Analysis of the Teaching of Ancient Chinese History in the Heritage Conservation Technology Major

Ancient Chinese history is an important part of the curriculum of the Heritage Conservation Technology major.Students can better understand the history of cultural relics and improve their humanistic literacy,which will help them in restoring cultural relics.At present,there are numerous challenges in teaching ancient Chinese history in the Heritage Conservation Technology major.These challenges necessitate the development of effective teaching reform strategies.This paper outlines these challenges and explores effective teaching reform strategies to provide a reference for educators.

Multi-designated geoparks face challenges in China’s heritage conservation

The author selects a thorny issue of doubled designations that bother policy-makers, professional planners and managers in the field of conservation for protected areas. The analyzed case study areas cover 5 National Geoparks of China in Sichuan Province, 18 UNESCO Global Geoparks in China, and 219 World Heritage sites in China and 8 European nations. Through analysis and synthesis, the author concludes that doubled designation, which also leads to unbalanced park distribution, is particularly prevalent in China other than in Europe. Therefore, on-site management agencies and related governments in China should carefully translate the doubled designations into responsibilities and harmonious partnerships between all stakeholders in order to enhance the management effectiveness and avoid paper park phenomenon.

Concentrations,sources,and influential factors of water-soluble ions of atmospheric particles in Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes,a world heritage site in China

Atmospheric particle pollution is one of the major factors leading to degradation of ancient wall paintings,particularly heritage sites in arid and semi-arid regions.However,current systematic research on the changes,sources,and influential factors of atmospheric particulate matter and its water-soluble ion concentrations is not sufficient.Thus,the major water-soluble ion concentrations,sources,and influential factors of atmospheric particles PM_(2.5) and PM_(10)(particulate matter with an aerodynamic equivalent diameter≤2.5 and 10.0μm,respectively,in ambient air)were collected from Cave 16 and its ambient exterior environment in the Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes,China,between April 2015 and March 2016.Results showed that the concentrations of PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) inside and outside the cave were the highest in March 2016 and the lowest in December 2015.The higher particle concentration from March to May was related to the frequent occurrence of sand and dust events,and the lower particle concentration from June to September was associated with good diffusion conditions,increased precipitation,and an established cave shelterbelt.The concentration of particulate matter inside the cave was affected by the concentration of particles in the air outside the cave.Ca2+,NH+4,Na+,Cl-,and SO2-4were the main components of the total ions of PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) both inside and outside the cave.The total ions inside the cave were frequently affected by the disturbance of tourists'activities during the peak tourist season from May to August.Under the influence of dust,the total concentrations of Cl-,SO2-4,Na+,NH+4,and Ca2+in particles of different sizes inside and outside the cave increased,and the concentrations of Cl-,SO2-4,Na+,and Ca2+decreased during precipitation period.Backward air mass trajectory analysis suggested that the pollutants were mainly from Xinjiang,China.The pollutant sources of air particulates are straw burning,secondary pollution sources,soil dust,dry spring rivers,and tourist activities.

Tourism as an Industry in Heritage Site-A Case Study on World Heritage Site of Fujian Tulou

Cultural heritage is seen as a cultural capital. The heritage tourism increases the local employment and income, however, brings some problems at the same time, changing the traditional living way and industrial structure. The sustainability of economic development by tourism is also questioned. Fujian Tulou is a world heritage site in China, inscribed in 2008. The nomination has brought great changes to the sites, especially the flourishing tourism industries by the local communities as well as the tourism companies. The latter also take part in the management of the heritage site and get most of the income. The data in economic areas is analyzed in this study and explains the cultural tourism as a positive drive for the local economy, which contributes little to the life of locals. With the analysis of the changes and benefits from the tourism, we have found that tourism, as a dominant industry, might be a potential negative element for heritage conservation. According to the different situations of sites in Fujian Tulou, a proper planning of management is in need to integrate the tourism, conservation and development.

Archaeology and Heritage Resource Management in Siuyu, Singida Region (Tanzania)

This paper was produced as a part of our ongoing research endeavors in Singida destined to provide a better understanding of early humans’ cultures, and to promote the conservation of cultural and natural heritages of the region. The overreaching goals of this research are to holistically reconstruct the archaeology of Singida by studying cultural processes over time and space. Equally important is to promote tourism in the Singida eastern axis and, to salvage the heritage assets of the region from total disappearance as evinced by the activities of modern day civilization, broadly, to shed more light about the past life ways, and the subsistence behaviours of our ancestors. Our recent archaeological reconnaissance conducted in January 2016 in Siuyu ward discovered rock paintings and a rock shelter with archeological potential (Ngaghe rock shelter), containing a large scatter of Later Stone Age (LSA) archaeological artifacts that are crucial to the unravelling of the prehistoric human behaviours in Singida. Preliminary results from our research revealed that Singida region is an ideal place for undertaking research on early human bio-cultural evolution from LSA times to the present. Data from this study will be utilized to re-write the history of Singida region, to make sure that it is sustained for future generations. Despite their rarity, uniqueness, scientific and aesthetic values, these heritage assets are neither protected by village nor regional by-laws. Before deliberate conservation measures are put in place, it is very important to have good records of the areas that are attractive to tourism, and their current state of preservation. These sites were undocumented by the previous researchers, and in certain circumstances are unknown even to the local people of the Siuyu ward. Although the archaeology of Singida east is much “terra incognita”, this article is timely, for promoting archaeo-tourism and raising public awareness on the archaeology of Singida. Additionally, this work provides a stimulus to the authorities to take action by introducing effective conservation measures for the sustainability of these priceless non-renewable resources.

Systematic Contradiction Between Heritage Conservation and Tourism Development: Cleaning the Temple and Cemetery of Confucius and the Kong Family Mansion in Qufu

In recent years, with the rapid development of the tourist industry, world heritage sites become more and more popular among tourists from home and abroad. Therefore, heritage tourism has become a new hotspot. However, while world heri- tage sites are making obvious economic benefit from tourism, they also bring various problems and contradictions, of which the most troublesome one is the contradiction between heritage con- servation and tourism development. To discuss and analyze the root and the essence of the above contradiction and find a way to bring about harmony between them is an important program faced by our national heritage management practice and academic re- search. Based on the case of cleaning the Temple and Cemetery of Confucius and the Kong Family Mansion in Qufu, this paper ana- lyzes the reasons why our national world cultural heritage sites bring about the above contradiction in the process of tourism development and points out that the improper system and stake- holders’ benefit imbroglio are respectively the root and the es- sence of the contraction. Then, it also puts forward corresponding solutions.

The aesthetic arts and heritage conservation study of Hunan Tujia Waving Dance

Tujia Waving Dance, as an important part of culture, has drawn the attention of many scholars in sociology and ethnology and researched by them in recent years, with the results one after another. But from the perspective of sports and culture to observe and understand the Waving Dance, there are still not many learners and their analysis is limited to the discussions of the value of fitness and the recreational sports, but being ambiguous on the classification of the Waving Dance and its genes discussions, with some problems having big controversy. We can start from the basic shape of the Waving Dance to identify its dance category, to determine its basic factor, and to analyze the diversity value of the Waving Dance.

Stakeholders' satisfaction assessment in heritage conservation: Case study of a project performance model for Thiruvananthapuram Fort Area, Kerala, India

Stakeholder satisfaction is an important factor in determining the success of urban heritage conservation projects.This research attempts to propose a model for assessing stakeholder satisfaction and project significant factors that need to be considered when determining the performance of a conservation project,taking the Thiruvananthapuram Fort Area,India as a case example.The study employed a mixed-method approach of using expert consultations,physical surveys,and statistical analysis in the development of the model.Factors influencing the outcome of an urban heritage conservation project were listed from the literature and further refined through expert discussions to be utilized for the stakeholder survey.A questionnaire survey is administered within a heritage-sensitive urban area to identify the present state of heritage buildings and the living conditions of the stakeholders pertaining to the six aspects that determine the outcome of an urban heritage conservation project.The overall satisfaction of the stakeholder group was modelled using ordinal logistic regression against the various factors to arrive at factors that positively and negatively influenced them.The model assessed that the satisfaction of the stakeholders who were a part of the historic site was highly influenced by their economic needs and the project's economic sustainability over other factors in the model.Urban economy consolidation,a known mechanism of improving an area's economic sustainability negatively affected the stakeholders'satisfaction.The results indicate that the factors under the social aspect were not significant determinants for the stakeholders of this urban heritage conservation project.The methodology developed in this study can aid researchers and planners in identifying factors determining the outcome of an urban heritage conservation project while planning for development within a heritage-sensitive urban area.

Assessing the performance of urban heritage conservation projects-influencing factors,aspects and priority weights

Heritage conservation in urban areas involves complex systems often faced with the dilemmas of maintaining the built form's historical character,improving infrastructure,and managing development through stakeholder cooperation.At present,the performance of any conservation project is solely vested in conserving the built fabric.Evaluation tools for urban heritage conservation projects do not have provisions for measuring the subjective value of stakeholders who are part of the heritage setting.This study tries to identify and prioritise the factors that need to be considered when developing a conservation project performance assessment model for an urban heritage conservation project from the perspective of experts that can be further evaluated from the perspective of stakeholders.As these complex systems can be better viewed in the context of developing countries,the case of India is adopted.From a literature review,factors that contribute to the outcome of an urban heritage conservation project were identified and categorised into six aspects:the physical,social,economic,cultural,political,and continuity aspects.Through an expert survey,the factors that constituted each aspect were filtered using the feature selection method of correlation to avoid factors that may seem related.The factors under each aspect were ranked using a weighted average ranking method to identify the most prioritised factors determining the outcome of an urban heritage conservation project.The priority weights of the aspects were calculated using Saaty's analytic hierarchy process.The results show that the cultural aspect was the most important aspect,followed by the continuity aspect.The social and physical aspects were prioritised similarly,followed by the economic and political aspects.This study is distinctive because it identifies the influential factors that can help develop a conservation project performance assessment model for an urban heritage conservation project.

Reflections on the importance of built heritage inventory as a tool for preservation in Karachi-a case study of Wadhumal Odharam(Jail)Quarter in Karachi,Sindh,Pakistan

The cultural heritage inventory is an alternate tool to document historic buildings to establish a protected enlistment process.Recognising the importance of inventories for developing knowledge of historical and cultural patterns,multiple attempts are being made to record Karachi's historic buildings in the form of inventory documents.This research investigates the various approaches used for inventorying Karachi's cultural heritage and their potential impact on the survival of the city's historical ensemble.As literature,this research provides a brief overview of Karachi's architectural development before and after its annexation to the British Raj(Term used by scholars to represent the British Crown in India.The term'The Raj'is also sometimes used.)(1843-1947),which is now considered the historic core of the city of Karachi,together with the systems of inventorying the built heritage over time.Wadhumal Odharam(Jail)Quarter is shortlisted as a case study for this research,which will be examined from the perspective of inventory making in relation to its specific physical and sociocultural context as documented through the inventorying process.The Quarter is also referred to as'Jail Quarter'because of the presence of the Jail building within the Quarter precinct,which was demolished during the British era;it is discussed in further detail later in this article.The research approach follows a survey of the quarter conducted between August and September 2022,followed by a mapping of the historic properties.The inventory mapping of the Quarter is performed by using an available database(Database of various historic Quarters of Karachi by Heritage Cell-DAPNED).The data for inventory also helps provide an understanding of the history and development of the area.The other aspects of the research methodology include intreating questions and collecting data about various aspects of the Quarter,such as the building information,photographic documentation of the properties,and analysis of the present conservation status based on inventory mapping.Moreover,this study also suggests that inventorying aided the enlistment process for the Quarter under the Sindh Cultural Heritage Preservation Act 1994(SCHPA),which was frst implemented in 1997 and again in 2011 until 2021.The protected status helped stop the llicit demolitions;however,vandalism continued in many forms,for instance,the need-based alterations relying on the ever-increasing population,upgradation of the building bylaws,inadequate heritage legislation and its enforcement.

Review of the Relocation of General Zhang Fei’s Temple in View of the Three Gorges Dam Project

As a national cultural property,General Zhang Fei’s Temple is the largest ancient architectural complex in the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River.It was built in the Han Dynasty and has a long history of nearly 2,000 years.In 1994,the Chinese government launched the Three Gorges Dam project at the Yangtze River and implemented the largest relocation project for the General Zhang Fei Temple to prevent it from being submerged.The temple was relocated 32 kilometers upstream along with the local people of Yunyang County,and the historic environment was rebuilt on the opposite side of the migrant city of New Yunyang County.The temple was restored successfully and the tradition of offering sacrifices to General Zhang Fei continued in the local community.The relocation project lasted for 8 years and became the largest cultural heritage conservation project of the People’s Republic of China at the end of the 20th century.This paper comprehensively summarizes and reviews the project goals,implementation process,and project highlights of this relocation,so as to provide an important case reference for heritage conservation projects in the future.

Transforming Strijp S： From Philips＇ Industrial Site to New Residential and Creative Area

In the contemporary city, the transformation of abandoned industrial landscapes offers great potential for experimentation and in creating new urban environments. Industrial heritage plays an essential role in this respect and it goes beyond its strong cultural and symbolic value. In fact, industrial-cultural heritage is able to re-enact people＇s capability to maintain the culture of the past while looking forward with appropriate and innovative design solutions. This paper focuses on the design of regeneration of the former Philips＇ electronic industrial area named Strijp S in Eindhoven, the Netherlands. The master plan is pioneer in experimental rules on development areas due to the Crisis and Recovery Act （2010）, a new Dutch law in response to development and economical crisis. The authors identify four criteria of analysis in order to show the complexity of this urban transformation and assess the results of this work-in-progress transformation. Moreover, it will discuss the challenges for industrial architecture/heritage when incorporating different objectives of redevelopment and to which extent the local dynamics are linked to the design of reuse. As conclusion, the paper will debate on the comprehensive urban framework, which puts forward sustainable design criteria, sets out principles in temporary and long-term reuse of the old buildings, and on their implication in terms of urban quality of indoor and outdoor spaces.

Conservation of Stained Glass Windows： An Innovative User-Friendly Portable Device Coming from the EU-VIDRIO Project

An innovative, cost-effective, user-friendly and portable device （dew sensor） to directly detect condensation on glass surfaces was developed within the EC-VIDRIO project （contract No. EVK4-CT-2001-00045）, aimed at finding sustainable solutions to preserve ancient stained glass windows. The results of the research showed that the direct survey of condensation with the new sensor is more accurate and reliable than the traditional indirect microclimatic measurements. Since the construction of the first prototype, the dew sensor was developed further, continuously improved, validated in the laboratory and applied successfully on different surfaces at sites of interest in the field of Cultural Heritage; on the stained glass windows in the Saint Urbain Basilica of Troyes （France）, Sainte Chapelle of Paris （France） and Cologne Cathedral （Germany）; on stone walls in Petrarca＇s Tomb （Padua, Italy） and the Hagar Qim Temple （Malta）. Now the sensor is being used in the Lascaux Caves （France）. The newly built device was patented （PTC/EP2005/050665） and gave such interesting results that the Italian Ministry of University and Research financially supported a spin-off project that has lead to the creation of a new company （R.E.D.s.r.l.） in order to develop the prototype further and to produce the sensor at industrial scale.

Environmental Risk Assessment and Preventive Conservation Strategy for the Porch of the Glory, Santiago of Compostela Cathedral

In the framework of the Santiago of Compostela Cathedral program, a multidisciplinary investigation of the porch of the glory was carried out between 2009 and 2011 to identify the main environmental risks and to develop a preventive conservation planto be integrated in the general management strategy of the Cathedral. The study included historic and archivist research, structural studies, mineralogical analyses, biological sampling, cleaning tests and microclimatic monitoring. The main weathering factors and the related damage processes were identified. Results have shown that the main responsible for the observed damage was the infiltration of rainwater through the roof, due to cracks in the structure of the Cathedral. Other environmental factors having a remarkable impact on the state of conservation of the polychrome and its substrate were the solar radiation, the thermo-hygrometric cycles, the particle deposition and the biological growth. Solutions were suggested to improve the environmental conditions, thus reducing further damage.

Application of Inorganic and Organic Manure Fertilizers as Means of Conserving Plectranthus esculentus N.E.Br in Mid-Altitude Zone of Rwanda

Plectranthus esculentus N.E.Br, locally known as “Impombo” is an important indigenous food crop in Rwanda which is currently endangered. One major factor that causes disappearance of this species, is the lower agronomic recommendations developed for growers and lack of information about nutrients contents leading to loss of interest in its cultivation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the response of living stone potato to inorganic manure fertilizers as an attempt to conserve and evaluate the potential of the crop food security crop, source of income, and its adaptation in the mid-altitude zone of Rwanda. The performance of the crop was evaluated under application of NPK (17:17:17) and farm yard manure fertilisers. These fertilizers were evaluated using a Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Analyse of variance showed that significant at (p < 0.01) was recorded in stem height, number of leaves but not high in stem diameter. The results indicated that vegetative growth and yield of plants in control plots were lower than what was obtained in treated plots. Production of living stone potato on large under application NPK (17.17.17) and organic fertlizer will ensure the conservation of genetic resources, food security, agricultural development and financial benefit to local farmers.

A Review on the Post-Earthquake Emergency Conservation Project of Fulong Taoist Temple

The 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in Sichuan Province caused significant damage to Dujiangyan irrigation system,which is one of the world's cultural heritages.After the earthquake,the Chinese government launched the post-earthquake emergency conservation project for cultural heritages.The Fulong Taoist Temple in Dujiangyan was the first to adopt the conservation project.The earthquake-damaged Fulong Taoist Temple was restored in just 18 months.This article reviews the entire emergency conservation project of Fulong Taoist Temple in Dujiangyan after the earthquake,discusses the restoration principles and technical methods used in this project,and uses the comments of the Asia-Pacific Heritage Protection Award to expound the historical significance of this protection project.

Tourist Perception and Development Strategies on Culture and Commerce in a Historic Area: A Case Study of Dayan Ancient Town in Lijiang

The development of tourism in historic areas imposes immense pressure on heritage conservation, leading to issues such as commercial encroachment and the loss of cultural uniqueness in many domestic areas. Dayan Ancient Town, as an integral part of the Old Town of Lijiang, a World Cultural Heritage Site, faces increasing challenges due to commercialization. This paper explores the cultural and commercial development of Dayan Ancient Town from the perspective of tourist perception. Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP), this study develops an evaluation system and visualization to analyze both cultural and commercial perceptions of tourists. The findings reveal that tourists' cultural perception of the town is limited, while their commercial perception is prominent. Furthermore, the study examines the distribution of cultural attractions and commercial establishments, revealing that the current cultural attractions can't contribute to high and continuous cultural perception results. The study finally proposes recommendations for enhancing tourist perception of the ancient town, such as establishing multi-level protection and development strategies, infusing cultural attributes into business, and expanding cultural attraction clusters.

Ecological Benefit Evaluation of Agricultural Heritage System Conservation——A Case Study of the Qingtian Rice-Fish Culture System

In order to better understand the developmental conditions and trends of the biodiversity at agricultural heritage sites,the structure and function of the ecosystem and ecological environment in Qingtian Rice-Fish Culture System is examined in the decade since the implementation of the GIAHS project.Through the collection of historical data and sample-plot survey,this study collates the data from 2005 to 2013 related to the heritage site to evaluate the ecological benefit of the Agricultural Heritage System conservation.The results show that:(1)Since the implementation of heritage conservation,the variety of traditional rice grown at the heritage sites basically remains stable,the varieties of other crops basically remain unchanged and the varieties of fruit trees and medicinal plants have developed at faster rates.As the ecological environment at the heritage sites gradually improved,the species and richness of the biodiversity in the ecosystem have increased,especially the increasing growth of egrets and boars.(2)From 2005 to 2013 in the Fangshan Town of Qingtian County,the ecosystem areas identified as river,forest,urban and bare land have increased.The increased area of the urban ecosystem is the largest one of them,which is up to 20.30 ha;while the area of the forest ecosystem has increased to 7.29 ha.The areas of wetland,reservoir,farmland and grassland have been reduced,and the area of grassland ecosystem has been reduced the most with a reduction of 28.87 ha.From the changes in the values of the ecosystem services of different ecosystem types,the values of forest ecosystem services have achieved the most growth,reaching up to 92000 yuan yr-1 and the growth of the river and bare land ecosystem service values are not obvious.(3)Over nearly a decade,the soil nutrients and the water quality of rice fields at the heritage site have not obviously changed and the plant diseases and insect pests in the rice fields have not been aggravated.The monitoring indexes are far better than the standard values.With the great support of the local government,the production and living conditions and the living environments of farmers in the villages of the heritage sites have been greatly improved through road reconstruction,water improvement,toilet enhancements and the greening,brightness and beautification of the villages.

Exploring natural and anthropogenic risk for cultural heritage in Cyprus using remote sensing and GIS

On site observation is the most common way of monitoring cultural heritage sites and monuments in Cyprus.However,this procedure that includes data collection,periodical observations,and multivariate risk assessment analysis is difficult to accomplish with the traditional practices and methods since it is time consuming and expensive.Furthermore,many archaeological sites and monuments are located at inaccessible areas,far away from the main road network and urban areas.Satellite remote sensing and Geographical Information Systems(GIS)can successfully confront this problem by providing the scientists with integrated monitoring of the study areas and the unique advantage to store and manipulate a large amount of spatial and attribute data simultaneously.Actually the monitoring and identification of several natural and anthropogenic hazards in the vicinity of the cultural heritage sites in Cyprus,seems to be one of the main priorities of its governmental and municipal authorities.This study aims to integrate both satellite remote sensing techniques and GIS in a multidisciplinary approach,for monitoring anthropogenic and natural hazards with the use of archived and up-to-date multitemporal remotely sensed images in the study area,namely in areas nearby cultural heritage sites and monuments in Cyprus.In this study anthropogenic hazards include urbanisation and extended land use changes in the surroundings of archaeological sites and natural hazards concern seismicity and sea erosion.

A Study of the Improvement of Planning Systems for Land Use Control in Agricultural Heritage Sites

The number of GIAHS sites is increasing these days and will continue to do so gradually in East Asian countries including Korea,China and Japan.As a result,conservation of heritage sites is more and more important,especially in Korea.Dealing with issues surrounding land use conflicts are important for conservation of heritages in order to harmonize between conservation and development to prevent reckless development.This study aims to identify measures for land use management and control to allow for sustainable development around agricultural heritage system sites.The results point to the importance of public-private partnerships and local ordinance systems or comprehensive planning of land use controls for agricultural heritage system sites.