产品重介质旋流器选煤工艺、新型煤泥重介质旋流器选煤技术-反分流分选工艺、粗精煤泥两段弧形筛组合脱泥回收技术进行技术改造。改造后工艺系统指标检测结果表明,改造可提高综合精煤产率1.78%,增加税前利润10573.2万元。

山西焦煤集团选煤厂智能化建设的实践与思考

为了顺应我国“双碳”背景下煤炭清洁高效利用的国家战略,介绍了山西焦煤集团有限责任公司(以下简称“山西焦煤集团”)选煤厂智能化建设规划、顶层设计与具体举措,梳理了山西焦煤集团通过学习、实践、再提高的螺旋式提升选煤厂智能化水平的建设经验,详细阐述了山西焦煤集团围绕重介智能分选、智能浮选、煤泥水健康保障、智能采制化、智能配煤、产供销智能管理等选煤核心环节的建设方案、技术路线与实施效果,并对智能化选煤厂建设实践中存在的主要问题进行了分析研究,进一步推进选煤厂智能化建设提出了具体建议。