Enabling weakened hedges in linguistic multi-criteria decision making

A semantics-based model is proposed to enable weakened hedges, such as ＂more or less＂ and ＂roughly＂ in the context of linguistic multi-criteria decision making. First, the resemblance relations are defined based on the semantics of terms on the domain. Then, the hedges can be represented after the upper and loose upper approximations of a linguistic term are derived. Accordingly, some compact formulae can be derived for the semantics of linguistic expressions with hedges. Parameters in these formulae are objectively determined according to the semantics of original terms. The proposed model presents a more natural way to express the decision information under uncertainties and its semantics is clear. The proposed model is clarified by solving the problem of evaluation and selection of sustainable innovative energy technologies. Computational results demonstrate that the model can deal with various uncertainties of the problem. Finally, the model is compared with existing techniques and extended to the case when the semantics of terms are represented by trapezoidal fuzzy numbers.

A Longitudinal Study of Hedges in Different Moves of EMRAs

This paper investigates the evolutionary change in the OF(OF) of hedges in different moves of EMRAs(EMRAs).Two corpora are established for longitudinal study,with Corpus A consisting of EMRAs from 1990-1994 and Corpus B from 2005-2009.Generally,no significant change has been found in overall use of hedges.However,apart from move 6,7 and 10,we have found some interesting changes in the other moves.On the one hand,the OF of hedges in move 1,move 3,move 4 and move 5 shows a significant increase.On the other hand,the OF of hedges in move 2,8,9 and move 11 show a significant decrease.

Pragmatic Functions of Hedges in Business Letters

The aim of the present research to explore the hedges used English business letters. Several samples have been chosen to make qualitative study in order to achieve the goal of answering the following question: what are the pragmatic functions of hedges being used in business letters? After analyzing the samples, the conclusion could be came that the employment of hedges in business letters has three pragmatic functions-giving the right amount of information, being polite and self-production.

A Study of Hedges in Pride and Prejudice

Human language is fuzzy,which can be reflected by hedges.Prince has divided hedges into adaptor,rounder,plausibility shields,and attribution shields.In a dialogue,hedges can protect face of the speakers and relieve some of the speaker’s responsibilities as well as make linguistic expressions more implicit,polite,and flexible.Based on this classification,the paper analyzes some typical hedges and their functions used in the dialogues of the novel Pride and Prejudice,so as to have a deeper understanding of the major characters and the theme of the novel.

A Corpus-Based Study of Hedges in News Report—A Case Study of COVID-19 in China Daily

Hedges refer to the speakers who deliberately make the language more vague or clear in order to achieve its target language form.The initial COVID-19 in 2020 is a global epidemic,and people who stay at home relying on Internet media channels to obtain information.People are more likely to take news media as the prior measure to contact with the information.COVID-19 news is closely related to people’s daily life.COVID-19 news requires accuracy and high expression of language,and it is easy for readers to find out that reporters use a large number of hedges in COVID-19 news articles.This paper intends to conduct a self-built micro corpus so as to explore the use of hedges in COVID-19 news.Based on this research purpose,this article focuses on solving two problems:(1).The similarities and differences in the frequency and distribution of hedges in COVID-19 news;(2).The pragmatic and public opinion functions of hedges in the news of the COVID-19 epidemic.The result of the study indicated that a great number of hedges are used in the COVID-19 news.According to Prince’s classification of Hedges from the perspective of pragmatics,the distribution and frequency of different types of hedges are various.Reports sometimes manipulate the usage of hedges,change their heddging functions to protect the image of countries,enhance reader’s confidence and guide a favorable environment to society.

论言语中的Hedges

Hedge是一种极具特殊性的语言表达,许多语言学家研究发现它广泛地用于女性语体中。从语用角度来讲,它也是一种极其重要的表达手段,并充分体现言语交际中应遵守的合作原则和礼貌原则,同时在特定的语境下蓄含特殊的意义,它的主要用途。

Analyzing ＂Fuzziness＂ of Hedges and Its Function in ＂Filter Cup＂ English Public Speaking Contest

In recent years, numerous scholars have attached much importance to the pragmatic function of hedges and associated it with daily life. Scholars have conducted a lot of research on how hedges function in news broadcast, interview, trial, commercial negotiation, language teaching, entertainment, etc. However, there is still no research on its application in Public Speaking Contest （hereinafter referred to as PSC ）. PSC is usually regarded as a great annual event for students. In order to analyze the efficiency of hedges in PSC to help students to he skirted in the application of different hedges, this article wiU analyze characteristics of hedges by the comparison with the relevant concept like probability and vagueness; then some scholars＇ approach of classifieation will be introduced; lastly, it will analyze different function of hedges under the context of some articles in＂Filter Cup＂English Public Speaking Contest. Adaptors can make the expression more polite and tact; rounders can make speaker＇ s information more believable and show his sincere attitude for judges; plausibility shields can show thoughtful and clear-headed property; attribution shields can help to avoid the responsibility for a fault.

A Book Review of Hedges in Chinese-English Conference Interpreting:A Corpus-based Discourse Analysis of Interpreters’Role Deviations

Hedges is widely employed in conference interpreting and can be used to unveil interpreters’role deviation.However,few empirical studies have been made to explore conference interpreters’role deviation through the use of hedges.This piece of book review offers a comprehensive examination of the book on interpreters’role deviation in interpreting at Chinese government press conferences from conceptual,methodological and empirical aspects.With in-depth discussion on some critical aspects covered by the volume,the book review can help readers to gain a more nuanced understanding on the relationship between the use of hedges and interpreters’role deviation.

A Sociolinguistic Analysis on Hedges

Hedges was first put forward by George Lakoff in 1972.He mainly researched the meaning criteria and fuzzy logic of hedges. Later other linguists have begun to talk about the social function of hedges, which makes this research more comprehensive. The social function of hedges is relatively more practical for us. Only when we know it, can we use hedges in appropriate terms according to our gender, social status, profession and definite occasions.

A pragmatic analysis of hedges in the Big Bang Theory as adaptation to the communication context

As one kind of important discourse marker in daily life,hedge is often used by communicators and it is also one of pragmatic strategies and means.However,in terms of studies on hedges at home and abroad so far,they have been mainly done in the practical discourses of the fields of business negotiations,diplomatic language,etc.,and the studies on hedges in the film are few.As a typical life sitcom,The Big Bang Theory has been made lots of studies by researchers,which are mainly about humorous discourses or language translation in it.Therefore,this paper selects some episodes from The Big Bang Theory to discuss the usage of hedges as adaptation to the communication context,including the physical world,the social world,and the mental world so as to help people use hedges more accurately in daily life.

A Critical Discourse Analysis of Hedges in Chinese and American Spokespersons’ Remarks at Press Conference

Hedging is a communication strategy frequently used by the spokespersons at the press conference.This thesis intends to find out the ideologies hidden behind those hedges under the guidance of Fairclough’s three-dimensional model.As a research method of linguistics,critical discourse analysis(CDA)aims to reveal the the relationship among language,power and ideology hidden behind the language.This thesis adopts Prince’classification criteria of hedges to identify and count the different types of hedges in the research data selected from Chinese and American government websites.The analysis is conducted at the following three steps:description,interpretation and explanation.The first stage is to recognize and count the hedges in two languages,then to find their similarities and differences and the last step is to find possible reasons for those similarities and differences and the ideologies behind the hedges.Analysis results show that differences in culture values and diplomatic ideology contribute to the different ideologies.

生态学整合分析中两种常用效应值的实例应用比较

整合分析(meta-analysis)是对同一主题下多个独立实验结果进行综合的统计学方法,被认为是到目前为止最好的数量综合方法,其统计量为效应值,反应比(InR)和Hedges'd值是生态学应用中最常用的两个效应值。以综合植物生理生态学指标对大气CO2浓度倍增响应为实例,比较这两种效应值的不同之处。采用两种效应值指标会对同一个生理生态指标产生不同的总效应值大小,有时甚至会改变效应值的方向;InR相对Hedges'd更易产生正效应值;Hedges'd 较InR可拉大不同生理生态指标之间总效应值的差异;Hedges'd具有正负效应对称性,而InR却具有正负效应的不对称性。

An Exploratory Study of Hedging in Chinese ESL Learners' Academic

Hedging, referring to the use of various lexical and syntactic features modifying and mitigating propositions and claims, is extensively employed in effective academic writing. However, the use of hedges seems to be quite problematic for lots of Chinese ESL learners. In view of the situation, this study explores the use of hedges in academic abstracts by a group of undergraduate English majors in a university in Hainan Province. After analyzing data from a corpus and interviews, several problems have been found in the use of hedging devices of these students, and relevant implications have been drawn to the teaching of hedging in the context, which can help the students produce more effective academic writing and to achieve greater university success.

向极限挑战的高性能磨削技术发展及其在航空制造领域的应用前景

磨削加工是精密与超精密零部件加工质量保证的关键环节,在航空制造领域应用广泛。磨削技术目前已发展成为兼具高精度、高质量和高效率的加工技术,在获得极高加工效率的同时,还有利于保证零件加工精度和表面完整性。磨削技术不断突破传统工艺局限,已形成各具特色的高性能磨削工艺技术。高效深切磨削技术采用极高的砂轮线速度,结合大切深和高进给速度,可获得极高的磨削效率,而且加工表面完整性良好,在航空发动机高温合金叶片榫齿的高效成形磨削中显示了良好的效果。快速往复磨削工艺采用直线电机工作台直驱技术,可以实现很高的工作台进给速度,形成有利的传热条件,大部分磨削热可以被磨屑带离磨削区,能够获得较高的磨削效率和良好的表面完整性。快速点磨技术用于大深径比薄壁细长轴的磨削,有利于保证薄壁细长轴的加工精度,提升加工效率。缓进深切磨削技术用于发动机叶片榫齿的深切成形,磨削传热条件复杂,需要进一步开展大切深、复杂曲面接触条件下的磨削传热问题,不同接触条件的粗、精磨工艺设计,以及磨削过程智能监控与优化技术方面的研究。高效深切磨削工艺还可以实现航空铝合金的大去除率深切磨削。高速与超高速磨削技术在高体积分数碳化硅增强铝基复合材料、涡轮盘叶尖飞切磨削等不同领域,具有很好的应用前景。

环巴胺衍生物的研究进展

环巴胺是一种hedgehog信号通路抑制剂,对人类多种肿瘤细胞具有显著抑制作用,通过对环巴胺结构修饰及改造,有效地提高了其水溶性和抗肿瘤生物活性。本工作综述了近些年来对环巴胺结构修饰及改造的研究进展,并展望了环巴胺衍生物结构修饰更多类型,未来在抗肿瘤方面发挥更大作用。

Tree wave migration across an elevation gradient in the Altai Mountains,Siberia

The phenomenon of tree waves （hedges and ribbons） formation within the alpine ecotone in Altai Mountains and its response to observed air temperature increase was considered. At the upper limit of tree growth Siberian pine （Pinus sibirica） forms hedges on windward slopes and ribbons on the leeward ones. Hedges were formed by prevailing winds and oriented along winds direction. Ribbons were formed by snow blowing and accumulating on the leeward slope and perpendicular to the prevailing winds, as well as to the elevation gradient. Hedges were always linked with microtopography features, whereas ribbons were not. Trees are migrating upward by waves and new ribbons and hedges are forming at or near tree line, whereas at lower elevations ribbons and hedges are being transformed into dosed forests. Time series of high-resolution satellite scenes （from 1968 to 2OLO） indicated an upslope shift in the position ribbons averaged 155＋26 m （or 3-7 m yr^-1） and crown closure increased （about 35%-90%）. The hedges advance was limited by poor regeneration establishment and was negligible. Regeneration within the ribbon zone was approximately 2.5 times （5060 vs 2120 ha^-1） higher then within the hedges zone. During the last four decades, Siberian pine in both hedges and ribbons strongly increased its growth increment, and recent tree growth rate for 50 year-old trees was about twice higher than those recorded for similarly-aged trees at the beginning of the 20^th century. Hedges and ribbons are phenomena that are widespread within the southern and northern Siberian Mountains.

Hedge Trimmer句子压缩技术的算法实现及改进

压缩技术旨在模拟人类的文本概括和信息提取能力。句子压缩技术是自动生成能够保留原句核心内容的,合乎语法的,语义连贯的简短句子。文章分析了英文句子压缩技术中基于句法分析的Hedge Trimmer压缩技术,讨论了相关压缩理论,探索其压缩过程并用类C语言进行算法实现。提出了好的压缩句应该至少满足以下3个标准:第一是保留原句的核心内容,第二是具有正确的语法,第三是压缩长度合理。在算法的评估工作中,从DUC 2003语料库中选取了624个原始句子和对应的人工压缩句,与Hedge Trimmer压缩算法自动生成的压缩句进行对照分析。发现5种压缩效果不理想的情况,分析其原因并提出了改进策略。最后,通过实例对改进算法生成的压缩句和原来算法生成的压缩句进行对比评估,证明了改良算法能够获得更理想的压缩句。在英文句子压缩领域,改良的Hedge Trimmer句子压缩算法值得推广和应用。

高效深磨加工中热渗透和瞬态分析

本文研究了高效深磨技术中的热渗透。研究发现,在高效深磨(HEDG)加工中,工件的热渗透层很浅,随着工作速度的增加,磨削热趋于集中在工件的表层,而且加工中这个表层被快速的去除。从而传递给工件的热量较少,导致工件的磨削温度相当低。而对于长度较短的工件,可能达不到稳态条件,尤其在工作速度较低的情况下。

A Corpus-based Contrastive Study on Hedging in English Business Cor-respondences between Chinese English Learners and Native Speakers

This is a corpus-based contrastive study projected to find out the differences in using hedges in English business corre spondences between Chinese English learners and native speakers.

Tree clusters migration into alpine tundra,Siberia

We hypothesize that in mountain windy habitat trees formed clusters(hedges)as adaptive structures for seedlings’rooting,survival,and tress’upslope migration.We studied hedges formed by Siberian pine(Pinus sibirica du Tour)and larch(Larix sibirica Ledeb.)within the treeline ecotone in southern Siberian Mountains,investigated hedges formation,evolution,habitat amelioration,and analyzed tree’s growth index(GI)dependence on the eco-climate variables(air temperature,precipitation,soil moisture,wind speed)and relief features(elevation,aspect,slope steepness,and terrain curvature).We conducted a ground survey,measured biometrical parameters of trees and hedges,determined species composition and tree physiognomy,soil types and nutrient contents,and sampled wood cores and applied dendrochronology for trees’GI analysis.With high-resolution satellite scenes for hedge detection and upslope migration,we found that winter winds and soil moisture are the main constraints of trees’settlement and growth.Hedge formation always links with wind-sheltered microtopography features(boulders,local depressions or felled trees).Once the first tree is established,a positive feedback is aroused that facilitates seedling rooting and in-hedge habitat amelioration.Trees form a streamlined dense“common crown”that mitigates adverse winter wind influence.Hedges always orient along the prevailing winds,and trees’uphill migration occurs by seedlings establishment within the leeward hedge side.Hedge growth facilitates soil formation and fertilization.The concentration of nutrients(K,P,N and S)within hedges exceeds the background by 1.5-5.5 times.Hedge extension leads to increased snow accumulation that mitigates the influence of desiccation and snow abrasion and mitigates seasonal water stress.In the extremely harsh windy habitat,inhedge trees present in mat,prostrate or krummholz forms.With warming,tree stems and even twigs turn upright.Notably that GI dependence on the wind speed is insignificant until prostrated trees get turning upright.Since that,the negative correlation between GI and wind speed is arisen with subsequent decrease since hedges form streamlined crown.Hedge growth also leads to a“phytofield”formation(i.e.,grasses,lichen,moss and small bushes growth)around the hedges that,in its turn,encourages seedling rooting which is about triple more efficient than outside the phytofield.Larch,in comparison with Siberian pine,is less often formed hedges.GI of both species is stimulated by warmer air temperature in the beginning of the growth season.Meanwhile,larch GI has stronger response to elevated temperatures and less dependent on soil moisture.This indicates larch is a potential substitute of Siberian pine in a warmer and dryer climate.Hedges in warming climate evolve into closed stands due to both in-hedge tree growth and filling gaps between hedges by different tree species.