Hepatitis of unknown etiology in children:Current evidence and association

Two years after the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic,acute hepatitis of unknown etiology in children(AHUCD)began to be reported worldwide.The novel coronavirus and adenovirus were found in pathogen and antibody tests in AHUCD cases reported by the World Health Organization.Children are not exposed to the viruses that children are generally exposed to owing to COVID-19 infection preventive measures such as isolation and wearing masks;therefore,some researchers have speculated that this disease is related to reduced exposure to pathogens.Some scientists have also speculated that the disease is related to liver injury and adenoviral hepatitis,which are the sequelae of COVID-19.Some evidence also suggests a weak association between the disease and COVID-19 vaccination.Therefore,further research and investigation of the pathogenesis,preventive measures,and early treatment of hepatitis of unknown etiology are required.This study aimed to synthesize available evidence to further elucidate this disease in order to treat and prevent it effectively.

Acute hepatitis of unknown etiology in an adult female:A case report

BACKGROUND Acute liver injury(ALI)refers to inflammation of the hepatic parenchyma without hepatic encephalopathy that lasts less than 6 mo.When the etiology is unknown,Acute Hepatitis of Unknown Origin(AHUO)can present as a diagnostic and treatment challenge.AHUO in the adult population is unusual and poorly documented.It has an incidence between 11%and 75%.Currently,no treatment guidelines exist.With no identified cause,treatment is often blind,and the wrong treatment plan may have unintended consequences.CASE SUMMARY We present the case of a 58-year-old woman who presented to the emergency room for elevated liver function tests(LFTs).Her symptoms started 10 d prior to admission and included nausea,vomiting,jaundice,decreased appetite,weight loss of 10 lbs,and dark urine.She denied drinking alcohol or taking any hepatotoxic agents,including acetaminophen,statins,vitamins,or supplements.She was admitted to the hospital,and an etiologic work-up was carried out.Her initial bloodwork revealed elevated liver enzymes(alanine aminotransferase 2500 U/L,aspartate aminotransferase 3159 U/L,and alkaline phosphatase 714 U/L)and elevated total bilirubin of 6.4 mg/dL.She tested negative for common infectious etiologies such as hepatotropic viruses A,B,C,and E.Further infective work-up revealed negative serology for cytomegalovirus,Epstein-Barr virus,herpes simplex virus 1&2,and human immunodeficiency virus.Her autoanti-body test results were negative,including anti-smooth muscle antibody,anti-mitochondrial antibody,and anti-liver kidney microsome 1 antibody.Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography ruled out biliary causes of elevated LFTs,and her core liver biopsy proved inconclusive.Over the course of her hospital stay,the patient's LFTs improved with supportive care and without steroids.CONCLUSION Idiopathic hepatitis makes treatment challenging.It can leave patients feeling confused and unfulfilled.Thus,educating the patient thoroughly for shared decision-making and management becomes essential.