Several experimental evidence suggests a link between brain Herpes simplex virus type-1 infection and the occurrence of Alzheimer’s disease.However,the molecular mechanisms underlying this association are not complet...Several experimental evidence suggests a link between brain Herpes simplex virus type-1 infection and the occurrence of Alzheimer’s disease.However,the molecular mechanisms underlying this association are not completely understood.Among the molecular mediators of synaptic and cognitive dysfunction occurring after Herpes simplex virus type-1 infection and reactivation in the brain neuroinflammatory cytokines seem to occupy a central role.Here,we specifically reviewed literature reports dealing with the impact of neuroinflammation on synaptic dysfunction observed after recurrent Herpes simplex virus type-1 reactivation in the brain,highlighting the role of interleukins and,in particular,interleukin 1βas a possible target against Herpes simplex virus type-1-induced neuronal dysfunctions.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the antiviral activity of pure compounds against herpes simplex virus type 1(HSV-1)from the rhizome of Anemarrhena asphodeloides.Methods:Bioassay-guided isolation was conducted to separate the ac...Objective:To evaluate the antiviral activity of pure compounds against herpes simplex virus type 1(HSV-1)from the rhizome of Anemarrhena asphodeloides.Methods:Bioassay-guided isolation was conducted to separate the active compound and its chemical structure was elucidated by spectral analysis.In vitro antiviral efficacy of active compound was detected by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay,plaque reduction assay,and fluorescence observation.RT-PCR was used to determine the viral load and the cytokine-related gene expression after HSV-1 infection.In vivo study was also conducted to further determine antiviral efficacy of an active compound against HSV-1.Results:An active compound was isolated and elucidated as mangiferin.Mangiferin significantly inhibited the replication of HSV-1 in Vero cells with a half maximal inhibitory concentration(IC_(50))of 64.0 mg/L.Time-of-addition and time-of-removal assays demonstrated that mangiferin could effectively inhibit the replication of HSV-1 in the early stage(8 h).UL12,UL42,and UL54 gene expression levels of HSV-1 in the 64 mg/L mangiferin-treated group were markedly reduced as compared with the HSV-1 group(P<0.01).Fluorescence observation showed that mangiferin attenuated the mitochondrial damage maintainingΔΨm induced by HSV-1 in Vero cells.The expression of inflammatory factors TNF-α,IL-1β,and IL-6 was remarkably increased in the virus-infected group as compared with that in the normal group(P<0.05),the levels of these inflammatory factors dropped after treatment with mangiferin.Mangiferin significantly decreased the viral load and attenuated the HSV-1-induced up-regulation of TNF-α,IL-1β,and IL-6.The relative protection rate of HSV-1-infected mice could reach up to55.5%when the concentration of mangiferin was 4 g/kg.Conclusions:Mangiferin exhibits promising antiviral activity against HSV-1 in vitro and in vivo and could be a potential antiviral agent for HSV-1.展开更多
Co-infections of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by bacterial and viral pathogens are considered to be rare. Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) reactivation following Streptococcus pneumoniae infection is wel...Co-infections of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by bacterial and viral pathogens are considered to be rare. Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) reactivation following Streptococcus pneumoniae infection is well described but most cases are related to oral or cutaneous lesions or in respiratory samples. HSV-1 CNS reactivation after Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis is a very rare event and may have significant morbidity and mortality. In this case report, we describe a 71-year-old female patient that presented with a history of abdominal pain and confusion/disorientation that had tonic-clonic seizures while in the Emergency Department. The diagnostic work-up confirmed CNS co-infection caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae and HSV-1. Of note, beyond age, the patient had no known risk factors for both entities and recovered fully after antibiotic and antiviral therapy. This case underlines that clinicians must be aware of CNS co-infection despite being a rare diagnosis. This should be suspected particularly in patients who present an unusual clinical course of CNS infection.展开更多
Objective:To systematically evaluate the relationship between herpes simplex virus type II(HSV-2)infection in pregnant women and the adverse pregnancy outcomes(preterm delivery,spontaneous abortion,stillbirth,monstrum...Objective:To systematically evaluate the relationship between herpes simplex virus type II(HSV-2)infection in pregnant women and the adverse pregnancy outcomes(preterm delivery,spontaneous abortion,stillbirth,monstrum,low birth weight,intrauterine growth retardation,premature rupture of membranes),so as to provide clinical guidance for the prevention and treatment of adverse pregnancy outcomes caused by HSV-2 infection in pregnant women.Methods:2140 articles were collected from PubMed,China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),and other databases for the past 20 years.According to the inclusion criteria,the literatures about the relationship between HSV-2 infection of pregnant women and adverse pregnancy outcomes were screened.The effect model was determined by heterogeneity test results,and the meta-analysis was carried out by RevMan 5.3 software.Results:The results of meta-analysis showed that the positive rate of HSV-2 was higher in the adverse pregnancy group than in the control group(odds ratio[OR]:7.92,95%confidence interval[Cl]:3.91-16.01),and the difference was statistically significant.Conclusion:HSV-2 infection will increase the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes.Prevention and effective control of HSV-2 infection in early pregnancy can reduce the rate of adverse pregnancy outcome,which is of great significance to the promotion of eugenics.展开更多
The aim of our minireview is to provide a brief overview of the diagnosis,clinical aspects,treatment options,management,and current literature available regarding herpes simplex keratitis(HSK).This type of corneal vir...The aim of our minireview is to provide a brief overview of the diagnosis,clinical aspects,treatment options,management,and current literature available regarding herpes simplex keratitis(HSK).This type of corneal viral infection is caused by the herpes simplex virus(HSV),which can affect several tissues,including the cornea.One significant aspect of HSK is its potential to cause recurrent episodes of inflammation and damage to the cornea.After the initial infection,the HSV can establish a latent infection in the trigeminal ganglion,a nerve cluster near the eye.The virus may remain dormant for extended periods.Periodic reactivation of the virus can occur,leading to recurrent episodes of HSK.Factors triggering reactivation include stress,illness,immunosuppression,or trauma.Recurrent episodes can manifest in different clinical patterns,ranging from mild epithelial involvement to more severe stromal or endothelial disease.The severity and frequency of recurrences vary among individuals.Severe cases of HSK,especially those involving the stroma and leading to scarring,can result in vision impairment or even blindness in extreme cases.The cornea's clarity is crucial for good vision,and scarring can compromise this,potentially leading to visual impairment.The management of HSK involves not only treating acute episodes but also implementing long-term strategies to prevent recurrences and attempt repairs of corneal nerve endings via neurotization.Antiviral medications,such as oral Acyclovir or topical Ganciclovir,may be prescribed for prophylaxis.The immune response to the virus can contribute to corneal damage.Inflammation,caused by the body's attempt to control the infection,may inadvertently harm the corneal tissues.Clinicians should be informed about triggers and advised on measures to minimize the risk of reactivation.In summary,the recurrent nature of HSK underscores the importance of both acute and long-term management strategies to preserve corneal health and maintain optimal visual function.展开更多
The specimens of 111 cervical carcinomas. 68 chronic cervicitis and 43 normal cervical exfoliated epithelial cells were examined for the presence of HSV2 DNA sequences with DNA hybridization using HSV2 BgL Ⅱ N fragm...The specimens of 111 cervical carcinomas. 68 chronic cervicitis and 43 normal cervical exfoliated epithelial cells were examined for the presence of HSV2 DNA sequences with DNA hybridization using HSV2 BgL Ⅱ N fragment probe labelled by 32PdCTP. The result showed that the infection rates of HSV2 in the samples of cervical cancer.chronic cervicitis and normal epithelial cells were 1 4. 41 %(16/111). 27.94%( 19/68) and 25.58% ( 11/43),respectively. It was implied that early stages carcinogenesis of cervical epithelial cells might be correlated with the HSV2 infection.Sixteen HSV 2 positive samples of cervical carcinomas were also examined for the presence of the sequences homologous to human papillomavirus (HPV) type 6B/11. 16 and 18 DNA using dot blot hybridization (Tm17℃). The result indicated that 13 out of 16 were HPV 16 DNA hybridization positive accounting for 81. 2% of all HSV-2 positive samples and none of them were positive for HPV type 6B/11 and 18. The result indicated that double infection of HSV 2 and HPV16 in the same cervical carcinoma tissues may provide a strong evidence of the viral synergistic interaction in the induction of female cervical展开更多
Herpes simplex virus (HSV), a member of the Herpesviridae family, is a significant human pathogen that results in mucocutaneous lesions in the oral cavity or genital infections. Acyclovir (ACV) and related nucleos...Herpes simplex virus (HSV), a member of the Herpesviridae family, is a significant human pathogen that results in mucocutaneous lesions in the oral cavity or genital infections. Acyclovir (ACV) and related nucleoside analogues can successfully treat HSV infections, but the emergence of drug resistance to ACV has created a barrier for the treatment of HSV infections, especially in immunocompromised patients. There is an urgent need to explore new and effective tactics to circumvent drug resistance to HSV. This review summarises the current strategies in the development of new targets (the DNA helicase/primase (H/P) complex), new types of molecules (nature products) and new antiviral mechanisms (lethal mutagenesis of Janus-type nucleosides) to fight the drug resistance of HSV.展开更多
In more than half of infertile men, the cause of their infertility is unknown. Several studies revealed the role of viral infections in male infertility. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of...In more than half of infertile men, the cause of their infertility is unknown. Several studies revealed the role of viral infections in male infertility. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2 in semen from asymptomatic infertile male patients, and its association with altered semen parameters. A total of 70 semen samples were collected from infertile men who attended the Research and Clinical Center for Infertility in Yazd, Iran. Semen analysis and diagnostic real-time PCR using specific primers and probes for HSV-1 and HSV-2 DNA were performed. Comparison of semen parameters between virally in- fected and non-infected samples were performed with independent t-test and Mann-Whitney test. Semen analysis showed that infertile men fell into two groups, the male factor group and the unexplained group. HSV-1 and HSV-2 DNA was detected in 16 (22.9%) and 10 (14.3%) of 70 semen samples, respectively. All HSV-positive samples had abnormal semen parameters (the male factor group). Although HSV infection was not associated with sperm motility and morphological defects, it was correlated with lower sperm count in the seminal fluid. The findings suggest that asymptomatic seminal infection of HSV plays an important role in male infertility by adversely af- fecting sperm count.展开更多
Human herpesviruses (HVs) have developed ingenious mechanisms that enable them to traverse the defenses of the central nervous system (CNS). The ability of HVs to enter a state of latency, a defining char- acteris...Human herpesviruses (HVs) have developed ingenious mechanisms that enable them to traverse the defenses of the central nervous system (CNS). The ability of HVs to enter a state of latency, a defining char- acteristic of this viral family, allows them to persist in the human host indefinitely. As such, HVs represent the most frequently detected pathogens in the brain. Under constant immune pressure, these infections are largely asymptomatic in healthy hosts. However, many neurotropic HVs have been directly connected with CNS pathology in the context of other stressors and genetic risk factors. In this review, we discuss the potential mechanisms by which neurotropic HVs contribute to neurodegenerative disease (NDD) patholo- gy by highlighting two prominent members of the HV family, herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6). We (i) introduce the infectious pathways and replicative cycles of HSV-1 and HHV-6 and then (ii) review the clinical evidence supporting associations between these viruses and the NDDs Alzheimer's disease (AD) and multiple sclerosis (MS), respectively. We then (iii) highlight and dis- cuss potential mechanisms by which these viruses exert negative effects on neurons and glia. Finally, we (iv) discuss how these viruses could interact with other disease-modifying factors to contribute to the initiation and/or progression of NDDs.展开更多
Type I interferons are critical antiviral cytokines produced following herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) infection that act to inhibit viral spread. In the present study, we identify HSV-infected and adjacent unin...Type I interferons are critical antiviral cytokines produced following herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) infection that act to inhibit viral spread. In the present study, we identify HSV-infected and adjacent uninfected corneal epithelial cells as the source of interferon-a. We also report mice deficient in the A1 chain of the type I IFN receptor (CDl18-/) are extremely sensitive to ocular infection with low doses (100 PFU) of HSV-1 as seen by significantly elevated viral titers in the cornea Compared to wild type (WT) controls. The enhanced susceptibil- ity correlated with a loss of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell recruitment and aberrant chemokine production in the cornea despite mounting an adaptive immune response in the draining mandibular lymph node of CDll8/ mice. Taken together, these results highlight the importance of IFN production in both the innate immune response as well as eliciting chemokine production required to facilitate adaptive immune cell trafficking.展开更多
AIM: To investigate whether DNA vaccine encoding herpes simplex virus 1(HSV-1) glycoprotein C(g C) and glycoprotein D(g D) will achieve better protective effect against herpes simplex keratitis(HSK) than DNA ...AIM: To investigate whether DNA vaccine encoding herpes simplex virus 1(HSV-1) glycoprotein C(g C) and glycoprotein D(g D) will achieve better protective effect against herpes simplex keratitis(HSK) than DNA vaccine encoding gD alone. METHODS: DNA vaccine expressing gD or gC combined g D(g D.g C) were constructed and carried by chitosan nanoparticle. The expression of fusion protein gD and gC were detected in DNA/nanoparticle transfected 293 T cells by Western-blot. For immunization, mice were inoculated with DNA/nanoparticle for 3 times with 2 wk interval, and two weeks after the final immunization, the specific immune responses and clinical degrees of primary HSK were evaluated. RESULTS: Fusion protein g D.g C could be expressed successfully in cultured 293 T cells. And, p RSC-g C.g DIL21 DNA/chitosan nanoparticle could effectively elicit strongest humoral and cellular immune response in primary HSK mice evidenced by higher levels of specific neutralizing antibody and s Ig A production, enhanced cytotoxicities of splenocytes and nature killer cells(NK),when compared with those of gD alone or mocked vaccine immunized mice. As a result, gC-based vaccine immunized mice showed least HSK disease. CONCLUSION: gC-based DNA vaccine could effectively prevent the progress of primary HSK, suggesting that this DNA vaccine could be a promising vaccine for HSK treatment in the future.展开更多
The study was made by the method of experimental infection using cultured cells in vitro. The characteristic of HSV infection of the cells and the effects of immunity factors on the infection were analyzed by cytopath...The study was made by the method of experimental infection using cultured cells in vitro. The characteristic of HSV infection of the cells and the effects of immunity factors on the infection were analyzed by cytopathic effect, double antibodies sandwich ELISA for immunoglobulin yield, hemolytic plaque assay for specific SRBC antibody forming cells, microcytopathy assay for viral titer, IFA for viral antigen and PCR for viral DNA.The results were as follows: ①A series of models of HSV infection were established, including the model of HSV 1 persistent infection of Raji cells, the model of acute and cytocidal HSV 1 infection of HSB\-2 cells, the models of temporary persistent HSV 1 infection of LPS stimulated U\-\{937\} cells and murine peritoneal macrophages and the models of inhibitions both of IgG synthesis and specific SRBC antibody production by HSV 1 infection of human tonsillar lymphocytes activated by PWM stimulating. ②According to the characteristic of HSV infection of lymphocyte and monocyte macrophage, it was reasonable that stimulating with antigen, mitogen, LPS, or inflammatory factors might make lymphocytes and/or monocyte macrophages become permissive cells of replicative HSV infection, or might activate the latent virus, resulting in HSV dissemination by blood circulation. ③It was proved that IFN α, IFN γ, TNF, M CSF, GM CSF and IL 3 have an inhibitory effect on HSV replication in lymphocyte and monocyte macrophage, respectively and reversed the replicative enhancement activity of LPS, suggesting that applications of these immunity factors favour lymphocytes and monocyte macrophages with a resistance to HSV replicative infection and with an inhibition of latent virus reactivation in vivo, and therefore, it might be helpful for preventing the virus from dissemination by blood circulation.\;展开更多
In order to investigate the antiviral effect of chinonin against Herpes simplex virus (HSV), the encephalitis model in mice and skin infection model in guinea pigs were established by HSV-Ⅰ and HSV-Ⅱ infection respe...In order to investigate the antiviral effect of chinonin against Herpes simplex virus (HSV), the encephalitis model in mice and skin infection model in guinea pigs were established by HSV-Ⅰ and HSV-Ⅱ infection respectively. Acyclovir was used as the positive reference drug to evaluate the antiviral capacity of chinonin. Chinonin showed an obvious therapeutic effect on encephalitis in mice at doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg. At both dosages, chinonin demonstrated stronger protection than acyclovir (1 and 5 mg/kg) to the infected mice from death. It was also found that chinonin could treat the skin infection in guinea pigs effectively. The therapeutic effect of chinonin was similar to that of acyclovir (5 mg/kg) at 25 mg/kg but obviously better than that at 50 and 75 mg/kg. In conclusion, chinonin is a potential candidate for the treatment against HSV.展开更多
The killing effects of herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene/ganciclovir (HSV-tk/GCV) approach by the addition of several commonly clinical chemotherapeutic agents on hormone refractory prostate cancer (HRPC)...The killing effects of herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene/ganciclovir (HSV-tk/GCV) approach by the addition of several commonly clinical chemotherapeutic agents on hormone refractory prostate cancer (HRPC) cells PC-3m were investigated. After transferring of the HSV-tk gene into PC-3m cells, mRNA and protein expression of HSV-tk was detected by reverse-transcript polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and strept avidin-biotin complex (SABC) im- munohistochemical method. The killing effect of GCV, cisplatin (CDDP), etoposide (VP-16), vincristine (VCR), methotrexate (MTX), 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu), and suramin on PC-3m cells was evaluated by morphological assessment analysis, trypan blue exclusion assay and MTT assay respectively. Additionally, the cooperative effect of HSV-tk/GCV system combined with the above agents on the target cancer cells was determined by MTT. Furthermore, apoptosis and necrosis induced by GCV plus 5-Fu or suramin was analyzed by flow cytometry (FCM). The results showed that that there was HSV-tk mRNA and protein expression in pDR2-tk plasmid transduced PC-3m cell. Combination of GCV with VP-16, VCR, 5-Fu or suramin led to an enhanced cellular killing effect, but with CDDP resulted in a reduced one and with MTX in an approximate one. FCM revealed that synergistic use of GCV and 5-fu or suramin resulted in a rather large proportion of apoptosis and necrosis with the apoptosis index being 36.38 % and 35.51%, and the proportion of necrosis being 33.05 % and 28.87 %, respectively. In conclusion, HSV-tk/CGV approach by addition of certain clinical available chemotherapeutic drugs brings on statistically significant enhanced cell killing over single-agent treatment. Our results highlight the potential for such new combination therapies for future treatments of HRPC.展开更多
BACKGROUND Herpes simplex virus(HSV)is a highly infectious pathogen that is easily transmitted via the bodily fluids of an infected individual.This virus usually affects individuals older than six months of age,and ra...BACKGROUND Herpes simplex virus(HSV)is a highly infectious pathogen that is easily transmitted via the bodily fluids of an infected individual.This virus usually affects individuals older than six months of age,and rarely causes lesions or symptoms in younger patients.CASE SUMMARY We present the case of a five-month-old healthy girl who presented with painful herpetic gingivostomatitis and perioral vesicles.We discuss the pathophysiology of primary HSV infection and the effect of maternal antibodies on the infant’s immune system.In addition,we explain the diagnosis,management,and prognosis of HSV infection in young infants.CONCLUSION This case highlights the importance of early diagnosis and management of HSV infections to decrease the risk of developing severe complications and death.展开更多
AIM:To investigate the effect of Staphylococcus aureus(S.aures)lysates(SALs)on herpes simplex virus type-Ⅰ(HSV1)infection in human corneal epithelial(HCE)cells and in a mouse model of HSV1 keratitis.METHODS:HCE,Vero,...AIM:To investigate the effect of Staphylococcus aureus(S.aures)lysates(SALs)on herpes simplex virus type-Ⅰ(HSV1)infection in human corneal epithelial(HCE)cells and in a mouse model of HSV1 keratitis.METHODS:HCE,Vero,HeLa,and BV2 cells were infected with HSV1[HSV1f strain,HSV1f;HSV-1-H129 with green fluorescent protein(GFP)knock-in,HSV1g].Pre-or post-infection,SAL at various concentrations was added to the culture medium for 24 h.GFP fluorescence in HSV1g or plaque formation by HSV1f were examined.The effects of heat-treated SAL,precooled acetone-precipitated SAL,and SAL subjected to ultrafiltration(100 kDa)were evaluated.The effects of other bacterial components and lysates on HSV1 infection were also tested,including lipoteichoic acid(LTA),peptidoglycan(PGN),staphylococcal protein A(SPA),andα-hemolysin from S.aureus(α-toxin)as well as lysates from a wild-type S.aureus strain,S.epidermidis,and Escherichia coli(W-SAL,SEL,and ECL,respectively).In addition,SAL eye drops were applied topically to BALB/c mice with HSV1 keratitis,followed by in vivo observations.RESULTS:The cytopathic effect,plaque formation(HSV1f),and GFP expression(HSV1g)in infected cells were inhibited by SAL in a dose-dependent manner.The active component of SAL(≥100 kDa)was heat-sensitive and retained activity after acetone precipitation.In HSV1ginfected cells,treatment with LTA-sa,α-toxin,PGN-sa,or SPA did not inhibit GFP expression.SAL,W-SAL,and SEL(but not ECL)decreased GFP expression.In mice with HSV1 keratitis,SAL reduced corneal lesions by 71%.CONCLUSION:The results of this study demonstrate that SAL can be used to inhibit HSV1 infection,particularly keratitis.Further studies are needed to determine the active components and mechanism underlying the effects of SAL.展开更多
There are some Indications thtt herpes aimplex virus (HSV) may be mutagenic. Specific chromosomal changes have also been demonstrated In cultured cells infected with HSV. To further Investigate the mutagenic activity ...There are some Indications thtt herpes aimplex virus (HSV) may be mutagenic. Specific chromosomal changes have also been demonstrated In cultured cells infected with HSV. To further Investigate the mutagenic activity of HSV type 2 (HSV-2) we used mouse skin as a model system for cardnogenetls. Inoculation of the back skin of 4-week-old Sencar mke with live virus twice per week for one week or with Inactivated virus twice per week for two weeks was used to Initiate the mouse akin. After Initiation with HSV-2, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetale(TPA) was applied twice weekly for 50 weeks as a promoter. During a period of 52 weeks, no skin carcinoma was found In the experimental groups, whereas 55% of control mice treated with 9, 10-dlmethy1-1, 2- benzanthracene (DMBA ) and then with TPA-developed skin carcinoma. The results demonstrate that HSV-2 could not substitute for DMBA in this animal model of two-stage skin carcinogenesis.展开更多
A total of 44 HSV isolates from the patients was detected and typed by using HSV typespecific DNA probes labeled with Digoxigenin and 32 P respectively. 25 isolates were identified to be HSV-1, 19 were HSV-2. Compar...A total of 44 HSV isolates from the patients was detected and typed by using HSV typespecific DNA probes labeled with Digoxigenin and 32 P respectively. 25 isolates were identified to be HSV-1, 19 were HSV-2. Comparison of the typing results showed that the sensitivity and specificity of the Digoxigenin-labeled probe were equal to those of the 32 P-labeled Probe, and the typing rate of HSV isolates was 100%. The Dig-labeled probes are nonradioactive and the labeling technigue is simple, the Dig-labeled probes can be stored and reused, so they are more valuable for clinical application.展开更多
Objective: To explore the functions and mechanisms of herpes simplex virus type I(HSV-1) while infecting human oral epithelial cells in vitro(being similar to the infection in vivo). Methods:An abundance of HSV-...Objective: To explore the functions and mechanisms of herpes simplex virus type I(HSV-1) while infecting human oral epithelial cells in vitro(being similar to the infection in vivo). Methods:An abundance of HSV-1 strains amplified in Vero cells were used to infect human oral epithelial cells. The culture supernatant was collected to infect Vero cells again. Morphology of HSV-1 was identified by inverted microscope and transmission electron microscope. Nucleic acid of the virus was detected by PCR. Results:The infected human oral epithelial cells didn' t display an obvious cytopathic effect(CPE) under inverted microscope(while Vero cells which were infected by the culture supernatant showed typical(CPE). The virus particles were not observed in the cytoplasm nor in nucleus of human oral epithelial cells, however under transmission electron microscope in the cytoplasm of Vero cells, the nucleic acid of HSV-1 could be detected in infected human oral epithelial cells, by PCR. Conclusion-HSV-1 can successfully infect human oral epithelial cells. This model may provide a useful approach for studying the pathogenesis of herpes virus-associated periodontal disease.展开更多
This study examines the kinetics of <i>S. aureus</i> and <i>C. albicans</i> adherence as it relates to HSV replication and corresponding dynamic display of shared receptors. HeLa cells infected...This study examines the kinetics of <i>S. aureus</i> and <i>C. albicans</i> adherence as it relates to HSV replication and corresponding dynamic display of shared receptors. HeLa cells infected for various times with HSV-1 gL86 or HSV-2 333gJ-(MOI 50) were incubated with <i>S. aureus</i> ATCC 25923 or <i>C. albicans</i> yeast and CFU measured. Over time, <i>S. aureus</i> adherence to HSV-1 infected cells was relatively stable for 45 min then decreased to 0.8 of virus-free control, before cycling at 15-to-30 min intervals. In contrast, staphylococcal adherence to HSV-2 infected cells proceeded at a more gradual rate, increasing to control levels at ~105 min before decreasing to a nadir at 165 min. Yeast adherence to HSV-1 infected cells remained relatively unchanged for the first 75 min then increased 2-fold before returning to its original level. This pattern is repeated over the next 90 min. While a similar pattern with <i>C. albicans</i> and HSV-2 was measured, it occurred more rapidly. Our model shows that while the interaction of both HSV-1 and HSV-2 with <i>S. aureus</i> is both dynamic and inhibitory, <i>C. albicans</i> interaction with HSV-2 is more permissive than HSV-1. However, the interaction of both microbes with HSV-infected cells in this model system appears to be independent of α5B1, CD36 and HSP60 viral-regulated receptor expression. These findings indicate that microbiome interactions across taxonomic kingdoms are more complex than previously thought.展开更多
基金supported by UniversitàCattolica(D1 intramural funds to RP)Italian Ministry of University and Research(PRIN 2022ZYLB7B,P2022YW7BP funds to CG).
文摘Several experimental evidence suggests a link between brain Herpes simplex virus type-1 infection and the occurrence of Alzheimer’s disease.However,the molecular mechanisms underlying this association are not completely understood.Among the molecular mediators of synaptic and cognitive dysfunction occurring after Herpes simplex virus type-1 infection and reactivation in the brain neuroinflammatory cytokines seem to occupy a central role.Here,we specifically reviewed literature reports dealing with the impact of neuroinflammation on synaptic dysfunction observed after recurrent Herpes simplex virus type-1 reactivation in the brain,highlighting the role of interleukins and,in particular,interleukin 1βas a possible target against Herpes simplex virus type-1-induced neuronal dysfunctions.
基金supported by Project of Zhejiang Basic Public Benefit Research of Zhejiang Province (NO.LGF22Y145002)。
文摘Objective:To evaluate the antiviral activity of pure compounds against herpes simplex virus type 1(HSV-1)from the rhizome of Anemarrhena asphodeloides.Methods:Bioassay-guided isolation was conducted to separate the active compound and its chemical structure was elucidated by spectral analysis.In vitro antiviral efficacy of active compound was detected by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay,plaque reduction assay,and fluorescence observation.RT-PCR was used to determine the viral load and the cytokine-related gene expression after HSV-1 infection.In vivo study was also conducted to further determine antiviral efficacy of an active compound against HSV-1.Results:An active compound was isolated and elucidated as mangiferin.Mangiferin significantly inhibited the replication of HSV-1 in Vero cells with a half maximal inhibitory concentration(IC_(50))of 64.0 mg/L.Time-of-addition and time-of-removal assays demonstrated that mangiferin could effectively inhibit the replication of HSV-1 in the early stage(8 h).UL12,UL42,and UL54 gene expression levels of HSV-1 in the 64 mg/L mangiferin-treated group were markedly reduced as compared with the HSV-1 group(P<0.01).Fluorescence observation showed that mangiferin attenuated the mitochondrial damage maintainingΔΨm induced by HSV-1 in Vero cells.The expression of inflammatory factors TNF-α,IL-1β,and IL-6 was remarkably increased in the virus-infected group as compared with that in the normal group(P<0.05),the levels of these inflammatory factors dropped after treatment with mangiferin.Mangiferin significantly decreased the viral load and attenuated the HSV-1-induced up-regulation of TNF-α,IL-1β,and IL-6.The relative protection rate of HSV-1-infected mice could reach up to55.5%when the concentration of mangiferin was 4 g/kg.Conclusions:Mangiferin exhibits promising antiviral activity against HSV-1 in vitro and in vivo and could be a potential antiviral agent for HSV-1.
文摘Co-infections of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by bacterial and viral pathogens are considered to be rare. Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) reactivation following Streptococcus pneumoniae infection is well described but most cases are related to oral or cutaneous lesions or in respiratory samples. HSV-1 CNS reactivation after Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis is a very rare event and may have significant morbidity and mortality. In this case report, we describe a 71-year-old female patient that presented with a history of abdominal pain and confusion/disorientation that had tonic-clonic seizures while in the Emergency Department. The diagnostic work-up confirmed CNS co-infection caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae and HSV-1. Of note, beyond age, the patient had no known risk factors for both entities and recovered fully after antibiotic and antiviral therapy. This case underlines that clinicians must be aware of CNS co-infection despite being a rare diagnosis. This should be suspected particularly in patients who present an unusual clinical course of CNS infection.
基金supported in part by grants from Science and Technology Innovation Team Project of Xi'an Medical University,China(2021TD14)Industrialization Project of Shaanxi Provincial Department of Education,China(20JC031)the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University,China(XYFYPT-2021-02).
文摘Objective:To systematically evaluate the relationship between herpes simplex virus type II(HSV-2)infection in pregnant women and the adverse pregnancy outcomes(preterm delivery,spontaneous abortion,stillbirth,monstrum,low birth weight,intrauterine growth retardation,premature rupture of membranes),so as to provide clinical guidance for the prevention and treatment of adverse pregnancy outcomes caused by HSV-2 infection in pregnant women.Methods:2140 articles were collected from PubMed,China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),and other databases for the past 20 years.According to the inclusion criteria,the literatures about the relationship between HSV-2 infection of pregnant women and adverse pregnancy outcomes were screened.The effect model was determined by heterogeneity test results,and the meta-analysis was carried out by RevMan 5.3 software.Results:The results of meta-analysis showed that the positive rate of HSV-2 was higher in the adverse pregnancy group than in the control group(odds ratio[OR]:7.92,95%confidence interval[Cl]:3.91-16.01),and the difference was statistically significant.Conclusion:HSV-2 infection will increase the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes.Prevention and effective control of HSV-2 infection in early pregnancy can reduce the rate of adverse pregnancy outcome,which is of great significance to the promotion of eugenics.
文摘The aim of our minireview is to provide a brief overview of the diagnosis,clinical aspects,treatment options,management,and current literature available regarding herpes simplex keratitis(HSK).This type of corneal viral infection is caused by the herpes simplex virus(HSV),which can affect several tissues,including the cornea.One significant aspect of HSK is its potential to cause recurrent episodes of inflammation and damage to the cornea.After the initial infection,the HSV can establish a latent infection in the trigeminal ganglion,a nerve cluster near the eye.The virus may remain dormant for extended periods.Periodic reactivation of the virus can occur,leading to recurrent episodes of HSK.Factors triggering reactivation include stress,illness,immunosuppression,or trauma.Recurrent episodes can manifest in different clinical patterns,ranging from mild epithelial involvement to more severe stromal or endothelial disease.The severity and frequency of recurrences vary among individuals.Severe cases of HSK,especially those involving the stroma and leading to scarring,can result in vision impairment or even blindness in extreme cases.The cornea's clarity is crucial for good vision,and scarring can compromise this,potentially leading to visual impairment.The management of HSK involves not only treating acute episodes but also implementing long-term strategies to prevent recurrences and attempt repairs of corneal nerve endings via neurotization.Antiviral medications,such as oral Acyclovir or topical Ganciclovir,may be prescribed for prophylaxis.The immune response to the virus can contribute to corneal damage.Inflammation,caused by the body's attempt to control the infection,may inadvertently harm the corneal tissues.Clinicians should be informed about triggers and advised on measures to minimize the risk of reactivation.In summary,the recurrent nature of HSK underscores the importance of both acute and long-term management strategies to preserve corneal health and maintain optimal visual function.
文摘The specimens of 111 cervical carcinomas. 68 chronic cervicitis and 43 normal cervical exfoliated epithelial cells were examined for the presence of HSV2 DNA sequences with DNA hybridization using HSV2 BgL Ⅱ N fragment probe labelled by 32PdCTP. The result showed that the infection rates of HSV2 in the samples of cervical cancer.chronic cervicitis and normal epithelial cells were 1 4. 41 %(16/111). 27.94%( 19/68) and 25.58% ( 11/43),respectively. It was implied that early stages carcinogenesis of cervical epithelial cells might be correlated with the HSV2 infection.Sixteen HSV 2 positive samples of cervical carcinomas were also examined for the presence of the sequences homologous to human papillomavirus (HPV) type 6B/11. 16 and 18 DNA using dot blot hybridization (Tm17℃). The result indicated that 13 out of 16 were HPV 16 DNA hybridization positive accounting for 81. 2% of all HSV-2 positive samples and none of them were positive for HPV type 6B/11 and 18. The result indicated that double infection of HSV 2 and HPV16 in the same cervical carcinoma tissues may provide a strong evidence of the viral synergistic interaction in the induction of female cervical
基金the National Natural Science Foundations of China(document no.:81321002,81500860,81300888)a grant from 111 Project of Ministry of Education,China,for fi nancial support
文摘Herpes simplex virus (HSV), a member of the Herpesviridae family, is a significant human pathogen that results in mucocutaneous lesions in the oral cavity or genital infections. Acyclovir (ACV) and related nucleoside analogues can successfully treat HSV infections, but the emergence of drug resistance to ACV has created a barrier for the treatment of HSV infections, especially in immunocompromised patients. There is an urgent need to explore new and effective tactics to circumvent drug resistance to HSV. This review summarises the current strategies in the development of new targets (the DNA helicase/primase (H/P) complex), new types of molecules (nature products) and new antiviral mechanisms (lethal mutagenesis of Janus-type nucleosides) to fight the drug resistance of HSV.
基金supported by Tehran University of Medical Sciences(No.P/943)
文摘In more than half of infertile men, the cause of their infertility is unknown. Several studies revealed the role of viral infections in male infertility. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2 in semen from asymptomatic infertile male patients, and its association with altered semen parameters. A total of 70 semen samples were collected from infertile men who attended the Research and Clinical Center for Infertility in Yazd, Iran. Semen analysis and diagnostic real-time PCR using specific primers and probes for HSV-1 and HSV-2 DNA were performed. Comparison of semen parameters between virally in- fected and non-infected samples were performed with independent t-test and Mann-Whitney test. Semen analysis showed that infertile men fell into two groups, the male factor group and the unexplained group. HSV-1 and HSV-2 DNA was detected in 16 (22.9%) and 10 (14.3%) of 70 semen samples, respectively. All HSV-positive samples had abnormal semen parameters (the male factor group). Although HSV infection was not associated with sperm motility and morphological defects, it was correlated with lower sperm count in the seminal fluid. The findings suggest that asymptomatic seminal infection of HSV plays an important role in male infertility by adversely af- fecting sperm count.
文摘Human herpesviruses (HVs) have developed ingenious mechanisms that enable them to traverse the defenses of the central nervous system (CNS). The ability of HVs to enter a state of latency, a defining char- acteristic of this viral family, allows them to persist in the human host indefinitely. As such, HVs represent the most frequently detected pathogens in the brain. Under constant immune pressure, these infections are largely asymptomatic in healthy hosts. However, many neurotropic HVs have been directly connected with CNS pathology in the context of other stressors and genetic risk factors. In this review, we discuss the potential mechanisms by which neurotropic HVs contribute to neurodegenerative disease (NDD) patholo- gy by highlighting two prominent members of the HV family, herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6). We (i) introduce the infectious pathways and replicative cycles of HSV-1 and HHV-6 and then (ii) review the clinical evidence supporting associations between these viruses and the NDDs Alzheimer's disease (AD) and multiple sclerosis (MS), respectively. We then (iii) highlight and dis- cuss potential mechanisms by which these viruses exert negative effects on neurons and glia. Finally, we (iv) discuss how these viruses could interact with other disease-modifying factors to contribute to the initiation and/or progression of NDDs.
基金supported by USPHS grant (No. AI053108) to DanielJ.J. CarrP20 (No. RR017703)+1 种基金an unrestricted grant from Research to Prevent Blindnesssupported by NIAID training grant(No. AI007633)
文摘Type I interferons are critical antiviral cytokines produced following herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) infection that act to inhibit viral spread. In the present study, we identify HSV-infected and adjacent uninfected corneal epithelial cells as the source of interferon-a. We also report mice deficient in the A1 chain of the type I IFN receptor (CDl18-/) are extremely sensitive to ocular infection with low doses (100 PFU) of HSV-1 as seen by significantly elevated viral titers in the cornea Compared to wild type (WT) controls. The enhanced susceptibil- ity correlated with a loss of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell recruitment and aberrant chemokine production in the cornea despite mounting an adaptive immune response in the draining mandibular lymph node of CDll8/ mice. Taken together, these results highlight the importance of IFN production in both the innate immune response as well as eliciting chemokine production required to facilitate adaptive immune cell trafficking.
基金Supported by Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (No.BK20141346)Nanjing Science and Technology Development Plan (No.201402001)
文摘AIM: To investigate whether DNA vaccine encoding herpes simplex virus 1(HSV-1) glycoprotein C(g C) and glycoprotein D(g D) will achieve better protective effect against herpes simplex keratitis(HSK) than DNA vaccine encoding gD alone. METHODS: DNA vaccine expressing gD or gC combined g D(g D.g C) were constructed and carried by chitosan nanoparticle. The expression of fusion protein gD and gC were detected in DNA/nanoparticle transfected 293 T cells by Western-blot. For immunization, mice were inoculated with DNA/nanoparticle for 3 times with 2 wk interval, and two weeks after the final immunization, the specific immune responses and clinical degrees of primary HSK were evaluated. RESULTS: Fusion protein g D.g C could be expressed successfully in cultured 293 T cells. And, p RSC-g C.g DIL21 DNA/chitosan nanoparticle could effectively elicit strongest humoral and cellular immune response in primary HSK mice evidenced by higher levels of specific neutralizing antibody and s Ig A production, enhanced cytotoxicities of splenocytes and nature killer cells(NK),when compared with those of gD alone or mocked vaccine immunized mice. As a result, gC-based vaccine immunized mice showed least HSK disease. CONCLUSION: gC-based DNA vaccine could effectively prevent the progress of primary HSK, suggesting that this DNA vaccine could be a promising vaccine for HSK treatment in the future.
文摘The study was made by the method of experimental infection using cultured cells in vitro. The characteristic of HSV infection of the cells and the effects of immunity factors on the infection were analyzed by cytopathic effect, double antibodies sandwich ELISA for immunoglobulin yield, hemolytic plaque assay for specific SRBC antibody forming cells, microcytopathy assay for viral titer, IFA for viral antigen and PCR for viral DNA.The results were as follows: ①A series of models of HSV infection were established, including the model of HSV 1 persistent infection of Raji cells, the model of acute and cytocidal HSV 1 infection of HSB\-2 cells, the models of temporary persistent HSV 1 infection of LPS stimulated U\-\{937\} cells and murine peritoneal macrophages and the models of inhibitions both of IgG synthesis and specific SRBC antibody production by HSV 1 infection of human tonsillar lymphocytes activated by PWM stimulating. ②According to the characteristic of HSV infection of lymphocyte and monocyte macrophage, it was reasonable that stimulating with antigen, mitogen, LPS, or inflammatory factors might make lymphocytes and/or monocyte macrophages become permissive cells of replicative HSV infection, or might activate the latent virus, resulting in HSV dissemination by blood circulation. ③It was proved that IFN α, IFN γ, TNF, M CSF, GM CSF and IL 3 have an inhibitory effect on HSV replication in lymphocyte and monocyte macrophage, respectively and reversed the replicative enhancement activity of LPS, suggesting that applications of these immunity factors favour lymphocytes and monocyte macrophages with a resistance to HSV replicative infection and with an inhibition of latent virus reactivation in vivo, and therefore, it might be helpful for preventing the virus from dissemination by blood circulation.\;
文摘In order to investigate the antiviral effect of chinonin against Herpes simplex virus (HSV), the encephalitis model in mice and skin infection model in guinea pigs were established by HSV-Ⅰ and HSV-Ⅱ infection respectively. Acyclovir was used as the positive reference drug to evaluate the antiviral capacity of chinonin. Chinonin showed an obvious therapeutic effect on encephalitis in mice at doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg. At both dosages, chinonin demonstrated stronger protection than acyclovir (1 and 5 mg/kg) to the infected mice from death. It was also found that chinonin could treat the skin infection in guinea pigs effectively. The therapeutic effect of chinonin was similar to that of acyclovir (5 mg/kg) at 25 mg/kg but obviously better than that at 50 and 75 mg/kg. In conclusion, chinonin is a potential candidate for the treatment against HSV.
文摘The killing effects of herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene/ganciclovir (HSV-tk/GCV) approach by the addition of several commonly clinical chemotherapeutic agents on hormone refractory prostate cancer (HRPC) cells PC-3m were investigated. After transferring of the HSV-tk gene into PC-3m cells, mRNA and protein expression of HSV-tk was detected by reverse-transcript polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and strept avidin-biotin complex (SABC) im- munohistochemical method. The killing effect of GCV, cisplatin (CDDP), etoposide (VP-16), vincristine (VCR), methotrexate (MTX), 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu), and suramin on PC-3m cells was evaluated by morphological assessment analysis, trypan blue exclusion assay and MTT assay respectively. Additionally, the cooperative effect of HSV-tk/GCV system combined with the above agents on the target cancer cells was determined by MTT. Furthermore, apoptosis and necrosis induced by GCV plus 5-Fu or suramin was analyzed by flow cytometry (FCM). The results showed that that there was HSV-tk mRNA and protein expression in pDR2-tk plasmid transduced PC-3m cell. Combination of GCV with VP-16, VCR, 5-Fu or suramin led to an enhanced cellular killing effect, but with CDDP resulted in a reduced one and with MTX in an approximate one. FCM revealed that synergistic use of GCV and 5-fu or suramin resulted in a rather large proportion of apoptosis and necrosis with the apoptosis index being 36.38 % and 35.51%, and the proportion of necrosis being 33.05 % and 28.87 %, respectively. In conclusion, HSV-tk/CGV approach by addition of certain clinical available chemotherapeutic drugs brings on statistically significant enhanced cell killing over single-agent treatment. Our results highlight the potential for such new combination therapies for future treatments of HRPC.
基金Deanship of Scientific Research at Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University through the Fast-track Research Funding Program.
文摘BACKGROUND Herpes simplex virus(HSV)is a highly infectious pathogen that is easily transmitted via the bodily fluids of an infected individual.This virus usually affects individuals older than six months of age,and rarely causes lesions or symptoms in younger patients.CASE SUMMARY We present the case of a five-month-old healthy girl who presented with painful herpetic gingivostomatitis and perioral vesicles.We discuss the pathophysiology of primary HSV infection and the effect of maternal antibodies on the infant’s immune system.In addition,we explain the diagnosis,management,and prognosis of HSV infection in young infants.CONCLUSION This case highlights the importance of early diagnosis and management of HSV infections to decrease the risk of developing severe complications and death.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81770896,No.81970848)the Guangzhou Science Technology and Innovation Commission(No.201607020011)。
文摘AIM:To investigate the effect of Staphylococcus aureus(S.aures)lysates(SALs)on herpes simplex virus type-Ⅰ(HSV1)infection in human corneal epithelial(HCE)cells and in a mouse model of HSV1 keratitis.METHODS:HCE,Vero,HeLa,and BV2 cells were infected with HSV1[HSV1f strain,HSV1f;HSV-1-H129 with green fluorescent protein(GFP)knock-in,HSV1g].Pre-or post-infection,SAL at various concentrations was added to the culture medium for 24 h.GFP fluorescence in HSV1g or plaque formation by HSV1f were examined.The effects of heat-treated SAL,precooled acetone-precipitated SAL,and SAL subjected to ultrafiltration(100 kDa)were evaluated.The effects of other bacterial components and lysates on HSV1 infection were also tested,including lipoteichoic acid(LTA),peptidoglycan(PGN),staphylococcal protein A(SPA),andα-hemolysin from S.aureus(α-toxin)as well as lysates from a wild-type S.aureus strain,S.epidermidis,and Escherichia coli(W-SAL,SEL,and ECL,respectively).In addition,SAL eye drops were applied topically to BALB/c mice with HSV1 keratitis,followed by in vivo observations.RESULTS:The cytopathic effect,plaque formation(HSV1f),and GFP expression(HSV1g)in infected cells were inhibited by SAL in a dose-dependent manner.The active component of SAL(≥100 kDa)was heat-sensitive and retained activity after acetone precipitation.In HSV1ginfected cells,treatment with LTA-sa,α-toxin,PGN-sa,or SPA did not inhibit GFP expression.SAL,W-SAL,and SEL(but not ECL)decreased GFP expression.In mice with HSV1 keratitis,SAL reduced corneal lesions by 71%.CONCLUSION:The results of this study demonstrate that SAL can be used to inhibit HSV1 infection,particularly keratitis.Further studies are needed to determine the active components and mechanism underlying the effects of SAL.
文摘There are some Indications thtt herpes aimplex virus (HSV) may be mutagenic. Specific chromosomal changes have also been demonstrated In cultured cells infected with HSV. To further Investigate the mutagenic activity of HSV type 2 (HSV-2) we used mouse skin as a model system for cardnogenetls. Inoculation of the back skin of 4-week-old Sencar mke with live virus twice per week for one week or with Inactivated virus twice per week for two weeks was used to Initiate the mouse akin. After Initiation with HSV-2, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetale(TPA) was applied twice weekly for 50 weeks as a promoter. During a period of 52 weeks, no skin carcinoma was found In the experimental groups, whereas 55% of control mice treated with 9, 10-dlmethy1-1, 2- benzanthracene (DMBA ) and then with TPA-developed skin carcinoma. The results demonstrate that HSV-2 could not substitute for DMBA in this animal model of two-stage skin carcinogenesis.
文摘A total of 44 HSV isolates from the patients was detected and typed by using HSV typespecific DNA probes labeled with Digoxigenin and 32 P respectively. 25 isolates were identified to be HSV-1, 19 were HSV-2. Comparison of the typing results showed that the sensitivity and specificity of the Digoxigenin-labeled probe were equal to those of the 32 P-labeled Probe, and the typing rate of HSV isolates was 100%. The Dig-labeled probes are nonradioactive and the labeling technigue is simple, the Dig-labeled probes can be stored and reused, so they are more valuable for clinical application.
文摘Objective: To explore the functions and mechanisms of herpes simplex virus type I(HSV-1) while infecting human oral epithelial cells in vitro(being similar to the infection in vivo). Methods:An abundance of HSV-1 strains amplified in Vero cells were used to infect human oral epithelial cells. The culture supernatant was collected to infect Vero cells again. Morphology of HSV-1 was identified by inverted microscope and transmission electron microscope. Nucleic acid of the virus was detected by PCR. Results:The infected human oral epithelial cells didn' t display an obvious cytopathic effect(CPE) under inverted microscope(while Vero cells which were infected by the culture supernatant showed typical(CPE). The virus particles were not observed in the cytoplasm nor in nucleus of human oral epithelial cells, however under transmission electron microscope in the cytoplasm of Vero cells, the nucleic acid of HSV-1 could be detected in infected human oral epithelial cells, by PCR. Conclusion-HSV-1 can successfully infect human oral epithelial cells. This model may provide a useful approach for studying the pathogenesis of herpes virus-associated periodontal disease.
文摘This study examines the kinetics of <i>S. aureus</i> and <i>C. albicans</i> adherence as it relates to HSV replication and corresponding dynamic display of shared receptors. HeLa cells infected for various times with HSV-1 gL86 or HSV-2 333gJ-(MOI 50) were incubated with <i>S. aureus</i> ATCC 25923 or <i>C. albicans</i> yeast and CFU measured. Over time, <i>S. aureus</i> adherence to HSV-1 infected cells was relatively stable for 45 min then decreased to 0.8 of virus-free control, before cycling at 15-to-30 min intervals. In contrast, staphylococcal adherence to HSV-2 infected cells proceeded at a more gradual rate, increasing to control levels at ~105 min before decreasing to a nadir at 165 min. Yeast adherence to HSV-1 infected cells remained relatively unchanged for the first 75 min then increased 2-fold before returning to its original level. This pattern is repeated over the next 90 min. While a similar pattern with <i>C. albicans</i> and HSV-2 was measured, it occurred more rapidly. Our model shows that while the interaction of both HSV-1 and HSV-2 with <i>S. aureus</i> is both dynamic and inhibitory, <i>C. albicans</i> interaction with HSV-2 is more permissive than HSV-1. However, the interaction of both microbes with HSV-infected cells in this model system appears to be independent of α5B1, CD36 and HSP60 viral-regulated receptor expression. These findings indicate that microbiome interactions across taxonomic kingdoms are more complex than previously thought.