Finite element analysis on the collapse of infill walls with holes and different length-to-height ratios

Wenchuan earthquake damage survey displayed the major structures of buildings suffered only small damages,but it was common that infill walls suffered heavy damages or even collapse. To study the failure forms and collapse mechanism of infill walls in an earthquake,the influence of opening or length-to-height ratio on shake-resisting capability of filling walls was analyzed,and measures to improve the anti-collapse ability of infill walls were put forwaed. The numerical simulations on collapse process in earthquake were carried out by using ABAQUS software. We used 5 single story and single span models. It is revealed that the rigidity and compressive capacity of infill walls are reduced because of the infill walls with holes and the increases of length-to-height ratios. Adding constructional columns and horizontal beams can ensure structural integrity and improve the anti-collapse ability of the wall.

Change of the mode of failure by interface friction and width-to-height ratio of coal specimens

Bumps in coal mines have been recognized as a major hazard for many years. These sudden and violent failures around mine openings have compromised safety, ventilation and access to mine workings.Previous studies showed that the violence of coal specimen failure depends on both the interface friction and width-to-height（W/H） ratio of coal specimen. The mode of failure for a uniaxially loaded coal specimen or a coal pillar is a combination of both shear failure along the interface and compressive failure in the coal. The shear failure along the interface triggered the compressive failure in coal. The compressive failure of a coal specimen or a coal pillar can be controlled by changing its W/H ratio. As the W/H ratio increases, the ultimate strength increases. Hence, with a proper combination of interface friction and the W/H ratio of pillar or coal specimen, the mode of failure will change from sudden violent failure which is brittle failure to non-violent failure which is ductile failure. The main objective of this paper is to determine at what W/H ratio and interface friction the mode of failure changes from violent to non-violent. In this research, coal specimens of W/H ratio ranging from 1 to 10 were uniaxially tested under two interface frictions of 0.1 and 0.25, and the results are presented and discussed.

Auto-compensation of velocity-height ratio for Chang’E-2 satellite CCD stereo camera

The TDI-CCD imaging method using auto-compensation of velocity-height ratio (VHR) was applied to Chang’E-2 satellite CCD stereo camera.Factors that influence the image quality of the camera were discussed,among which the mismatch error in VHR was found to be the main cause.An auto-compensation scheme for VHR was developed.The validity and effectiveness were proved by the on-orbit high quality images.

The height-width ratio limited value for rubber bearing isolated structure computed by uniform design method

Rubber isolation is the most mature control technology in practical application, and is widely used by short rigid buildings. However, many high isolation buildings have been built around the world in recent years, which do not follow the existing criterions and codes. Many researchers began to research the special problems caused by larger height-width ratio isolation structures. The overturning effect of high height-width ratio structures with rubber bearing is firstly studied. Considering the main factors, such as the height-width ratio of structures, type of site, the designed basic acceleration of ground motion and the decouple factor in horizon, computing experiment is defined with the Uniform Design Method, which is also known as designing isolation structure. The forces of the bearing under edge of structures based on the position of the rubber bearing are calculated. The result indicates that the rubber bearings will lose its functionality under very high tension and compressing force of earthquake motion in horizon and vertical, when the height-width ratio is over a certain value. Thus, based on the calculation result of isolation structures defined in the uniform design method, regression analysis is conducted, and also the rubber edge force regression formula are gotten, which has higher correlation and smaller standard deviation. This formula can be used to roughly calculate whether the pull force occurs at the edge of the building. By the edge bearings of isolation structure minimum force formula, the height-width ratio limited value of the isolation structure is deducted when rubber bearing has minimum force of zero.

Rational cutting height for large cutting height fully mechanized top-coal caving

Large cutting height fully mechanized top-coal caving is a new mining method that improves recovery ratio and single-pass production. It also allows safe and efficient mining. A rational cutting height is one key parameter of this technique. Numerical simulation and a granular-media model experiment were used to analyze the effect of cutting height on the rock pressure of a fully mechanized top-coal caving work face. The recovery ratio was also studied. As the cutting height increases the top-coal thickness is reduced. Changing the ratio of cutting to drawing height intensifies the face pressure and the top-coal shattering. A maximum cutting height exists under a given set of conditions due to issues with surrounding rock-mass control. An increase in cutting height makes the top-coal cave better and the recovery ratio when drawing top-coal is then improved. A method of adjusting the face rock pressure is presented. Changing the cutting to drawing height ratio is the technique used to control face rock pressure. The recovery ratio when cutting coal exceeds that when caving top-coal so the face recovery ratio may be improved by over sizing the cutting height and increasing the top-coal drawing ratio. An optimum ratio of cutting to drawing height exists that maximizes the face recovery ratio. A rational cutting height is determined by comprehensively considering the surrounding rock-mass control and the recovery ratio. At the same time increasing the cutting height can improve single pass mining during fully mechanized top-coal caving.

Dynamics and Wheel's Slip Ratio of a Wheel-legged Robot in Wheeled Motion Considering the Change of Height

The existing research on dynamics and slip ratio of wheeled mobile robot （WMR） are derived without considering the effect of height, and the existing models can not be used to analyze the dynamics performance of the robot with variable height while moving such as NOROS- Ⅱ. The existing method of dynamics modeling is improved by adding the constraint equation between perpendicular displacement of body and horizontal displacement of wheel into the constraint conditions. The dynamic model of NOROS- Ⅱ in wheel motion is built by the Lagrange method under nonholonomic constraints. The inverse dynamics is calculated in three different paths based on this model, and the results demonstrate that torques of hip pitching joints are inversely proportional to the height of robot. The relative error of calculated torques is less than 2% compared with that of ADAMS simulation, by which the validity of dynamic model is verified, Moreover, the relative horizontal motion between fore/hind wheels and body is produced when the height is changed, and thus the accurate slip ratio can not be obtained by the traditional equation. The improved slip ratio equations with the parameter of the vertical velocity of body are introduced for fore wheels and hind wheels respectively. Numerical simulations of slip ratios are conducted to reveal the effect of varied height on slip ratios of different wheels. The result shows that the slip ratios of fore/hind wheels become larger/smaller respectively as the height increases, and as the height is reduced, the reverse applies. The proposed research of dynamic model and slip ratio based on the robot height provides the effective method to analyze the dynamics of WMRs with varying height.

Research on the squeeze cast technology of the castings with large ratio of height to thickness

The squeeze cast technology is only applicable, at present, to the castings with a ratio of height to thickness less than 3.5. Researching the squeeze cast technology for castings with a large ratio of height to thickness will broaden the applicable range of the advanced casting technology. This paper describes a study of the temperature distribution during solidification for castings with a ratio of height to thickness of 7 by the methods of experiment and computer simulation. The shrinkage porosity distribution in the castings and the mechanical properties of the castings were also researched. The experimental and simulated results show that increasing squeeze force, or enhancing mold temperature, cannot reduce the shrinkage porosities in the castings. When castings solidify in a sequential manner and the squeeze force effectively acts on the surface of the liquid metal, the shrinkage porosities in the castings are eliminated and mechanical properties are clearly improved.

宽高比对煤柱型冲击地压影响规律的实验研究

我国深部煤炭开采日趋复杂,区段煤柱在采动、构造或坚硬顶底板影响下极易诱发煤柱型冲击地压,煤柱型冲击地压的防治已成为煤矿安全高效开采的难题,研究不同宽高比条件下区段煤柱的力学性能及冲击破坏特性对煤柱型冲击地压防治具有积极意义。采用不同宽高比煤样的“岩-煤-岩”组合体进行了单轴压缩实验,通过分析煤岩组合体的冲击倾向性、动态破坏特征、分形维数和声发射特征参数等,研究了宽高比对煤柱冲击破坏的影响规律。结果发现:①煤柱的宽高比对煤岩组合体的冲击倾向性具有显著影响,宽高比不小于2∶1时,其冲击能量指数K_(E)为1.82~2.65,冲击倾向性无明显变化;小于2∶1时冲击倾向性呈先升高后降低的趋势,1∶1时K_(E)最大,达到了15.43。②随宽高比减小,煤岩组合体破坏特征依次表现为:拉压破坏—压剪破坏—拉剪破坏。煤柱宽高比为5∶1~3∶1时,煤岩组合体破坏较为缓慢;宽高比为2∶1时开始出现片状煤屑弹出,冲击破坏剧烈程度较低;宽高比为1∶1和0.75∶1时,具有明显的冲击破坏特性;宽高比为0.5∶1时,煤岩组合体整体稳定性下降,相对0.75∶1煤岩组合体煤柱破坏的剧烈程度降低。③峰后声发射能量释放率与分形维数D变化规律相似,均随宽高比减小呈先升高后降低的趋势。宽高比不小于2∶1时,煤岩组合体破坏过程中能量持续释放时间较长,煤柱破坏平缓;宽高比为1∶1时,能量释放率和D值明显增大,相较宽高比不小于2∶1煤岩组合体的能量释放率增大了约4倍,D值增大了0.18~0.23,煤柱冲击破坏最为剧烈;宽高比0.75∶1煤岩组合体能量释放率与D值分别降低了约10%和0.01,破坏剧烈程度与1∶1煤岩组合体相近;宽高比减小至0.5∶1时,相关参数的降低幅度约为0.75∶1煤岩组合体的6倍,破坏剧烈程度相对较小。研究表明:宽高比对煤柱的冲击破坏具有显著影响,整体上,煤柱冲击破坏剧烈程度随宽高比减小(5∶1~0.5∶1)呈先升高后逐渐降低的趋势;煤柱宽高比大于3∶1时,煤柱冲击危险性相对较小,煤柱宽高比为1∶1和0.75∶1时冲击危险性较大,0.5∶1次之。

老年高血压人群腰围身高比与新发脑梗死的关系

目的研究腰围身高比(WHtR)与老年人新发脑梗死的相关性。方法纳入开滦地区研究人群9096例老年高血压患者,以首次发生脑梗死为终点事件,采取前瞻性队列研究方法进行研究,依据观察对象WHtR值以0.05为间距等距分为四组,分别为G1组(WHtR<0.45)、G2组(0.45≤WHtR<0.50)、G3组(0.50≤WHtR<0.55)及G4组(WHtR≥0.55),用寿命表方法统计各人群的累积终点事件发生率,采用Cox比例风险分析方法,探讨WHtR在新发脑梗死中的作用。模型一为单一因子Cox比例风险分析模式,只考察WHtR对脑梗死发生风险的作用;在此基础上,模型二为校正性别、年龄、体重及血清超敏C反应蛋白、收缩压、血清甘油三酯、抽烟史、血清空腹血糖、饮酒情况、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、舒张压、体育运动、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、文化程度、服降压药史后观察WHtR对新发脑梗死的作用。结果随访时间为(9.3±2.7)年,期间共新发脑梗死848例。以G2组为对照,单因素Cox比例风险回归模型分析显示G1组、G3组和G4各组发生脑梗死的HR(95%CI)分别为1.00(0.67~1.50)、1.29(1.05~1.60)、1.36(1.12~1.66);多因素Cox比例风险回归模型分析显示G1组、G3组和G4各组发生脑梗死的HR(95%CI)分别为1.09(0.72~1.65)、1.24(0.99~1.54)、1.31(1.05~1.62)。结论老年高血压人群当0.45≤WHtR<0.50时脑卒中发病风险最低,WHtR≥0.55与新发脑梗死风险增加相关。

基于不同标准的苏州市7~17岁儿童青少年中心性肥胖流行现状评估

目的基于不同标准,了解苏州市7~17岁儿童青少年中心性肥胖流行现状。方法采用分层整群随机抽样方法,2019年9—10月,抽取苏州市7~17岁儿童青少年3150人进行问卷调查和现场测量,采用5项相关标准评价中心性肥胖流行情况;并以腰围-中国标准为参照标准,进行其他4项标准一致性分析。结果该人群中心性肥胖检出率,腰围-国际标准为24.70%,腰围-中国标准为20.60%,腰围-美国标准为6.54%,腰高比-中国标准为23.65%,腰高比-国际标准为14.22%。不同标准下,均呈现男生高于女生(P值均<0.05);基于腰围-国际标准、腰围-中国标准的12~17岁组中心性肥胖检出率高于7~11岁组,基于腰围-美国标准的12~17岁组中心性肥胖检出率低于7~11岁组,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05)。以腰围-中国标准作为参照,腰围-国际标准和腰高比-中国标准一致性极好,Kappa值分别为0.87、0.79。结论苏州市7~17岁儿童青少年中心性肥胖有一定检出率,建议同时关注基于腰围和腰高比评价儿童青少年中心性肥胖流行情况。

木屑颗粒堆积参数对液体渗流特性的影响规律

为了探究木屑颗粒堆积参数对液体渗流特性的影响规律,参照达西渗流实验,设计开发了渗流实验系统,选取颗粒床层湿度、渗流速度、床层储水量及透水率作为评价颗粒床层内液体渗流特性的指标,在对各因素进行初步筛选的基础上,实验研究木屑颗粒堆积床层的粒径分布、压缩高度比以及渗透压力(注水量)对液体渗流特性的影响.实验结果表明,相同粒径分布,注水量为1500 mL时,压缩高度比从0.80降到0.50,木屑颗粒床层湿度变化幅值为3.32%;相同粒径分布,压缩高度比为0.50,注水量从1500 mL增加到3000 mL时,木屑颗粒床层湿度变化幅值为2.30%;相同压缩高度比和注水量,全粒径分布、不同级配粒径分布及小粒径分布时木屑颗粒床层最大湿度分别为54.4%、54.0%及53.7%,变化幅值为0.7%.在本文研究范围内,压缩高度比对颗粒床层湿度影响最大,初始注水量次之,颗粒级配影响最小.相同粒径分布,注水量为2000 mL时,压缩高度比从0.80降到0.50,木屑颗粒床层渗流速度变化幅值为18.92×10^(-4) m/s;相同粒径分布,压缩高度比为0.50,注水量从1500 mL增加到3000 mL时,木屑颗粒床层渗流速度变化幅值为1.08×10^(-4) m/s;相同压缩高度比和注水量,全粒径分布、不同级配粒径分布及小粒径分布时木屑颗粒床层最大渗流速度分别为20.7×10^(-4) m/s、15.4×10^(-4) m/s及18.2×10^(-4) m/s,变化幅值为5.3×10^(-4) m/s.在本文研究范围内,压缩高度比对颗粒床层渗流速度影响最大,颗粒级配次之,初始注水量影响最小.综合各类因素考虑,不同粒径级配的木屑颗粒床层,压缩高度比为0.70、注水量为2000 mL时木屑颗粒床层中的液体渗流特性较好,此时,床层湿度为52.5%,平均渗流速度为9.86×10^(-4) m/s,床层储水量为1149 mL,床层透水率为42.56%.相关结果可为后续可压缩性颗粒堆积物的存放以及水基灭火剂开发需要关注的参数提供指导.

凹槽叶顶的气膜冷却特性

涡轮工作时,叶顶间隙内高速高温的间隙泄露流会直接冲刷动叶顶部,产生局部高温区域,因此控制间隙泄露流至关重要。基于压敏漆涂料(PSP)实验,研究了密度比、吹风比和间隙高度对凹槽叶顶气膜冷却特性的影响。研究结果表明:密度比增大,凹槽叶顶气膜冷却效果逐渐提高,尤其是大间隙下冷效提高较为明显,叶顶面平均冷效增加了35%;间隙高度和吹风比对叶顶表面冷效的作用不是单一的,小间隙条件下,叶顶表面气膜冷效随着吹风比增大而增大,大间隙条件下,吹风比的增加使得叶顶表面气膜冷效先减小后增加,同时小吹风比时,间隙高度增加提高了叶顶尾缘区域和孔周围的气膜冷效,叶顶面平均冷效提高了6.85%。

基于声发射特征的不同高径比矸石胶结充填柱单轴压缩损伤演化

为研究高径比对矸石胶结充填柱单轴压缩性能的影响,本实验制备了高径比为0.5~4.0的5组圆柱体试件进行单轴压缩试验,同时利用数字图像相关技术(DIC)和声发射进行监测,探讨了不同高径比充填柱的破坏特征.研究表明:矸石胶结充填柱的峰值应力和峰值应变都会随着高径比的增大而减小,并与高径比呈指数关系;充填柱的破坏形式在高径比大于2.0后从整体破坏转为局部破坏,局部应变大于16%可以导致充填柱整体失稳;充填柱的高径比从1.0升高到4.0,损伤程度下降到11%;充填柱在累计振铃计数快速上升区中的破坏占总破坏的比例随高径比的增大从22.6%增加到72.3%,高径比大于2.0时该比例达到40.9%且上升速度加快,破坏的集中程度较高;声发射最终累积振铃计数先随着高径比增大而增大,在高径比为2.0以后开始减小,且高径比对振铃集中出现的位置有较大影响;用声发射能量与振铃计数的比值(E/C)反应能量释放剧烈程度,平均E/C随高径比增大从1.26增大到2.76,高径比大于2.0时峰后能量释放较为剧烈.试验结果可以为结构充填开采中充填柱高径比的选取提供参考.

山西省白榆优良速生家系的选育

在山西省各地共采集46个白榆优良家系进行播种育苗,对其生长指标进行测定分析,以筛选出苗高、基径和高径比表现较好的家系。结果表明,白榆不同家系间的苗高、基径和高径比均存在极显著差异。根据多重比较和变异系数可知,以苗高为标准进行筛选时,家系26为最优家系;以基径为标准进行筛选时,家系29为最优家系;以高径比为选择标准时,家系4为较优家系。

某水电站琴键堰体型优化试验研究

琴键堰是一种新型的高效溢流堰,以曲折的堰顶结构来增加溢流前缘总长度,使得其泄流能力远超直线堰。针对某拟建水电站琴键堰泄流能力不足的问题,提出了增加展宽比(L/W)、增加堰高(P)和增加堰高且减少单元数(n)的优化方案,并通过物理模型试验进行验证,得到了满足设计要求的推荐方案。此外,本研究还探讨了水工模型类别(整体及断面模型)和比尺效应对琴键堰泄流能力的影响。通过对比分析优化方案可知:方案M1(展宽比L/W由7.75增至8.88)中,琴键堰泄流能力得到了一定程度的提高,但泄流能力仍不满足设计要求;方案M2(堰高由4.50 m增至6.50 m)和M3(堰高由4.50 m增至6.90 m,单元数由17.5个减至8.5个)中,琴键堰泄流能力显著增加,该两种方案皆可满足设计要求。试验结果表明:与琴键堰整体模型相比,其断面模型测得的泄流能力偏大约6%;对于琴键堰,当模型堰上水头大于2.50 cm时,比尺效应对琴键堰泄流能力的影响可以忽略。

煤柱-顶板结构能量演化特征及稳定性研究

煤矿事故的发生大多是由煤柱及其上覆顶板岩层失稳破坏引起的。为了研究不同煤-岩高度比对煤柱-顶板结构变形破坏及能量演化机制的影响,对煤-岩高度比分别为1∶3、1∶2、1∶1、2∶1及3∶1的煤-岩组合体进行了单轴加载及循环加卸载试验,研究了煤-岩结构体变形与能量演化之间的变化关系,利用加卸载响应比对煤-岩组合体的稳定性进行分析,对煤-岩组合体稳定性进行定量评价。结果表明:煤-岩组合体在单轴加载及循环加卸载作用下的峰值强度均随着煤-岩高度比的增加而逐渐降低,煤-岩组合体在循环加卸载作用下的峰值强度均低于单轴加载试验中的峰值强度,煤-岩高度比越大,循环载荷作用下组合体峰值强度降低率越小;组合体输入能、弹性能和耗散能随应力增加呈非线性增加,煤-岩高度比与组合体循环载荷过程中产生的平均弹性应变、平均弹性能、平均残余应变、平均耗散能、总残余应变和加卸载响应呈正比关系,与总弹性应变、总弹性能和总耗散能呈反比关系。

成人餐后血脂水平与心血管疾病风险预测关系的研究

目的探讨餐后血脂水平检测对我国成人动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病(ASCVD)风险预测的意义。方法整群抽取2020年8月~9月于中国人民解放军总医院第六医学中心进行健康体检的35~74岁人群共979例,完善问卷调查、体格检查;分别测定其空腹及统一标准早餐后2 h的餐后血脂水平。对空腹与餐后血脂代谢特点及其与各体格测量指标:体质指数(BMI)、腰高比(WHtR)、腰围(WC)间的相关性进行分析。结果35~74岁人群自身空腹与餐后血脂水平相比,餐后三酰甘油(TG)水平较空腹时明显增高,餐后总胆固醇(TC)和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)水平较空腹时均有所降低,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.001);而空腹和餐后低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)水平比较无统计学差异(P>0.05)。成人空腹及餐后TG与BMI、WHtR、WC均呈正相关(P<0.01);空腹及餐后HDL-C与BMI、WHtR、WC均呈负相关(P<0.01)。餐后TG与BMI、WHtR、WC相关性均大于空腹TG。结论35~74岁人群餐后血脂与BMI、WHtR、WC相关性强,与空腹血脂一样可进行ASCVD风险的评估和预测。

小高宽比框架结构爆破拆除数值模拟研究

为研究小高宽比框架结构爆破拆除的倒塌过程,利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA有限元软件建立分离式共节点模型,对其倒塌过程进行数值模拟研究,分析该结构钢筋混凝土柱的受力特点。通过对比实际工程与模拟结果,发现两者在倒塌时间、倒塌历程、爆堆范围等方面高度一致,由此可见数值模拟是可靠的。研究发现:在倒塌过程中,各排立柱达到截面抵抗弯矩后会在梁柱节点处产生塑性铰,上部结构以塑性铰作定轴转动,前倾过程中对后排立柱产生向后的反力,以致产生明显的后坐。倒塌前期钢筋与混凝土单元共同受力,混凝土单元失效后,与其共节点的钢筋单元应力发生突变,随后在拉压状态下不断变换,直至倒塌结束,爆破切口处的钢筋对上部结构的自由落体有一定的阻碍作用。

望高比与普雷斯勒形数、实验形数的关系研究

望高比(B)不仅是两个直径之比,还增加了两个高度之比,能更便捷、更客观地反映树干形状,是一个更理想的干形指标。在望高法求积式中,引入望高比概念,根据研究望高比的结果,提出望高比法求积式,找到了望高比、普雷斯勒形数与实验形数的关系,在进行林木蓄积量测算,尤其是单株立木材积测算中显得更加便捷、准确、实用。

地铁车站模架施工常见问题及解决措施

以天津地铁7号线一期工程兴华道站模架施工为工程背景,针对模架施工常见的下翻梁架体高宽比过大、下翻梁与中板交接处主楞悬挑过大、腋角处可调底座悬空、自动扶梯孔处顶板立杆底座落点如何选择及中隔墙先期施工时中板下翻梁模架如何布置等问题,予以分析并给出相应地解决措施,确保了模架工程顺利施工。