Experimental Research on the Millimeter-Scale Distribution of Oil in Heterogeneous Reservoirs

Oil saturation is a critical parameter when designing oil field development plans.This study focuses on the change of oil saturation during water flooding.Particularly,a meter-level artificial model is used to conduct relevant experiments on the basis of similarity principles and taking into account the layer geological characteristics of the reservoir.The displacement experiment’s total recovery rate is 41.35%.The changes in the remaining oil saturation at a millimeter-scale are examined using medical spiral computer tomography principles.In all experimental stages,regions exists where the oil saturation decline is more than 10.0%.The shrinkage percentage is 20.70%in the horizontal well production stage.The oil saturation reduction in other parts is less than 10.0%,and there are regions where the oil saturation increases in the conventional water flooding stage.

Study on Oil Displacement Efficiency of Binary Compound Flooding in Heterogeneous Reservoir

Heterogeneous reservoir characteristics for oilfield, choose HS-1 non-ionic surfactant and polymer formation in binary combination flooding system can significantly improve the rate of production of low permeability reservoir in heterogeneous reservoir. According to the core flooding experiment analyzed longitudinal heterogeneous models, single surfactant and a single polymer and polymer flooding of table binary complex drive effect. Studies show that binary combination flooding recovery effect is best, followed by polymer flooding, minimum of surfactant flooding, in heterogeneous reservoir.

Enhanced oil recovery mechanisms of polymer flooding in a heterogeneous oil reservoir

Taking reservoir rocks and fluids of the Daqing,Dagang and Changqing oilfields as research objects,the EOR mechanisms and technical approach of polymer flooding were discussed.By comparing the displacement performances of ordinary polymer,glycerol,polymer in"sheet-net"structure and heterogeneous weak gel at the same viscosity and concentration,the relationship between the viscosity of polymer displacement agents and displacement performance was demonstrated,and the method of improving polymer flooding effect was worked out.The main mechanism of polymer flooding to increase oil recovery is the swept volume expansion of water injection due to polymer retention in porous media.The viscosity of polymer agents has no positive correlation with polymer flooding effect.Although polymer of"sheet-net"structure has strong capacity in increasing viscosity,it has poor compatibility with pore throat structure of reservoir rock,low injectivity and low shear resistance.Heterogeneous weak gel system has higher adsorption and capture capacity in porous media,which is easy to retain in porous media,and can effectively establish seepage resistance in high permeability layers(zones).Compared with polymer solutions with the same viscosity or concentration,it has stronger ability to expand swept volume.Long term injection of polymer flooding agents will inevitably lead to fluid entry profile reversal,and thus worsening of polymer flooding effect.Alternate injection of high retention and low or non-retention displacement agents can further improve the displacement effect of polymer flooding agents.

Synthesis of biodiesel from Jatropha curcas L. seed oil using artificial zeolites loaded with CH3COOK as a heterogeneous catalyst

An environmentally benign process was devel-oped for the transesterification of Jatropha curcas L. seed oil with methanol using artificial zeolites loaded with potassium acetate as a heterogeneous catalyst. After calcination for 5 h at 823 K, the catalyst loaded with 47 wt.% CH3COOK exhibited the highest efficiency and best catalytic activity. The easily prepared cata-lysts were characterized by means of X-ray dif-fraction and IR spectroscopy, as well as Hammett indicator titration. The results revealed a strong dependence of catalytic activity on ba-sicity. The optimum reaction conditions for transesterification of J. curcas oil were also in-vestigated. The methyl ester content in the bio-diesel product exceeded 91% after 4h reaction at reflux temperature in the presence of 2% solid catalyst and no water washing process is needed during workup.

Biodiesel from Palm Vegetable Oil

Energy obtained from a variety of non-renewable sources is considered unsustainable. Various fossil fuels, such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas, are among these sources. The combustion of fossil fuels resulted in the generation of greenhouse gases, which increased the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Global warming and ozone layer degradation are the negative consequences. In a country like India, where consumable oils are still imported, it is sense to look at the possibility of using such unpalatable oils in CI engines that aren’t often utilized as cooking oil. Palm oil is a vegetable oil obtained from the monocarp of the oil palm’s crop. The main goal is to provide a low-cost, high-performance alternative to diesel. The possibility of palm oil as a realistic, modest, and effective hotspot for the generation of biodiesel is investigated in this research. The article is focused on the comparison of palm oil and diesel in terms of characteristics.

Heterogeneous geological conditions and differential enrichment of medium and high maturity continental shale oil in China

Based on the comparison of basic geological conditions and enrichment characteristics of shale oil plays, the heterogeneity of source and reservoir conditions and differential enrichment of medium-high maturity continental shale oil plays in China have been confirmed.(1) Compared with the homogeneous geological settings and wide distribution of marine shale oil strata in North America, the continental medium and high maturity shale oil plays in China are significantly different in geological conditions generally;continental multi-cyclic tectonic evolution forms multiple types of lake basins in multi-stages, providing sites for large-scale development of continental shale oil, and giving rise to large scale high-quality source rocks, multiple types of reservoirs, and diverse source-reservoir combinations with significant heterogeneity.(2) The differences in sedimentary water environments lead to the heterogeneity in lithology, lithofacies, and organic material types of source rocks;the differences in material source supply and sedimentary facies belt result in reservoirs of different lithologies, including argillaceous and transition rocks, and tight siltstone, and complex source-reservoir combination types.(3) The heterogeneity of the source rock controls the differentiation of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion, the diverse reservoir types make reservoir performance different and the source-reservoir configurations complex, and these two factors ultimately make the shale oil enrichment patterns different. Among them, the hydrocarbon generation and expulsion capacity of high-quality source rocks affect the degree of shale oil enrichment. Freshwater hydrocarbon source rocks with TOC larger than 2.5% and saline hydrocarbon source rocks with TOC of 2% to 10% have a high content of retained hydrocarbons and are favorable.(4) High-abundance organic shale is the basis for the enrichment of shale oil inside the source. In addition to being retained in shale, liquid hydrocarbons migrate along laminae, diagenetic fractures, and thin sandy layers, and then accumulate in laminae of argillaceous siltstone, siltstone, and argillaceous dolomite, and dolomitic siltstone suites, etc. with low organic matter abundance in the shale strata, resulting in differences in enrichment pattern.

Esterification of Free Fatty Acids in Waste Cooking Oil by Heterogeneous Catalysts

Waste cooking oil(WCO) is becoming the most promising alternative feedstock to produce biodiesel due to its low cost in China. In this study, NKC-9 ion-exchange resin and H-beta zeolite were selected as heterogeneous catalysts in the WCO esterification process and their esterification characteristics were compared by orthogonal experiments. NKC-9 resin showed higher activity and achieved a higher final conversion compared with H-beta zeolite under the same reaction conditions. Reusability experiments showed that NKC-9 resin still exhibited high activity after 5 runs. The effects of the mole ratio of alcohol to oil, reaction time, reaction temperature and the catalyst dose were investigated by multifactor orthogonal analysis. The influence of the free fatty acid(FFA) content was also investigated, and the result showed that the esterification rate could be as high as 98.4% when the FFA content was 6.3wt%.

Visualization of Water Plugging Displacement with Foam/Gel Flooding in Internally Heterogeneous Reservoirs

During the displacement of water plugging with binary flooding in internally heterogeneous reservoirs,it is essential to understand the distributions of remaining oil as well as the oil displacement mechanisms at different stages.In this study,two types of internally heterogeneous systems,i.e.,vertical and horizontal wells are investigated experimentally through a microscopic approach.The results show that plugging agent types have a greater impact on oil recovery than well types,and foam injection can enhance oil recovery more effectively than gel injection.Additionally,the injection sequence of plugging agents significantly affects oil displacement efficiency.Injecting gel after foam is more beneficial.According to the present results,the main formation mechanisms of remaining oil in each displacement stage are influenced by:capillary force,viscous force,inertial force,shear force,microscopic fingering&channeling.

Effects of microscopic pore structure heterogeneity on the distribution and morphology of remaining oil

Waterflooding experiments were performed using Micro-CT on four cores of different pore structures from Donghe sandstone reservoirs in the Tarim Basin. The water, oil and grains were accurately separated by the advanced image processing technology, the pore network model was established, and parameters such as the number of throats and the throat size distribution were calculated to characterize the microscopic heterogeneity of pore structure, the flow of oil phase during displacement, and the morphology and distribution of remaining oil after displacement. The cores with the same macroscopic porosity-permeability have great differences in microscopic heterogeneity of pore structure. Both macro porosity-permeability and micro heterogeneity of pore structure have an influence on the migration of oil phase and the morphology and distribution of remaining oil. When the heterogeneity is strong, the water phase will preferentially flow through the dominant paths and the remaining oil clusters will be formed in the small pores. The more the number of oil clusters(droplets) formed during displacement process, the smaller the average volume of cluster is, and the remaining oil is dominated by the cluster continuous phase with high saturation. The weaker the heterogeneity, the higher the pore sweep efficiency is, and the remaining oil clusters are mainly trapped in the form of non-continuous phase. The distribution and morphology of micro remaining oil are related to the absolute permeability, capillary number and micro-heterogeneity. So, the identification plate of microscopic residual oil continuity distribution established on this basis can describe the relationship between these three factors and distribution of remaining oil and identify the continuity of the remaining oil distribution accurately.

Compositional heterogeneity of crude oil and its origin in the Linnan subsag,Linyi County,Shandong Province

The Linnan subsag is the main oil producer of the Linpan oil zone. Based on the oil group composition,gas chromatography data and biomarker analysis,it was indicated that crude oils from different oilfields varied greatly in group composition and showed obvious heterogeneities in the aspects of precursor type,crude oil maturity and hydrocarbon depositional environment. According to the characteristics of source rocks,three oil populations can be distinguished,i.e.,the southern,northern and transitional oil populations. Furthermore,on the basis of post-reservoir reworking processes,the medium conditions of hydrocarbon-generating environment and differences in maturity,six oil families and twelve sub-families were distinquished. An integrated study suggested that the fac-tors leading to such heterogeneities in crude oil composition mainly include different source rocks,multi-stage oil/gas charging,geo-chromatographic effects during oil/gas migration,reservoir heterogeneities and various post-reservoir secondary alterations.

Application of frequency division inversion in the prediction of heterogeneous natural gas hydrates reservoirs in the Shenhu Area,South China Sea

Drilling results suggest that the thickness of natural gas hydrates(NGHs)in the Shenhu Area,South China Sea(SCS)are spatially heterogenous,making it difficult to accurately assess the NGHs resources in this area.In the case that free gas exists beneath hydrate deposits,the frequency of the hydrate deposits will be noticeably attenuated,with the attenuation degree mainly affected by pore development and free gas content.Therefore,the frequency can be used as an important attribute to identify hydrate reservoirs.Based on the time-frequency characteristics of deposits,this study predicted the spatial distribution of hydrates in this area using the frequency division inversion method as follows.Firstly,the support vector machine(SVM)method was employed to study the amplitude versus frequency(AVF)response based on seismic and well logging data.Afterward,the AVF response was introduced as independent information to establish the nonlinear relationship between logging data and seismic waveform.Then,the full frequency band information of the seismic data was fully utilized to obtain the results of frequency division inversion.The inversion results can effectively broaden the frequency band,reflect the NGHs distribution,and reveal the NGHs reservoirs of two types,namely the fluid migration pathway type and the in situ self-generation self-storage diffusion type.Moreover,the inversion results well coincide with the drilling results.Therefore,it is feasible to use the frequency division inversion to predict the spatial distribution of heterogeneous NGHs reservoirs,which facilitates the optimization of favorable drilling targets and is crucial to the resource potential assessment of NGHs.

近废弃油藏延长生命周期开发调整技术

针对近废弃油藏特高含水、优势通道发育、剩余油高度分散、非均质性强等主要矛盾,以双河油田北块Ⅱ(2油组)4—5层系为例,采用油藏精细地质建模、数值模拟方法和微观驱替实验方法,表征了聚合物驱后油藏剩余油分布特征。聚合物驱后宏观剩余油平面上注采非主流线、主流线弱势区及注采井距较大的边部区域剩余油饱和度较高,纵向上正韵律顶部剩余油富集;微观剩余油以半束缚态为主,依据剩余油分布特征提出了非均相复合驱变流线井网加密调整技术思路。通过井网变流线加密调整,形成交错式行列井网模式,流线方向转变30°以上,流线转向率达80%,促使剩余油有效动用。数值模拟预测该技术可提高采收率10.96%,新增可采储量70.61×10^(4) t,延长生命周期15 a,为聚合物驱后油藏大幅度提高采收率提供新的技术方法。

胜利油田油藏数值模拟技术新进展及发展方向

油藏数值模拟技术是油藏分析的重要手段,是油田开发人员编制开发方案、开展动态跟踪调整、进行提高油藏采收率研究等工作的有力工具。为明确胜利油田油藏数值模拟技术的未来发展方向,回顾了胜利油田60年以来油藏数值模拟应用技术和自主知识产权软件研发的发展历程,着重总结了“十三五”以来适配油田当前地质及开发特征的特高含水期精细油藏描述、低渗透油藏压驱开发、非均相复合驱、稠油油藏多元热复合驱、CO_(2)高压混相驱、页岩油大规模压裂整体开发等多个领域的数值模拟应用技术创新性进展;介绍了涵盖水驱、化学驱、微观、智能模拟等不同方向的多款胜利特色油藏数值模拟软件的研发及应用情况。最后指出在当前胜利油田的开发形势下,油藏数值模拟在精细程度、规模、效率和协作方式等方面面临着更大的挑战,油藏数值模拟需要进一步向一体化、并行化、智能化方向发展,为胜利油田开发提质增效提供技术支撑。

深层页岩油气用抗非均质载荷套管开发和性能评价

针对深层页岩油和页岩气开采特点及服役条件,开发出BG125HC高强度抗非均质载荷套管,并对其力学性能进行了测试。结果表明,BG125HC高强度抗非均质载荷套管冲击功不小于名义屈服强度值的10%(Akv≥YS_(min)/10),150℃下屈服强度降低5.9%;压溃强度超出API标准要求37%;抗剪切变形能力较Q125钢级套管提高17%。BG125HC高强度抗非均质载荷套管适用于深层页岩油和页岩气资源规模开发。

英雄滩油田深层稠油油藏降粘剂驱探索与研究

针对英雄滩油田大35-斜20块地层能量弱、油稠、低渗、敏感等因素影响,常规注水开发效果不佳;表现为注水压力高、储量动用不均衡,水驱效率低,油井易敏感高含水等问题,LPA降粘剂比实验室筛选的降粘剂A6B3具有一定的水相增粘与降低流度比的功能,进行构建LPA降粘剂体系,评价了降粘剂性能,通过并联填砂管岩心驱替实验与微观可视化驱油实验,研究了LPA降粘剂驱与普通降粘剂提高采收率的能力。实验结果表示:在实验温度70℃条件下,油水比为3∶7,LPA体系与大35-斜20块原油形成了较为稳定的乳状液,且降粘率最高达到98.2%。LPA降粘剂的采收率增值为6.67%,高于普通降粘剂的2.18%。在现场试验中,试验井组累油600余吨,投入产出比为1∶1.52,为该区块的稠油油藏降粘驱提供较好的经验。

王集泌162区块非均质稠油油藏化学驱油体系评价

针对王集泌162区块普通稠油油藏的地质特征,为进一步提高原油采收率,开展了化学驱油体系研究,并结合聚合物的黏浓、黏温、长期热稳定性以及矿化度对黏度影响等因素,开展了化学驱油体系评价。结果表明:①优选的聚合物在油藏温度下(56.5℃)老化180 d,黏度保留率为88.1%;②优选的表面活性剂质量浓度为500~3000 mg/L时,界面张力可以达到10-4 mN/m超低数量级;表面活性剂浓度为1000 mg/L及以上时,聚合物/表面活性剂二元复合驱体系的界面张力都能达到10-3 mN/m数量级;③单管岩心驱油实验表明,非均相复合驱体系(聚合物+表面活性剂+PPG)比单一聚合物、二元复合体系(聚合物+表面活性剂)、非均相体系(聚合物+PPG)采收率分别提高10.63%、4.51%、3.74%;④双管并联岩心实验表明,注入量相同时,采用非均相体系单注高渗层的方案3比高低渗层同注的方案2提高采收率3.9个百分点;总段塞量为0.6 PV,主段塞采用多级段塞组合的方案4比主段塞单一的方案3提高采收率3.6个百分点,1000 mg/L·PV提高采收率9.01个百分点,提高采收率幅度和经济效益均好于其他方案。

黔北地区五峰组—龙马溪组海相页岩储层非均质性特征及其控制因素

【研究目的】页岩非均质性是其自身固有属性,研究页岩的微观非均质性特征对明确页岩气富集机制研究及优质储层段优选具有重要的指导意义。【研究方法】本文以黔北地区五峰组—龙马溪组海相页岩为研究对象,通过XRD、低温N_(2)吸附、高压压汞等实验方法,重点分析了研究区海相页岩的宏观与微观孔隙结构非均质性特征。【研究结果】黔北地区五峰组—龙马溪组页岩主要发育硅质页岩岩相,其次为混合质页岩、黏质页岩岩相;不同岩相页岩在总有机碳含量、矿物组分、微观孔隙结构特征等方面具有较强的非均质性。采用N_(2)吸附曲线FHH分形模型,及高压压汞岩石多孔结构分形理论,计算得到N_(2)吸附低压分形维数D_(1)(0<P/P_(0)<0.45)为2.5351~2.6722,高压分形维数D_(2)(0.45<P/P_(0)<1)为2.8311~2.9113,另外,高压压汞分形维数D_(Hg)为2.0904~2.3736,表明黔北地区五峰组—龙马溪组不同孔径范围内孔隙结构均具有较强的非均质性,分形维数越大,则页岩储层孔隙结构越复杂,对页岩气的吸附作用越强。同时,不同类型孔隙分形维数与TOC、矿物组分、孔隙结构参数等影响因素之间的相关性存在明显差异。分形维数D_(Hg)与矿物含量之间相关性较强,表明宏孔孔隙分形特征主要受矿物组分的控制;分形维数D_(1)、D_(2)与页岩TOC含量及孔隙比表面积参数之间呈现良好相关性,表明微孔和中孔孔隙非均质性的主要影响因素为有机碳的富集程度与有机质孔的发育规模。【结论】综合分析发现,硅质页岩具有高TOC含量、高脆性矿物含量、高分形维数的特征,证明硅质页岩为黔北地区五峰组—龙马溪组优质页岩岩相,其次为混合质页岩岩相;同时有机质含量越高,则该岩相在具备优质生烃条件的同时,也具备良好的开发开采条件。该研究可为指导黔北地区海相页岩储层有利开发层段的优选提供理论和实践支撑。

非均质特低渗油藏CO_(2)驱增黏体系构筑及驱油效果研究

在模拟油藏条件下,系统评价超临界CO_(2)驱增黏体系注入性、油藏环境适应性及均质与非均质岩心驱油效果。结果表明,在油藏温度和压力下,优选构筑的超临界CO_(2)驱增黏体系(COAP-1)黏度可达2.16 mPa·s;CO_(2)/COAP-1黏度随压力增加而逐渐增大,受温度的影响较小;均质与非均质物模实验中,岩心水驱后转注CO_(2)/COAP-1驱相较于CO_(2)驱,提高采收率效果更为显著,采收率增幅随着渗透率级差的增加略有提升。CO_(2)/COAP-1体系可有效降低CO_(2)的流度,堵塞高渗层的微小孔隙,并有效启动低渗透层,扩大波及体积,大幅度提高采收率。

原位二氧化碳泡沫驱提高采收率实验

原位CO_(2)泡沫驱是一种很有潜力的提高采收率技术。通过原位CO_(2)泡沫驱提高采收率实验,优化了生气体系、泡沫体系以及注入参数,得到了最佳的注入量、注入速度和适用的渗透率级差范围。研究结果表明,在温度为70℃,地层水矿化度为10 000 mg/L条件下,得到可以作用于地层深部的原位CO_(2)泡沫体系,其配方为:2.1%碳酸氢铵+1.6%醋酸+9.5%氯化铵+0.1%α-烯烃磺酸钠AOS+0.1%油酸酰胺丙基甜菜碱DHSB,泡沫体积可达810 mL,泡沫综合指数为15552 mL·min。该体系形成的泡沫在油藏中部具有较高黏度和较大弹性的特性,能够有效封堵高渗通道,表现出良好的封堵能力。在渗透率级差为6左右时,原位CO_(2)泡沫体系注入速度控制在1.0mL/min左右,注入段塞量控制在0.3 PV,能够发挥最佳的调驱效果。研究还发现,该泡沫体系在渗透率级差为3.9~13.7的非均质储层中能有效提高采收率,而在渗透率级差为15.6的条件下,虽然未能显著提高低渗层采收率,但在高渗管中仍然有一定的洗油作用。本研究为原位CO_(2)泡沫驱技术的应用和优化提供了重要参考。

东营凹陷低渗透岩性油藏储层非均质性特征及水驱剩余油分布规律

中国低渗油藏潜力巨大,受控于地下储层特性及开发技术水平,目前采出程度偏低。以东营凹陷H67块沙二段的低渗透岩性油藏为例,运用地震、测井、岩芯、分析化验及生产动态资料,分析了低渗透岩性油藏的储层非均质性特征,描述了其对注水开发的影响,阐明了剩余油的分布规律。研究表明,低渗透油藏储层孔喉半径小,平面与层内非均质性强,主要体现在稳定展布的夹层及韵律砂层渗透性相差大,平面上砂体及物性展布有明显的方向性;受控于储层非均质性,低渗透岩性油藏注水开发中存在地层能量不足、单井日液量低及平面水驱不均衡等特点,水驱后剩余油储量丰度依然较大,剩余油主要富集在层内及平面储层厚度大、物性差的区域。以上成果及认识对低渗透岩性油藏的开发具有重要的指导意义。