Hermeneutical Theodolite of Requirements: Evaluating and Revealing the Quality Grades of Software Requirements and of Domain of Application

Throughout the development of software, during Requirements Engineering activities, software requirements dynamically and constantly evolve and mature from an “identified” stage to an “approved” stage. This evolution takes place individually for each requirement, in a very particular way, because it depends on the level of understanding that the requirements engineer reaches in relation to it. How, then, to monitor the evolution of each software requirement? How to know the quality of each software requirement? How to measure the level of understanding and difficulty that the requirements engineer has in relation to each software requirement? This paper aims to present a proposal to answer these questions through the use of an instrument developed specifically to assess and reveal the quality grades of each software requirement and also to assess and reveal that the levels of understanding and of difficulty of the requirements engineer is in relation to each software requirement. This instrument was called the Hermeneutical Theodolite of Requirements, which also can be applied to evaluate that the levels of understanding and of difficulty of the requirements engineer is in relation to the domain of application, essential input artifact and primordial to the specification of the requirements of software.

Hermeneutical Engineering of Requirements

The Software Engineering aims to develop, within the deadlines and costs established, quality software and that meets the needs of its users. To be made the definition of what the software should do (to establish its purpose), it included the execution of activity the Requirements Engineering, where the context of software to be developed is identified, examined and specified. All other activities of software development depend primarily on this activity. However, there is a problem increasingly in evidence: understand the context of software to be developed. This article aims to present a proposal to face this problem through the use of specific hermeneutical methods for the Requirements Engineering, which will help the software development team understand the original needs of the business to be attended. The basic idea is to produce a hermeneutic specification acceptable, which will be used for the extraction and the specification of the software requirements to be developed. In essence, the hermeneutics focuses on the true interpretation and understanding in contextualized of what is intended to know. The Hermeneutical Engineering of Requirements comes to be the result of the adequacy of methods hermeneutical to assist, specifically the activity of Engineering of Requirements.

Hermeneutical Elicitation of Requirements: A Technical Perspective to Improve the Conception of the Software Requirements

In order to develop quality software that meets the originals needs of its users, it is necessary to perform the Requirements Engineering, so that the software context to be developed is identified, examined and specified properly. However, there is a problem that is increasingly in debate: the difficulty in understanding and establishing the purpose of the software to be developed, as pointed out by important researches in the area, such as the Chaos Report, which indicates that only 29% of software projects are successful, and the Software Engineering Institute, which points out software requirements as a critical factor for the success of software engineering and that deficiencies in this dimension are the main causes of software project failures. This article presents a proposal to address this problem through the use of the Hermeneutical Elicitation of Requirements, which is the conceptual adequacy of some hermeneutical methods in a technical approach that assists the requirements engineer to conceive better of the software requirements. In this way, the software engineer will be better able to develop the software to better meet the needs of its end users and sponsors.

Hermeneutical Analysis of Narrative Approach in MacIntyre＇s Moral Enquiry

Alasdair Maclntyre identifies three types of moral research programs in a narrative approach in his works. In the view of hermeneutics, each of the three research programs has a narrative structure： Encyclopedia is a narrative structure with the belief in rational progress; Genealogy constructs its own narrative through the struggle with the past; Thomism tradition is a middle way of the previous two by pursuing truth from the history and particularity, thus avoiding the once-and-for-all rationality of Encyclopedia and the once-and-for-all relativism of genealogy. Narrative, as a living tradition, comprises of tradition-constituted one and tradition-constitutive one. The former is the given narrative we inherit from our predecessors, and the latter is the hermeneutical reinterpretation or reassessment of a tradition, thus showing the continuity among past, present, and future. Through the dialogical narrative especially according to Gadamer＇s I-Thou encounter, MacIntyre achieves a kind of traditional consensus between two traditions through a ＂common language＂ and ＂fusion of horizons.＂ MacIntyre＇s theory is an account of the subjective condition of narrative quest for the truth, which is a good way to keep the integrity of thought in the modern alienation and deconstmction.

James Legge＇s Hermeneutical Methodology as Revealed in His Translation of the Daxue

With a focus on The Great Learning （Daxue 大学）, this paper explores the specific exegetical or hermeneutical methodology adopted by James Legge in his translation of this Confucian canonical text. It begins with an analysis of the translation theory endorsed by Legge, comparing his translation with those of Ku Hung-ming and Wing-tsit Chan. The second part aims to explicate the hermeneutic dilemma faced by Legge in his dealing with this text. It looks at the intellectual context in which Legge＇s scholarship on the Chinese classics had developed, as well as the academic standard he was required to maintain throughout his translation. Overall, Legge＇s familiarity with Qing scholarship makes it interesting to determine where and why he follows or rejects Zhu Xi. Given Legge＇s Christian missionary background and the sense of mission pervading Zhu Xi＇s commentary, we conclude that Legge＇s affinity with Zhu Xi is much more subtle and complex than previously speculated： the difference in their approach to Confucian texts cannot be reduced to a contrast between construction and deconstruction or between canonization and decanonization.

The Economic Context of Our Time:A Diagnosis in the Light of Transformative Ethics

The following contribution is the attempt to touch upon some fundamental questions for a reliable ethical diagnosis of what can be called the economic context of our epoch.For this purpose,we will consider a well-known concept within the medieval economics in light of its modern reappropriation against the backdrop of transformative ethics:the meant concept is usury;the meant reappropriation is that of Ezra Pound.For reasons of space,the single steps will merely hint at ethical questions that require a much more careful investigation.Within these limits,the essay will therefore analyze certain traits of our current economic context while reconsidering its ethical dimension in the light of the concept of usury.The framework within which this analysis will be conducted is that of transformative ethics.

中西诠释学与佛教中国化一一记班班多杰教授与洪汉鼎先生的对话(上)

This is a detailed record and academic summary of the dialogues between Prof.Banbar Dorje School of Philosophy and Religious Studies of Central Minzu University and Prof.Hong Handing,a prestigious scholar in the hermeneutics of Philosophy regarding Chinese and Western hermeneutics and sinicization of Buddhism in the Chinese context.The main focuses of the dialogues include the differences and connection between the hermeneutics in the Western Philosophy and that of in Chinese study of Confucian classics,the meeting point and internal connection of Chinese-Western hermeneutics and the sinicization of Buddhism in the Chinese context,the intersection between the relationship of the classical texts and explanatory texts in the philosophical hermeneutics and"I annotate the Six Classics,the Six Classics annotate me"and the interpreter is more skillful than the original author"in Chinese classics,the similarities and differences between the"foresight","fusion ofperspectives",and"historical effects"of philosophical hermeneutics and"interpretation","proper use of stimulate the menstrual flow",and"Borrowing from the past to learn from the present",the ontological turn of philosophical hermeneutics with language as the principle line reveals the profound objectives of sinicization of foreign Buddhism in the Sino-Tibetan translation.

Homer in Nietzsche’s Art of Interpretation

The main purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the relevance of the aesthetic understanding of the Western culture’s development in Nietzsche’s thought based on his artistic conception of interpretation.In order to accomplish this,his considerations on the figure of Homer in the production of the classical imaginary of Greek culture are taken as a discursive motif in the comparison between three distinct nuclei of his oeuvres,namely,his methodological discussions on philology,his theoretical analyses on the rhetorical nature of language-both from the time of his academic activity in Basel-and his philosophical reflections on creative interpretation in the 1880s.The fundamental premises raised by such comparison are the following:(a)interpretation as an art is a consequence of language as a pragmatically produced system of references;and(b)language is a practical aspect of the individual’s synthetic organic condition as a body in the world.As such,interpretation would be an aesthetic synthesis in Nietzsche’s philosophy.As a concluding remark,it should be demonstrated how the interpreter conceived as a creator is as worthwhile for understanding the historical processes of cultural transmission as it is for launching prospects for the future of cultural horizons.

The Economic Analysis of Law as a Reference for the Grounds of Judicial Decisions

The present article aimed to analyze the application of the economic analysis of Law as a reference for the reasoning of judicial decisions.To that end,an analysis was carried out on the definitions of what is hermeneutics and economic analysis of law,based on the construction of the matrix rule of conduct for public administration.The method of the approach followed was empirical-dialectical,using bibliographic,legislative and jurisprudential research,having a reference to the Law and Economics.

Can Reference Be Naturalized？ Notes toward an Integrational Causality

As physicalisms of various kinds have faced difficulties in recent years, the time has come to explore possible alternatives, one of which is yinyang ontology. A yinyang theorist is expected to provide a plausible account of causation to replace the traditional notion of causation. The present paper is critical of the Humean tradition, which understands the relata of causal relations in terms of passive materiality so that humans use referential terms to describe causal relations constructively. But an alternative notion of reference is available according to which causal relata are active processors of the information with which they interact. On this latter view, humans use referential language to describe the structure in which the relata interrelate themselves so that the structure can be understood hermeneutically. Reference on this view is naturalized. In this article, I advance two arguments for this thesis, one concerning the informationality of states and the other related to the essentiality of properties.

An Investigation into the Case of Multi-interpretation in Poetry Translation

In translating poems, it is very common that different people have quite different versions of the same poem. This paper therefore intends to expound upon the underlying factors from the perspective of Hermeneutics,by exploring the relationship between the textual meaning and the textual significance of a poem, as well as the relationship between the author's intention and the textual intention of a poem, aiming to explain the key element in translating poems—multi-interpretation.

A Study on Allegorical Exegesis in Medieval Literature

Christianity dominated the Middle Ages,thus produced the allegorical interpretation in the explanation of the Bible.Augustine fashioned a theory of signification that would dominate Western hermeneutics for ten centuries after his death.St.Thomas's work was seeking the marriage of reason and faith.Dante argued that the full four levels of meaning in Biblical exegesis was founded in secular poetry.

“诗言志”说的阐释学意义

中国阐释学思想源远流长，具有西方阐释学所不可替代的独特魅力。“诗言志”说体现了中国阐释学的一个基本观念：作者、作品与读者的一致性。正是此一观念决定了中国阐释学从一开始就不同于西方。

Emmanuel Levinas： Hermeneutics, Ethics, and Art

This article draws attention to the subject of art in Levinas＇s thinking through consideration of his philosophical language, which is aided by images, metaphors, and idioms of art. The primary image that will accompany our discussion throughout this article is the image of art as shadow, which Levinas incorporates into the title of the essay which he devotes to the subject of art： ＂Reality and Its Shadow＂. Thinking about art from the perspective of Levinas means thinking about image and essence, about which is visible before us and which we cannot see, and about the different ways in which art can express itself. Levinas＇s theory of interpretation is grounded in and guided by the field of ethics and addresses the ethical aspects of interpretation. Levinas approaches the discourse of interpretation not out of na＇ivet6 but rather based on a deep understanding of the field of hermeneutics, with all its shortcomings and challenges. Thinking of hermeneutics from an ethical perspective is no mere addition to the discussion but the very crux of the matter. An attempt to understand interpretation as an act of exposing the truth encounters serious philosophical and logical difficulties, whether we are seeking to discover the intention of the artist, the intent of a specific work of art, or a hidden form within the work itself. The engagement with Levinas＇s theory of hermeneutics, however, raises a different question which is the focus of this article： Can Levinas＇s theory of interpretation be applied to the realm of artistic creation, and if so, how？ This question is sharpened by the difficulties that Levinas himself poses to his readers by designating art as the ＂shadow＂ of reality and drawing attention to the egoistic dimension of the artistic act.

The Transition from Hospital to Home:Older People’s Experiences

The amount of older patients who are discharged from hospitals while continuing to need care is increasing in Norway. The transition between different care services has the potential for high rates of medication errors, incomplete or inaccurate information transfer, and lack of appropriate follow-up care. Thus, insight into the transition process is vital to understanding the complexity and vulnerability the patients are exposed to in this process. The aim of this phenomenological hermeneutic study was to describe and illuminate the lived experiences of older home residents during the transitions from hospital to home. Data were collected through narrative interviews, and an interpretation analysis based on a method developed by Lindseth and Norberg was conducted. Two themes and four subthemes, closely related to each other emerged from the structural analysis of the text: The theme “Relating to different systems of care” with the two subthemes “feeling disregarded” and “being humble”;and the theme “Adapting to life conditions” with the two subthemes “feeling vulnerable” and “coping with alterations”. The older people miss being seen as human beings as well as patients during the transition process. Despite the lack of information and participation in the transition process, they were grateful and humble to the systems of care they were a part of. This, however, also encompassed rejections of own needs. It is urgent that health care professionals focus on the older person’s individual needs and preferences. This means that care must be considered from the perspectives of the older person’s biographical as well as medical history, and the complexity of the situation.

The Connotations and English Translations of Dao (道) in Chinese Classics

Translating, in light of philosophical hermeneutics, is a process of understanding and interpreting, of which understanding is the premise. Dao (道) is a core concept in traditional Chinese ideology with plentiful cultural connotations. While, it has been put into a variety of dictions. Only the thorough understanding of the language and culture in the source text leads to the appropriate production in translation.

Analysis methods in hermeneutic phenomenological research:interpretive profiles

Objective:To describe the development of interpretive profiles for a hermeneutic phenomenological research study.Methods:literature review was conducted to identify research that has used interpretive profiles.An initial interpretive profile was constructed.Results:The final outcome was an interpretive profile that contained a case summary and addressed the aims of the researcher’s study.The interpretive profile contained background material,coded excerpts,and interpretive comments.Conclusions:Interpretive profiles can assist emerging scholars in describing self-world relations and experiential variations within and across participants.Interpretive profiles can facilitate the writing of dissertations and manuscripts since the data is systematically archived and easily retrievable.

Future of processing and facilitating change and learning

The field of the sciences of the mind is evolving fast.With the diversification of knowledge and accumulation of data,often lacking integration and reproducibility,questions arise.The role of critical thinking and research is evident.As the science of the unconscious,psychoanalysis provides a method and theory to understand human minds and mentalities,helping the patient know his mind and transform action into reflection.Mental activities,including social skills,develop in the social context,depending on the social environment’s demands and resources put onto the individual.Encoding emotional signals,markers of meaning for the individual,is ontogenetically necessary and has influences on memory encoding.Beyond theoretical understanding,implicit relational knowledge is actualized in the therapeutic setting.With a strong focus on experiencing emotional reconsolidation of memories,previous relationships’repercussions are enriched with broadening viewpoints in the analytic environment.The long-term effects of psychotherapeutic treatments have been examined.A sufficient explanation of the specific factors contributing to success or an answer when an impact is lacking is still under investigation.When investigating subliminal and implicit mechanisms leading to memory reconsolidation and the formation of functional object relations and interaction patterns,the focus is set on affective interplay and processing prior/during and after social interactions.The present paper discusses which parameters might contribute to the reshaping of memories and the linkage of memory with the emotional load of experience.Providing insights into such dynamic mental phenomena could enhance process research by investigating moment by moment interactions in psychoanalysis,treatment,and learning processes.Due to the research subject’s complexity,different research methods and integration of associated research fields are required.

Exploring a Deep Analysis Method for “Click-Stream” Information from the Perspective of the Flow of Bidirectional Value of Customer Relations Based on Ricoeur's Hermeneutic Theory

Click-streams of online shopping are the tracks/trails of interactions between a customer and a vendor.We observe that it is of great importance both in theory and practice to explore a deep analysis method for analyzing click-stream information of an individual customer in a specific transaction for understanding the bidirectional value transfer within the machine-human interaction of an online store and for its personalization.We analyze the significance,the hierarchical structure and the characteristics of click-stream information and propose that Ricoeur's hermeneutic theory be the foundation of forming such a deep analysis method.Then we use the empirical context information of the click-stream to improve the naive interpretation put forward by Ricoeur.Moreover,we apply the Grounded Theory to extend the deep analysis of Ricoeur's theory of textual interpretation.The improved theory fits well with the needs of interpretation and the analysis of click-stream information.We exemplify and show the feasibility of this analysis method by using data collected(a single case)from a large study of human-computer interaction.

The Great Time,the Three Societies in the Globalization and the Three Souls of a Leftist Today

The first society would be the society of the good will.Already several times discussed,for which the value-oriented life of this year can no longer become an open problem.We define the second society provisionally as the one,which is fundamentally not constituted by the above described good will.In the following,we will try to identify it in this abstract description as the society of the“majority”.We see the third society in that political class or elite,which power has been built in the year 1989 and thus became the concretization of that establishment,with which the“first”society identified itself so totally.This tripartition of the real existing Left might also explain,why its political articulation is so fragmented.A Leftist should have today three souls:one of the winners(the elite,as a member of our third class),one of the losers(as a member of our second class)and one of the man of good will(as a member of our first class),who very enjoyed in its total identification with the own system.And authors have drawn some meaningful conclusions.