This paper investigates the evolutionary change in the OF(OF) of hedges in different moves of EMRAs(EMRAs).Two corpora are established for longitudinal study,with Corpus A consisting of EMRAs from 1990-1994 and Corpus...This paper investigates the evolutionary change in the OF(OF) of hedges in different moves of EMRAs(EMRAs).Two corpora are established for longitudinal study,with Corpus A consisting of EMRAs from 1990-1994 and Corpus B from 2005-2009.Generally,no significant change has been found in overall use of hedges.However,apart from move 6,7 and 10,we have found some interesting changes in the other moves.On the one hand,the OF of hedges in move 1,move 3,move 4 and move 5 shows a significant increase.On the other hand,the OF of hedges in move 2,8,9 and move 11 show a significant decrease.展开更多
The aim of the present research to explore the hedges used English business letters. Several samples have been chosen to make qualitative study in order to achieve the goal of answering the following question: what ar...The aim of the present research to explore the hedges used English business letters. Several samples have been chosen to make qualitative study in order to achieve the goal of answering the following question: what are the pragmatic functions of hedges being used in business letters? After analyzing the samples, the conclusion could be came that the employment of hedges in business letters has three pragmatic functions-giving the right amount of information, being polite and self-production.展开更多
Human language is fuzzy,which can be reflected by hedges.Prince has divided hedges into adaptor,rounder,plausibility shields,and attribution shields.In a dialogue,hedges can protect face of the speakers and relieve so...Human language is fuzzy,which can be reflected by hedges.Prince has divided hedges into adaptor,rounder,plausibility shields,and attribution shields.In a dialogue,hedges can protect face of the speakers and relieve some of the speaker’s responsibilities as well as make linguistic expressions more implicit,polite,and flexible.Based on this classification,the paper analyzes some typical hedges and their functions used in the dialogues of the novel Pride and Prejudice,so as to have a deeper understanding of the major characters and the theme of the novel.展开更多
Hedges refer to the speakers who deliberately make the language more vague or clear in order to achieve its target language form.The initial COVID-19 in 2020 is a global epidemic,and people who stay at home relying on...Hedges refer to the speakers who deliberately make the language more vague or clear in order to achieve its target language form.The initial COVID-19 in 2020 is a global epidemic,and people who stay at home relying on Internet media channels to obtain information.People are more likely to take news media as the prior measure to contact with the information.COVID-19 news is closely related to people’s daily life.COVID-19 news requires accuracy and high expression of language,and it is easy for readers to find out that reporters use a large number of hedges in COVID-19 news articles.This paper intends to conduct a self-built micro corpus so as to explore the use of hedges in COVID-19 news.Based on this research purpose,this article focuses on solving two problems:(1).The similarities and differences in the frequency and distribution of hedges in COVID-19 news;(2).The pragmatic and public opinion functions of hedges in the news of the COVID-19 epidemic.The result of the study indicated that a great number of hedges are used in the COVID-19 news.According to Prince’s classification of Hedges from the perspective of pragmatics,the distribution and frequency of different types of hedges are various.Reports sometimes manipulate the usage of hedges,change their heddging functions to protect the image of countries,enhance reader’s confidence and guide a favorable environment to society.展开更多
Hedges is widely employed in conference interpreting and can be used to unveil interpreters’role deviation.However,few empirical studies have been made to explore conference interpreters’role deviation through the u...Hedges is widely employed in conference interpreting and can be used to unveil interpreters’role deviation.However,few empirical studies have been made to explore conference interpreters’role deviation through the use of hedges.This piece of book review offers a comprehensive examination of the book on interpreters’role deviation in interpreting at Chinese government press conferences from conceptual,methodological and empirical aspects.With in-depth discussion on some critical aspects covered by the volume,the book review can help readers to gain a more nuanced understanding on the relationship between the use of hedges and interpreters’role deviation.展开更多
Hedges was first put forward by George Lakoff in 1972.He mainly researched the meaning criteria and fuzzy logic of hedges. Later other linguists have begun to talk about the social function of hedges, which makes this...Hedges was first put forward by George Lakoff in 1972.He mainly researched the meaning criteria and fuzzy logic of hedges. Later other linguists have begun to talk about the social function of hedges, which makes this research more comprehensive. The social function of hedges is relatively more practical for us. Only when we know it, can we use hedges in appropriate terms according to our gender, social status, profession and definite occasions.展开更多
As one kind of important discourse marker in daily life,hedge is often used by communicators and it is also one of pragmatic strategies and means.However,in terms of studies on hedges at home and abroad so far,they ha...As one kind of important discourse marker in daily life,hedge is often used by communicators and it is also one of pragmatic strategies and means.However,in terms of studies on hedges at home and abroad so far,they have been mainly done in the practical discourses of the fields of business negotiations,diplomatic language,etc.,and the studies on hedges in the film are few.As a typical life sitcom,The Big Bang Theory has been made lots of studies by researchers,which are mainly about humorous discourses or language translation in it.Therefore,this paper selects some episodes from The Big Bang Theory to discuss the usage of hedges as adaptation to the communication context,including the physical world,the social world,and the mental world so as to help people use hedges more accurately in daily life.展开更多
Hedging is a communication strategy frequently used by the spokespersons at the press conference.This thesis intends to find out the ideologies hidden behind those hedges under the guidance of Fairclough’s three-dime...Hedging is a communication strategy frequently used by the spokespersons at the press conference.This thesis intends to find out the ideologies hidden behind those hedges under the guidance of Fairclough’s three-dimensional model.As a research method of linguistics,critical discourse analysis(CDA)aims to reveal the the relationship among language,power and ideology hidden behind the language.This thesis adopts Prince’classification criteria of hedges to identify and count the different types of hedges in the research data selected from Chinese and American government websites.The analysis is conducted at the following three steps:description,interpretation and explanation.The first stage is to recognize and count the hedges in two languages,then to find their similarities and differences and the last step is to find possible reasons for those similarities and differences and the ideologies behind the hedges.Analysis results show that differences in culture values and diplomatic ideology contribute to the different ideologies.展开更多
This study examines the connectedness in high-order moments between cryptocurrency,major stock(U.S.,U.K.,Eurozone,and Japan),and commodity(gold and oil)markets.Using intraday data from 2020 to 2022 and the time and fr...This study examines the connectedness in high-order moments between cryptocurrency,major stock(U.S.,U.K.,Eurozone,and Japan),and commodity(gold and oil)markets.Using intraday data from 2020 to 2022 and the time and frequency connectedness models of Diebold and Yilmaz(Int J Forecast 28(1):57–66,2012)and Barunik and Křehlik(J Financ Econom 16(2):271–296,2018),we investigate spillovers among the markets in realized volatility,the jump component of realized volatility,realized skewness,and realized kurtosis.These higher-order moments allow us to identify the unique characteristics of financial returns,such as asymmetry and fat tails,thereby capturing various market risks such as downside risk and tail risk.Our results show that the cryptocurrency,stock,and commodity markets are highly connected in terms of volatility and in the jump component of volatility,while their connectedness in skewness and kurtosis is smaller.Moreover,jump and volatility connectedness are more persistent than that of skewness and kurtosis connectedness.Our rolling-window analysis of the connectedness models shows that connectedness varies over time across all moments,and tends to increase during periods of high uncertainty.Finally,we show the potential of gold and oil as hedging and safe-haven investments for other markets given that they are the least connected to other markets across all moments and investment horizons.Our findings provide useful information for designing effective portfolio management and cryptocurrency regulations.展开更多
Hedging, referring to the use of various lexical and syntactic features modifying and mitigating propositions and claims, is extensively employed in effective academic writing. However, the use of hedges seems to be q...Hedging, referring to the use of various lexical and syntactic features modifying and mitigating propositions and claims, is extensively employed in effective academic writing. However, the use of hedges seems to be quite problematic for lots of Chinese ESL learners. In view of the situation, this study explores the use of hedges in academic abstracts by a group of undergraduate English majors in a university in Hainan Province. After analyzing data from a corpus and interviews, several problems have been found in the use of hedging devices of these students, and relevant implications have been drawn to the teaching of hedging in the context, which can help the students produce more effective academic writing and to achieve greater university success.展开更多
This is a corpus-based contrastive study projected to find out the differences in using hedges in English business corre spondences between Chinese English learners and native speakers.
We hypothesize that in mountain windy habitat trees formed clusters(hedges)as adaptive structures for seedlings’rooting,survival,and tress’upslope migration.We studied hedges formed by Siberian pine(Pinus sibirica d...We hypothesize that in mountain windy habitat trees formed clusters(hedges)as adaptive structures for seedlings’rooting,survival,and tress’upslope migration.We studied hedges formed by Siberian pine(Pinus sibirica du Tour)and larch(Larix sibirica Ledeb.)within the treeline ecotone in southern Siberian Mountains,investigated hedges formation,evolution,habitat amelioration,and analyzed tree’s growth index(GI)dependence on the eco-climate variables(air temperature,precipitation,soil moisture,wind speed)and relief features(elevation,aspect,slope steepness,and terrain curvature).We conducted a ground survey,measured biometrical parameters of trees and hedges,determined species composition and tree physiognomy,soil types and nutrient contents,and sampled wood cores and applied dendrochronology for trees’GI analysis.With high-resolution satellite scenes for hedge detection and upslope migration,we found that winter winds and soil moisture are the main constraints of trees’settlement and growth.Hedge formation always links with wind-sheltered microtopography features(boulders,local depressions or felled trees).Once the first tree is established,a positive feedback is aroused that facilitates seedling rooting and in-hedge habitat amelioration.Trees form a streamlined dense“common crown”that mitigates adverse winter wind influence.Hedges always orient along the prevailing winds,and trees’uphill migration occurs by seedlings establishment within the leeward hedge side.Hedge growth facilitates soil formation and fertilization.The concentration of nutrients(K,P,N and S)within hedges exceeds the background by 1.5-5.5 times.Hedge extension leads to increased snow accumulation that mitigates the influence of desiccation and snow abrasion and mitigates seasonal water stress.In the extremely harsh windy habitat,inhedge trees present in mat,prostrate or krummholz forms.With warming,tree stems and even twigs turn upright.Notably that GI dependence on the wind speed is insignificant until prostrated trees get turning upright.Since that,the negative correlation between GI and wind speed is arisen with subsequent decrease since hedges form streamlined crown.Hedge growth also leads to a“phytofield”formation(i.e.,grasses,lichen,moss and small bushes growth)around the hedges that,in its turn,encourages seedling rooting which is about triple more efficient than outside the phytofield.Larch,in comparison with Siberian pine,is less often formed hedges.GI of both species is stimulated by warmer air temperature in the beginning of the growth season.Meanwhile,larch GI has stronger response to elevated temperatures and less dependent on soil moisture.This indicates larch is a potential substitute of Siberian pine in a warmer and dryer climate.Hedges in warming climate evolve into closed stands due to both in-hedge tree growth and filling gaps between hedges by different tree species.展开更多
This article aims to investigate whether women's language is powerless as stated by Robin Lakoff.By analysing the languagefeatures of the conversation in an interview,it is concluded that women's language has ...This article aims to investigate whether women's language is powerless as stated by Robin Lakoff.By analysing the languagefeatures of the conversation in an interview,it is concluded that women's language has more functions rather than being powerless.展开更多
文摘This paper investigates the evolutionary change in the OF(OF) of hedges in different moves of EMRAs(EMRAs).Two corpora are established for longitudinal study,with Corpus A consisting of EMRAs from 1990-1994 and Corpus B from 2005-2009.Generally,no significant change has been found in overall use of hedges.However,apart from move 6,7 and 10,we have found some interesting changes in the other moves.On the one hand,the OF of hedges in move 1,move 3,move 4 and move 5 shows a significant increase.On the other hand,the OF of hedges in move 2,8,9 and move 11 show a significant decrease.
文摘The aim of the present research to explore the hedges used English business letters. Several samples have been chosen to make qualitative study in order to achieve the goal of answering the following question: what are the pragmatic functions of hedges being used in business letters? After analyzing the samples, the conclusion could be came that the employment of hedges in business letters has three pragmatic functions-giving the right amount of information, being polite and self-production.
文摘Human language is fuzzy,which can be reflected by hedges.Prince has divided hedges into adaptor,rounder,plausibility shields,and attribution shields.In a dialogue,hedges can protect face of the speakers and relieve some of the speaker’s responsibilities as well as make linguistic expressions more implicit,polite,and flexible.Based on this classification,the paper analyzes some typical hedges and their functions used in the dialogues of the novel Pride and Prejudice,so as to have a deeper understanding of the major characters and the theme of the novel.
文摘Hedges refer to the speakers who deliberately make the language more vague or clear in order to achieve its target language form.The initial COVID-19 in 2020 is a global epidemic,and people who stay at home relying on Internet media channels to obtain information.People are more likely to take news media as the prior measure to contact with the information.COVID-19 news is closely related to people’s daily life.COVID-19 news requires accuracy and high expression of language,and it is easy for readers to find out that reporters use a large number of hedges in COVID-19 news articles.This paper intends to conduct a self-built micro corpus so as to explore the use of hedges in COVID-19 news.Based on this research purpose,this article focuses on solving two problems:(1).The similarities and differences in the frequency and distribution of hedges in COVID-19 news;(2).The pragmatic and public opinion functions of hedges in the news of the COVID-19 epidemic.The result of the study indicated that a great number of hedges are used in the COVID-19 news.According to Prince’s classification of Hedges from the perspective of pragmatics,the distribution and frequency of different types of hedges are various.Reports sometimes manipulate the usage of hedges,change their heddging functions to protect the image of countries,enhance reader’s confidence and guide a favorable environment to society.
文摘Hedges is widely employed in conference interpreting and can be used to unveil interpreters’role deviation.However,few empirical studies have been made to explore conference interpreters’role deviation through the use of hedges.This piece of book review offers a comprehensive examination of the book on interpreters’role deviation in interpreting at Chinese government press conferences from conceptual,methodological and empirical aspects.With in-depth discussion on some critical aspects covered by the volume,the book review can help readers to gain a more nuanced understanding on the relationship between the use of hedges and interpreters’role deviation.
文摘Hedges was first put forward by George Lakoff in 1972.He mainly researched the meaning criteria and fuzzy logic of hedges. Later other linguists have begun to talk about the social function of hedges, which makes this research more comprehensive. The social function of hedges is relatively more practical for us. Only when we know it, can we use hedges in appropriate terms according to our gender, social status, profession and definite occasions.
文摘As one kind of important discourse marker in daily life,hedge is often used by communicators and it is also one of pragmatic strategies and means.However,in terms of studies on hedges at home and abroad so far,they have been mainly done in the practical discourses of the fields of business negotiations,diplomatic language,etc.,and the studies on hedges in the film are few.As a typical life sitcom,The Big Bang Theory has been made lots of studies by researchers,which are mainly about humorous discourses or language translation in it.Therefore,this paper selects some episodes from The Big Bang Theory to discuss the usage of hedges as adaptation to the communication context,including the physical world,the social world,and the mental world so as to help people use hedges more accurately in daily life.
文摘Hedging is a communication strategy frequently used by the spokespersons at the press conference.This thesis intends to find out the ideologies hidden behind those hedges under the guidance of Fairclough’s three-dimensional model.As a research method of linguistics,critical discourse analysis(CDA)aims to reveal the the relationship among language,power and ideology hidden behind the language.This thesis adopts Prince’classification criteria of hedges to identify and count the different types of hedges in the research data selected from Chinese and American government websites.The analysis is conducted at the following three steps:description,interpretation and explanation.The first stage is to recognize and count the hedges in two languages,then to find their similarities and differences and the last step is to find possible reasons for those similarities and differences and the ideologies behind the hedges.Analysis results show that differences in culture values and diplomatic ideology contribute to the different ideologies.
基金financial support from Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia under the project(Grant UIDB/04007/2020)supported by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea and the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF-2022S1A5A2A01038422).
文摘This study examines the connectedness in high-order moments between cryptocurrency,major stock(U.S.,U.K.,Eurozone,and Japan),and commodity(gold and oil)markets.Using intraday data from 2020 to 2022 and the time and frequency connectedness models of Diebold and Yilmaz(Int J Forecast 28(1):57–66,2012)and Barunik and Křehlik(J Financ Econom 16(2):271–296,2018),we investigate spillovers among the markets in realized volatility,the jump component of realized volatility,realized skewness,and realized kurtosis.These higher-order moments allow us to identify the unique characteristics of financial returns,such as asymmetry and fat tails,thereby capturing various market risks such as downside risk and tail risk.Our results show that the cryptocurrency,stock,and commodity markets are highly connected in terms of volatility and in the jump component of volatility,while their connectedness in skewness and kurtosis is smaller.Moreover,jump and volatility connectedness are more persistent than that of skewness and kurtosis connectedness.Our rolling-window analysis of the connectedness models shows that connectedness varies over time across all moments,and tends to increase during periods of high uncertainty.Finally,we show the potential of gold and oil as hedging and safe-haven investments for other markets given that they are the least connected to other markets across all moments and investment horizons.Our findings provide useful information for designing effective portfolio management and cryptocurrency regulations.
文摘Hedging, referring to the use of various lexical and syntactic features modifying and mitigating propositions and claims, is extensively employed in effective academic writing. However, the use of hedges seems to be quite problematic for lots of Chinese ESL learners. In view of the situation, this study explores the use of hedges in academic abstracts by a group of undergraduate English majors in a university in Hainan Province. After analyzing data from a corpus and interviews, several problems have been found in the use of hedging devices of these students, and relevant implications have been drawn to the teaching of hedging in the context, which can help the students produce more effective academic writing and to achieve greater university success.
文摘This is a corpus-based contrastive study projected to find out the differences in using hedges in English business corre spondences between Chinese English learners and native speakers.
基金The Tomsk State University Development Program(《Priority-2030》)。
文摘We hypothesize that in mountain windy habitat trees formed clusters(hedges)as adaptive structures for seedlings’rooting,survival,and tress’upslope migration.We studied hedges formed by Siberian pine(Pinus sibirica du Tour)and larch(Larix sibirica Ledeb.)within the treeline ecotone in southern Siberian Mountains,investigated hedges formation,evolution,habitat amelioration,and analyzed tree’s growth index(GI)dependence on the eco-climate variables(air temperature,precipitation,soil moisture,wind speed)and relief features(elevation,aspect,slope steepness,and terrain curvature).We conducted a ground survey,measured biometrical parameters of trees and hedges,determined species composition and tree physiognomy,soil types and nutrient contents,and sampled wood cores and applied dendrochronology for trees’GI analysis.With high-resolution satellite scenes for hedge detection and upslope migration,we found that winter winds and soil moisture are the main constraints of trees’settlement and growth.Hedge formation always links with wind-sheltered microtopography features(boulders,local depressions or felled trees).Once the first tree is established,a positive feedback is aroused that facilitates seedling rooting and in-hedge habitat amelioration.Trees form a streamlined dense“common crown”that mitigates adverse winter wind influence.Hedges always orient along the prevailing winds,and trees’uphill migration occurs by seedlings establishment within the leeward hedge side.Hedge growth facilitates soil formation and fertilization.The concentration of nutrients(K,P,N and S)within hedges exceeds the background by 1.5-5.5 times.Hedge extension leads to increased snow accumulation that mitigates the influence of desiccation and snow abrasion and mitigates seasonal water stress.In the extremely harsh windy habitat,inhedge trees present in mat,prostrate or krummholz forms.With warming,tree stems and even twigs turn upright.Notably that GI dependence on the wind speed is insignificant until prostrated trees get turning upright.Since that,the negative correlation between GI and wind speed is arisen with subsequent decrease since hedges form streamlined crown.Hedge growth also leads to a“phytofield”formation(i.e.,grasses,lichen,moss and small bushes growth)around the hedges that,in its turn,encourages seedling rooting which is about triple more efficient than outside the phytofield.Larch,in comparison with Siberian pine,is less often formed hedges.GI of both species is stimulated by warmer air temperature in the beginning of the growth season.Meanwhile,larch GI has stronger response to elevated temperatures and less dependent on soil moisture.This indicates larch is a potential substitute of Siberian pine in a warmer and dryer climate.Hedges in warming climate evolve into closed stands due to both in-hedge tree growth and filling gaps between hedges by different tree species.
文摘This article aims to investigate whether women's language is powerless as stated by Robin Lakoff.By analysing the languagefeatures of the conversation in an interview,it is concluded that women's language has more functions rather than being powerless.