The nature of most biomass materials is a low bulk density as compared to traditional fuel sources.High handling cost could be a limiting factor in utilizing biomass feedstock.Understanding available harvesting machin...The nature of most biomass materials is a low bulk density as compared to traditional fuel sources.High handling cost could be a limiting factor in utilizing biomass feedstock.Understanding available harvesting machinery systems and associated costs is critical to future implementation.Four popular harvesting machinery systems were studied and costs were analyzed based on field measurements and calculations.These four systems included(1)round baling and round bale handling systems,(2)large square baling and square bale handling systems,(3)forage harvester and trucking systems,and(4)large square baling plus square bale compression systems.Results indicated that a self-loading forage wagon can reduce the cost to harvest a crop but requires more harvest time.Large square bales were found to reduce cost of handling and transport as compared to round bales.Further research is needed to determine storage costs and deterioration loss of the two bale types.Compressed square bales were found to reduce storage,handling and transport costs.Compressed bale machinery has a high initial cost,which currently makes only valuable for hay export.展开更多
Densified products produced from pellet mill are commercially used as a commodity type product for energy applications that are transported nationally and internationally.The quality of the pelletized biomass produce...Densified products produced from pellet mill are commercially used as a commodity type product for energy applications that are transported nationally and internationally.The quality of the pelletized biomass produced depends on the process variables such as die diameter,length to diameter(L/D)ratio,die speed,preheating,and steam conditioning;and feedstock variables such as feedstock type,moisture content,and particle size and shape.In the present study,pelleting tests were conducted with both woody(i.e.,lodgepole pine and pinyon-juniper)and herbaceous(i.e.,corn stover,wheat straw,and energy sorghum)biomass.A high level of feedstock moisture content of 33%(w.b.)was selected,while the die speed and preheating temperature process variables were kept at 60 Hz(380 rpm)and 70C.Results indicated that during the pelleting and cooling process,an approximate 10–13%(w.b.)moisture loss in both the woody and herbaceous biomass was observed.The high moisture pellets produced were further dried in a laboratory oven at 70C for three hours to reduce the moisture content of the pellets to<10%(w.b).The dried pellets were then evaluated further for other quality attributes including unit,bulk,and tapped density;and durability.The pellets that resulted in the highest unit,bulk,and tapped densities following this process were the herbaceous biomass corn stover(e.g.,>1133,>580,>620 kg/m3)and the woody biomass lodgepole pine(e.g.,>1037,>568,>641 kg/m3),respectively.In the case of durability for the 8 mm diameter pellets,wheat straw and corn stover recorded a maximum of about 96%,respectively,while the lodgepole pine and pinion juniper recorded a maximum of>96%,respectively.展开更多
Considering the growing concerns about natural resource depletion,energy inequality,and climate crises,biomassderived materials—the most abundant organic matter on the planet—have received a lot of attention as a po...Considering the growing concerns about natural resource depletion,energy inequality,and climate crises,biomassderived materials—the most abundant organic matter on the planet—have received a lot of attention as a potential alternative to petroleum-based plastics.Herbaceous biomasses and extracted cellulose have recently been extensively used in the development of high-performance and multifunctional materials.Herbaceous biomass has sparked interest due to its species diversity,abundance,low cost,lightweight,and sustainability.This review discusses the structure versus property relationships of various sources of herbaceous biomasses(e.g.,sugarcane,straw,and bamboo)and their extracted biomaterials,as well as the latest emerging applications from macro-and microscales to nanoscales.High-strength structural materials,porous carbon materials,multichannel materials,and flexible materials are examples of these applications,which include sustainable electronics,environmentally friendly energy harvesting,smart materials,and biodegradable structural buildings.展开更多
基金supported by Department of Energy through Northeast Sun Grant Initiatives Program.Authors are very grateful to CNH and Pottinger for providing the equipment.
文摘The nature of most biomass materials is a low bulk density as compared to traditional fuel sources.High handling cost could be a limiting factor in utilizing biomass feedstock.Understanding available harvesting machinery systems and associated costs is critical to future implementation.Four popular harvesting machinery systems were studied and costs were analyzed based on field measurements and calculations.These four systems included(1)round baling and round bale handling systems,(2)large square baling and square bale handling systems,(3)forage harvester and trucking systems,and(4)large square baling plus square bale compression systems.Results indicated that a self-loading forage wagon can reduce the cost to harvest a crop but requires more harvest time.Large square bales were found to reduce cost of handling and transport as compared to round bales.Further research is needed to determine storage costs and deterioration loss of the two bale types.Compressed square bales were found to reduce storage,handling and transport costs.Compressed bale machinery has a high initial cost,which currently makes only valuable for hay export.
基金the U.S.Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy under DOE Idaho Operations Office Contract DE-AC07-05ID14517。
文摘Densified products produced from pellet mill are commercially used as a commodity type product for energy applications that are transported nationally and internationally.The quality of the pelletized biomass produced depends on the process variables such as die diameter,length to diameter(L/D)ratio,die speed,preheating,and steam conditioning;and feedstock variables such as feedstock type,moisture content,and particle size and shape.In the present study,pelleting tests were conducted with both woody(i.e.,lodgepole pine and pinyon-juniper)and herbaceous(i.e.,corn stover,wheat straw,and energy sorghum)biomass.A high level of feedstock moisture content of 33%(w.b.)was selected,while the die speed and preheating temperature process variables were kept at 60 Hz(380 rpm)and 70C.Results indicated that during the pelleting and cooling process,an approximate 10–13%(w.b.)moisture loss in both the woody and herbaceous biomass was observed.The high moisture pellets produced were further dried in a laboratory oven at 70C for three hours to reduce the moisture content of the pellets to<10%(w.b).The dried pellets were then evaluated further for other quality attributes including unit,bulk,and tapped density;and durability.The pellets that resulted in the highest unit,bulk,and tapped densities following this process were the herbaceous biomass corn stover(e.g.,>1133,>580,>620 kg/m3)and the woody biomass lodgepole pine(e.g.,>1037,>568,>641 kg/m3),respectively.In the case of durability for the 8 mm diameter pellets,wheat straw and corn stover recorded a maximum of about 96%,respectively,while the lodgepole pine and pinion juniper recorded a maximum of>96%,respectively.
基金This manuscript was authored in part by UT-Battelle LLC under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 with DOE.
文摘Considering the growing concerns about natural resource depletion,energy inequality,and climate crises,biomassderived materials—the most abundant organic matter on the planet—have received a lot of attention as a potential alternative to petroleum-based plastics.Herbaceous biomasses and extracted cellulose have recently been extensively used in the development of high-performance and multifunctional materials.Herbaceous biomass has sparked interest due to its species diversity,abundance,low cost,lightweight,and sustainability.This review discusses the structure versus property relationships of various sources of herbaceous biomasses(e.g.,sugarcane,straw,and bamboo)and their extracted biomaterials,as well as the latest emerging applications from macro-and microscales to nanoscales.High-strength structural materials,porous carbon materials,multichannel materials,and flexible materials are examples of these applications,which include sustainable electronics,environmentally friendly energy harvesting,smart materials,and biodegradable structural buildings.
