Heterotrimeric G protein α subunit is involved in rice brassinosteroid response

Heterotrimeric G proteins are known to function as messengers in numerous signal transduction pathways.The nullmutation of RGA(rice heterotrimeric G protein α subunit),which encodes the α subunit of heterotrimeric G proteinin rice,causes severe dwarfism and reduced responsiveness to gibberellic acid in rice.However,less is known aboutheterotrimeric G protein in brassinosteroid(BR)signaling,one of the well-understood phytohormone pathways.In thepresent study,we used root elongation inhibition assay,lamina inclination assay and coleoptile elongation analysis todemonstrated reduced sensitivity of dl mutant plants(caused by the null mutation of RGA)to 24-epibrassinolide(24-epiBL),which belongs to brassinosteroids and plays a wide variety of roles in plant growth and development.Moreover,RGA transcript level was decreased in 24-epiBL-treated seedlings in a dose-dependent manner.Our results show thatRGA is involved in rice brassinosteroid response,which may be beneficial to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of Gprotein signaling and provide a novel perspective to understand BR signaling in higher plants.

Heterotrimeric G-protein is involved in phytochrome A-mediated cell death of Arabidopsis hypocotyls

The heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein （G-protein） has been demonstrated to mediate various signaling pathways in plants. However, its role in phytochrome A （phyA） signaling remains elusive. In this study, we discover a new phyA-mediated phenotype designated far-red irradiation （FR） preconditioned cell death, which occurs only in the hypocotyls of FR-grown seedlings following exposure to white light （WL）. The cell death is mitigated in the Gα mutant gpal but aggravated in the Gβ mutant agbl in comparison with the wild type （WT）, indicative of antagonistic roles of GPA1 and AGBI in the phyA-mediated cell-death pathway. Further investigation indicates that FR-induced accumulation of nonphotoconvertible protochlorophyllide （Pchlide^633）, which generates reactive oxygen species （ROS） on exposure to WL, is required for FR-preconditioned cell death. Moreover, ROS is mainly detected in chloroplasts using the fluorescent probe. Interestingly, the application of H2O2 to dark-grown seedlings results in a phenotype similar to FR-preconditioned cell death. This reveals that ROS is a critical mediator for the ceil death. In addition, we observe that agb1 is more sensitive to H2O2 than WT seedlings, indicating that the G-protein may also modify the sensitivity of the seedlings to ROS stress. Taking these results together, we infer that the G-protein may be involved in the phyA signaling pathway to regulate FR-preconditioned cell death ofArabidopsis hypocotyls. A possible mechanism underlying the involvement of the G-protein in phyA signaling is discussed in this study.

Oryza CLIMtools:A genome–environment association resource reveals adaptive roles for heterotrimeric G proteins in the regulation of rice agronomic traits

Modern crop varieties display a degree of mismatch between their current distributions and the suitability of the local climate for their productivity.To address this issue,we present Oryza CLIMtools(https://gramene.org/CLIMtools/oryza_v1.0/),thefirst resource for pan-genome prediction of climate-associated genetic variants in a crop species.Oryza CLIMtools consists of interactive web-based databases that enable the user to(1)explore the local environments of traditional rice varieties(landraces)in South-East Asia and(2)investigate the environment by genome associations for 658 Indica and 283 Japonica rice landrace accessions collected from georeferenced local environments and included in the 3K Rice Ge-nomes Project.We demonstrate the value of these resources by identifying an interplay betweenflowering time and temperature in the local environment that is facilitated by adaptive natural variation in OsHD2 and disrupted by a natural variant in OsSOC1.Prior quantitative trait locus analysis has suggested the impor-tance of heterotrimeric G proteins in the control of agronomic traits.Accordingly,we analyzed the climate associations of natural variants in the different heterotrimeric G protein subunits.We identified a coordi-nated role of G proteins in adaptation to the prevailing potential evapotranspiration gradient and revealed their regulation of key agronomic traits,including plant height and seed and panicle length.We conclude by highlighting the prospect of targeting heterotrimeric G proteins to produce climate-resilient crops.

Extracellular ATP Promotes Stomatal Opening of Arabidopsis thaliana through Heterotrimeric G Protein α Subunit and Reactive Oxygen Species

In recent years, adenosine tri-phosphate （ATP） has been reported to exist in apoplasts of plant cells as a signal molecule. Extracellular ATP （eATP） plays important roles in plant growth, development, and stress tolerance. Here, extra- cellular ATP was found to promote stomatal opening of Arabidopsis thaliana in light and darkness. ADP, GTP, and weakly hydrolyzable ATP analogs （ATPγS, Bz-ATP, and 2meATP） showed similar effects, whereas AMP and adenosine did not affect stomatal movement. Apyrase inhibited stomatal opening. ATP-promoted stomatal opening was blocked by an NADPH oxidase inhibitor （diphenylene iodonium） or deoxidizer （dithiothreitol）, and was impaired in null mutant of NADPH ox- idase （atrbohD/F）. Added ATP triggered ROS generation in guard cells via NADPH oxidase. ATP also induced Ca^2＋ influx and H ＋ efflux in guard cells. In atrbohD/F, ATP-induced ion flux was strongly suppressed. In null mutants of the heterotrimeric G protein α subunit, ATP-promoted stomatal opening, cytoplasmic ROS generation, Ca^2＋ influx, and ^H＋ efflux were all sup- pressed. These results indicated that eATP-promoted stomatal opening possibly involves the heterotrimeric G protein, ROS, cytosolic Ca^2＋, and plasma membrane H＋-ATPase.

Involvement of heterotrimeric G protein in signal transduc-tion of extracellular calmodu-lin in regulating rbcS expression

The role of heterotrimeric G protein in signal transduction pathway of extracellular calmodulin in regulating rbcS expression was examined in suspension-cultured cells of transgenic tobacco. Pharmalogical experiments indicated that G protein agonist cholera toxin enhanced rbcS expression and heterotrimeric G protein antagonist pertussis toxin inhibited rbcS expression in transgenic tobacco cells. Pertussis toxin also inhibited the enhancement effect caused by exogenous purified calmodulin on rbcS expression, whereas cholera toxin completely reversed the inhibitory effects caused by anti-calmodulin serum on rbcS expression. The right side-out vesicles from tobacco cell membrane were purified, which contained all of substrates for fluometric assay of GTPase activity. Exogenous purified calmodulin, when adding directly to the medium of plasma membrane vesicles, significantly activated GTPase activity in the right side-out plasma membrane vesicles, and this increase in GTPase activity was completely

Activation effect of extracellular calmodulin on heterotrimeric G protein in pollen plasma membrane

IN recent years, calmodulin （CaM）, an important Ca2+ receptor and constituent of cellular signal transduction systems, has been found extracellularly. We have verified that CaM is presented extracellularly in all of plant species we have examined. In addition, we have reported that extracellular CaM has some biological significance, such as stimulation of cell proliferation, cell wall regeneration, initiation of pollen germination and tube growth and inducement of rbcS gene expression. The role of heterotrimeric G proteins in pollen germination, tube growth and signal transduction of extracellular CaM has been examined in Lily pollen, and two kinds of antibodies against animal Gzα internal sequence and N-terminal

植物异三聚体G蛋白研究进展

植物细胞中的异三聚体G蛋白信号转导系统包括异三聚体G蛋白、G蛋白偶联受体、类受体激酶、G蛋白信号调节因子等,这些信号转导组分在感受物理及化学刺激、启动细胞内信号级联反应、调控细胞内代谢和基因表达过程中发挥重要作用.异三聚体G蛋白参与调控植物生长发育(如胚胎形成、营养器官生长、有性生殖等)、植物对生物及非生物胁迫的响应、根瘤形成等过程.因此,异三聚体G蛋白信号系统组分参与调控多种农作物的农艺性状,并最终影响农产品的产量和品质.对植物异三聚体G蛋白的结构、活化机制和生理功能等方面近年来取得的研究进展进行了回顾和总结.

过量表达异三聚体G蛋白γ亚基基因RGG2提高水稻抗旱性

【目的】探究水稻异三聚体G蛋白γ亚基RGG2在提高水稻抗旱性中的作用。【方法】利用酵母双杂交和荧光素酶互补实验,鉴定RGG2与RGB1的相互作用。施加外源ABA,检测RGG2的表达水平和RGG2过量表达系的种子萌发率,用于阐明RGG2是否参与ABA响应。通过比较野生型和RGG2过量表达系的离体叶片失水率和干旱处理后的植株存活率,解析RGG2在干旱胁迫响应中的作用。【结果】RGG2与RGB1之间存在相互作用。RGG2的表达水平可以被ABA、PEG-6000和干旱处理显著诱导。ABA处理条件下,日本晴和武运粳7号背景下RGG2过量表达系种子萌发率和根长均明显下降,且显著低于野生型,表明RGG2正调控ABA响应。过量表达系离体叶片的失水率低于野生型,但干旱条件下的植株存活率高于野生型。干旱处理条件下,多个ABA和干旱胁迫响应相关基因的表达被诱导,并且在过量表达系中的表达水平明显高于野生型。【结论】RGG2正调控ABA和干旱胁迫响应,过量表达RGG2可以提高水稻抗旱性。

水稻稻曲病菌G蛋白β亚基基因的克隆、表达与序列分析

水稻稻曲病是由稻绿核真菌[Ustilaginoidea virens(Cooke)Tak]引起的一种常见的水稻后期穂部病害。G蛋白可能参与了稻曲病菌的致病过程。为了研究G蛋白在病菌致病过程中的作用,分离并分析了稻曲菌的G蛋白β亚基编码基因。根据丝状真菌G蛋白β亚基编码基因的同源保守序列设计简并引物,采用同源克隆和热不对称交错PCR的方法,分离得到了稻曲菌的G蛋白β亚基全编码基因序列。该序列的长度为2037bp,包含4个内含子,5个外显子和1个编码359个氨基酸的开放阅读框。根据克隆到的UvGβ1设计引物,通过RT-PCR克隆到包含整个开放阅读框的cDNA序列。该基因的DNA序列和cDNA序列在GenBank中注册的登记号分别为GU014921和GU065745。系统进化分析表明该片段与栗疫病菌(Cryphonectria parasitica)的G蛋白β亚基基因亲缘关系最近。将该基因的整个开放阅读框连接于pET-30a构建原核表达载体,通过诱导获得了重组蛋白。

异三聚体G蛋白在拟南芥生长过程中的作用

利用拟南芥的野生型和异三聚体G蛋白α亚基基因GPA1缺失突变体(gpα1 1,gpα1 2)和超表达突变体(wGα,cGα)为材料,对植株生长发育的一些形态指标进行了观测比较.结果表明2个缺失突变体的植株高度、叶片宽度、长角果果柄长度都明显超过野生型,而超表达突变体的部分指标与野生型相比也有明显差别.实验结果表明,异三聚体G蛋白参与某些器官生长发育的调节,初步证明G蛋白α亚基在伸长生长过程中可能起负调节作用.

2,4-D和NAA在拟南芥细胞分裂和伸长中的作用分析

以拟南芥悬浮细胞体系为实验材料,研究了人工合成生长素NAA和2,4-D外源处理对细胞形态、细胞鲜重、细胞分裂指数等指标的影响.结果表明:2μmol/L 2,4-D可有效促进细胞分裂但不影响细胞伸长;同样浓度的NAA主要诱导细胞的伸长;细胞伸长和细胞分裂是2个不相偶联的过程;在2,4-D所诱导的细胞分裂过程中异三聚体G-蛋白α-亚基GPA1强表达.

异三聚体G蛋白在NAA诱导的拟南芥根生长发育中的作用

以拟南芥的野生型（ws）、异三聚体G蛋白α亚基基因GPA1缺失突变体（gpal-1，gpal-2）和超表达突变体（wGa，cGa）为材料，通过施加不同浓度（0～0．2mg／L）的NAA处理，对拟南芥根生长发育的一些形态指标进行了观测比较。结果表明：（1）随着培养基中NAA浓度的不断升高，5种基因型主根的伸长生长均受到抑制，且抑制作用随浓度升高而增强；4种突变体和野生型主根的生长在相同浓度NAA处理下，无明显差异；（2）NAA在一定浓度范围内，对拟南芥侧根的生长发育起促进作用；在NAA诱导的侧根生长中，G蛋白超表达突变体比野生型更敏感，缺失突变体则不敏感。初步证明G蛋白不参与主根生长发育的调节，而在侧根生长发育中可能起正调节作用。

玉米大斑病菌Stga-2及其启动子的克隆与基因表达分析

【目的】克隆玉米大斑病菌(Setosphaeria turcica)Gα亚基(Heterotrimeric Gproteinalpha subunit)基因及其启动子,并对其进行异源表达,为深入研究Gα基因的表达规律、基因功能和编码蛋白的特性奠定基础。【方法】首先通过简并引物PCR法获得Gα基因的同源片段,再利用Genome walking技术克隆片段的5′端和3′端侧翼序列,最后采用RT-PCR法扩增基因全长,并对基因结构和上游调控元件进行生物信息学分析。同时,利用pET原核表达系统获得基因的编码产物。【结果】获得1个玉米大斑病菌Gα基因—Stga-2的全长序列及其上游部分启动子区,并利用pET原核表达系统对Stga-2成功进行了异源表达。生物信息学分析表明,Stga-2全长1318bp,由4个内含子和5个外显子组成,编码产物包含356个氨基酸残基。在347bp的上游侧翼序列中未发现典型的TATA-box及CAAT-box,但在起始密码子上游30bp处发现了转录起始子特征序列及位于其上游能够起始真菌基因转录的C+T丰富区域,同时还有转录因子Sp1的识别位点、CCA基序(CCAmotif)及CCG重复基序(CCG repeats)等顺式作用元件。【结论】玉米大斑病菌Stga-2及其启动子的成功克隆与表达进一步丰富了植物病原真菌的生物信息学资源,为深入了解植物病原真菌信号转导途径奠定了基础。

苹果异三聚体G蛋白α亚基基因MdGPA1的克隆及功能鉴定

【目的】异三聚体G蛋白(Heterotrimeric G protein)作为植物生物体内重要的信号转导分子,在感受外界环境刺激、参与植物抗逆反应和跨膜信号转导等方面发挥着重要作用。克隆异三聚体G蛋白α亚基基因MdGPA1,并在烟草中过量表达MdGPA1,对其进行生物学功能鉴定和生理指标分析,为多年生木本植物响应环境因子信号转导过程中的分子机理研究提供参考。【方法】本研究以‘嘎拉’苹果(Malus×domestica‘Royal Gala’)为研究试材,利用同源序列比对和PCR技术,克隆获得MdGPA1。使用MEGA5.0构建GPA1物种间系统进化树;利用qRT-PCR方法检测该基因在苹果受非生物胁迫诱导表达及组织特异性表达情况。构建MdGPA1植物过表达载体,通过农杆菌介导法转化烟草叶片,比较干旱胁迫条件下野生型和转基因株系的表型与生理指标,验证MdGPA1在植物干旱胁迫条件下的生物学功能。【结果】克隆得到苹果异三聚体G蛋白α亚基基因MdGPA1(基因序列号:MDP0000881842),该基因长为1 173 bp,编码390个氨基酸。进化树分析表明MdGPA1与白梨Pb GPA1亲缘关系最近,同源性最高。基因表达分析显示MdGPA1主要在叶片中表达,在根系中的表达量次之,在茎和果实中的表达量较低。定量分析表明,该基因参与干旱、低温和盐等非生物逆境胁迫响应,在150 mmol·L^(-1)Na Cl、150 mmol·L^(-1)甘露醇、10%PEG和4℃胁迫条件下表达量明显下调,在5%H_2O_2胁迫处理下表达量明显上调。在烟草中过量表达MdGPA1,发现MdGPA1转基因烟草表现出对干旱敏感的表型特征,其叶片鲜重、叶绿素含量以及脯氨酸含量明显低于野生型烟草。在地下部,MdGPA1转基因烟草同样表现出对干旱敏感的表型特征;其根系形态相比于野生型较小,干重也明显低于野生型。【结论】MdGPA1参与了植物感受外界环境刺激的过程,对干旱、低温和盐等非生物逆境胁迫都存在着不同程度的响应。在烟草中异源表达MdGPA1后,提高了烟草对干旱的敏感性,转基因烟草表现出不耐干旱的表型,受干旱胁迫比野生型烟草更为严重,说明MdGPA1在响应植物抗旱胁迫中起着负调控作用。

甲状腺肿瘤G蛋白α亚基mRNA表达的初步研究

为研究G蛋白α亚基 (Ga)mRNA在甲状腺肿瘤组织中的表达 ,收集手术切除 5例甲状腺乳头状癌(TPC)及 6例无功能甲状腺腺瘤 (NFTA)组织 ,利用RT PCR技术观察Gs和Giα亚基的表达。结果发现 ,GsamRNA在TPC的表达较正常甲状腺 (NT)和NFTA明显增高 (P <0 0 5 ) ,NFTAGsamRNA表达水平的增高与NT无显著性意义 (P >0 0 5 ) ;Gia 3mRNA在NFTA的表达明显高于NT(P <0 0 5 ) ,两种甲状腺肿瘤组织中 3种Gia的表达水平无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 )。研究表明Gsa和Gia

丝瓜的三聚体G蛋白的初步研究

根据拟南芥（ａｒａｂｉｄｏｐｓｉｓｔｈａｈｌｉａｎａ）ＧＰＡ１的保守区段Ａ设计一对特异引物（５′ｃｔｇｇｇｇａａｔｃｔｇｇａａａａｔｃ３′，５′ｃａｃａｇｃｔｇｔａｃａｃｃｔｃａａａｃ３′）通过ＰＣＲ从丝瓜核基因组中扩增植物的三聚体Ｇ蛋白α亚基编码基因，获得了２个片段（ＬＦＧ１，ＬＦＧ２），并已克隆和测序（已在ＥＭＢＬ数据库中登记，登记号为：ｙ１５２７０，ｙ１５２７１）．序列分析表明ＬＦＧ１和ＬＦＧ２分别由１５１５ｂｐ和７３２ｂｐ构成，都含有三聚体Ｇ蛋白α亚基编码基因的保守区段Ａ，但也都含有内含子．根据片段的大小及ＰＣＲ的特性，ＬＦＧ１可能是丝瓜三聚体Ｇ蛋白α亚基编码基因上的片段．

异三聚体G蛋白在IAA诱导的拟南芥根生长发育中的作用

以拟南芥的野生型（ws）和异三聚体G蛋白α亚基基因GPA1缺失突变体（gpa1-1,gpa1-2）和超表达突变体（wGα,cGα）为材料,通过施加不同浓度（0~0.8 mg/L）的IAA处理,对拟南芥根生长发育的一些形态指标进行了观测比较。结果表明：①随着培养基中IAA浓度的不断升高,5种基因型主根的伸长生长都受到抑制,且抑制作用随浓度升高而增强;4种突变体和野生型主根的生长在相同浓度IAA处理下,无明显差异;②IAA在一定浓度范围内,对拟南芥侧根的生长发育起促进作用;在相同浓度IAA诱导的侧根生长中,缺失突变体明显比野生型侧根多,超表达突变体比野生型侧根少。初步证明,G蛋白不参与主根生长发育的调节,而在侧根生长发育中可能起负调节作用。

谷子弯孢病菌Clgα-1基因克隆及特征分析

谷子弯孢病菌(Cochliobolus lunatus)引起的谷子叶斑病是谷子生产上的重要病害之一,常造成严重经济损失。本研究利用候选基因法和RACE技术克隆了谷子弯孢病菌中的1个Gα基因,命名为Clgα-1,在GeneBank登陆号为HQ699081。Clgα-1基因开放阅读框为1 062 bp,编码353个氨基酸多肽,该开放阅读框被3个大小分别为57,49,59 bp的内含子隔开。聚类分析结果表明,谷子弯孢病菌Clgα-1基因与其他植物病原真菌Gα基因的同源性很高,Southern杂交结果表明该基因以单拷贝形式存在。Clgα-1基因具有其他病原真菌Gα基因具有的保守结构,如在氮端有豆蔻酰化位点,碳端具有ADP核糖基化位点。谷子弯孢病菌Clgα-1基因的克隆,为进一步研究Clgα-1基因在该菌致病过程中的功能奠定基础。

Ca^(2+)对拟南芥侧根生长发育影响的递进因子分析

【目的】确定Ca2+在异三聚体G蛋白调控的拟南芥侧根生长发育过程中的作用及可能的信号传递途径。【方法】以拟南芥的野生型(ws)、异三聚体G蛋白α亚基基因GPA1缺失突变体(gpa1-1,gpa1-2)和超表达突变体(wGα,cGα)为材料,在含有不同质量浓度(0~0.2 mg/L)NAA的培养基内,添加无机钙通道抑制剂AlCl3,对拟南芥侧根生长发育的形态进行观测,并对NAA、Ca2+、AlCl3的影响作用大小进行递进因子分析。【结果】相同质量浓度的NAA对5种基因型拟南芥侧根的生长发育无显著影响;Ca2+对5种基因型拟南芥侧根生长发育均有显著影响,侧根数目依次为缺失突变体<野生型<超表达突变体;AlCl3对5种基因型拟南芥侧根生长发育影响显著;Ca2+和AlCl3是拟南芥侧根生长发育的重要影响因素。【结论】(1)Ca2+通道可能是异三聚体G蛋白α亚基调节的下游效应器,Ca2+可能是下游信号,AlCl3对细胞膜上的Ca2+通道阻断数量可能是按一定比例阻断,而不是一个绝对数量,机制尚不明确。(2)3个处理因素在不同的处理层次中所起的作用不同,对5种不同基因型拟南芥个体侧根生长的影响也不同。递进因子分析结果与实际情况基本一致,是一种科学的、可行的、有创新性的方法,值得推广应用。

小麦与叶锈菌互作体系中G蛋白α、β亚基的表达及其与抗病蛋白和活性氧代谢的关系

为了从基因表达水平和抗病生理水平上了解小麦与叶锈菌互作过程中G蛋白的α、β亚基的作用,进一步揭示小麦的抗叶锈病分子机制和信号转导途径,以小麦抗叶锈病近等基因系TcLr1和叶锈菌05-22-64/05-8-63①为材料,构建了小麦与叶锈菌互作的亲和与非亲和组合,利用实时定量PCR技术对小麦G蛋白α、β亚基的基因表达量进行了检测。另外,以清水为对照,检测亲和与非亲和互作组合中,以及G蛋白抑制剂百日咳毒素PTX处理后再接种无毒性菌株的处理中,几丁质酶、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶以及活性氧产生速率的变化。结果发现,G蛋白的α亚基和β亚基都参与了小麦抗叶锈病的反应,并且可能在信号传递过程中起重要作用。无毒性叶锈菌可诱导G蛋白基因表达量的升高,而毒性叶锈菌会抑制G蛋白基因的表达。G蛋白α、β亚基在抗病反应信号传递过程中先后次序不同,β亚基基因的表达先于α亚基基因且表达量高于α亚基基因。另外,G蛋白可能通过诱导防卫酶和活性氧产生的增加来提高小麦对叶锈病的抗性。