Hydroponic farming is a viable and economical farming method,which can produce safe and healthy greens and vegetables conveniently and at a relatively low cost.It is essential to provide supplemental lighting for crop...Hydroponic farming is a viable and economical farming method,which can produce safe and healthy greens and vegetables conveniently and at a relatively low cost.It is essential to provide supplemental lighting for crops grown in greenhouses to meet the daily light requirement,Daily Light Integral(DLI).The present paper investigates how effectively and efficiently LEDs can be used as a light source in hydroponics.It is important for a hydroponic grower to assess the requirement of photo synthetically active radiation(PAR)or the Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density(PPFD),in a greenhouse,and adjust the quality and quantity of supplemental lighting accordingly.A Quantum sensor(or PAR sensor)can measure PAR more accurately than a digital light meter,which measures the light intensity or illuminance in the SI unit Lux,but a PAR sensor is relatively expensive and normally not affordable by an ordinary farmer.Therefore,based on the present investigation and experimental results,a very simple way to convert light intensity measured with a Lux meter into PAR is proposed,using a simple conversion factor(41.75 according to the present work).This allows a small-scale hydroponic farmer to use a simple and inexpensive technique to assess the day to day DLI values of PAR in a greenhouse accurately using just an inexpensive light meter.The present paper also proposes a more efficient way of using LED light panels in a hydroponic system.By moving the LED light panels closer to the crop,LED light source can use a fewer number of LEDs to produce the same required daily light requirement and can increase the efficiency of the power usage to more than 80%.Specifically,the present work has determined that it is important to design more efficient vertically movable LED light panels with capabilities of switching individual LEDs on and off,for the use in greenhouses.This allows a user to control the number of LEDs that can be lit at a particular time,as required.By doing so it is possible to increase the efficiency of a LED lighting system by reducing its cost of the electricity usage.展开更多
将高压气体放电灯(高压钠灯)用于光伏照明系统,再合理选择系统的各部分容量使之配合,即可在控制成本的前提下组成高效光伏照明系统。为了配合高压气体放电灯的稳定工作,研制了一个直流升压电路和一个高频逆变电路。配以镇流、启辉电路,...将高压气体放电灯(高压钠灯)用于光伏照明系统,再合理选择系统的各部分容量使之配合,即可在控制成本的前提下组成高效光伏照明系统。为了配合高压气体放电灯的稳定工作,研制了一个直流升压电路和一个高频逆变电路。配以镇流、启辉电路,实现了250W高压气体放电灯在高频电源下稳定工作,为照明提供了稳定、高转换效率的电光源,从而满足道路交通照明的要求。在此光伏照明系统中,还实现了太阳能最大功率点跟踪(MaximumPower Point Tracking,MPPT)技术。这样在充电过程中,即使在不同的光照和温度条件下,充电电路也能自动调整,使太阳能电池始终工作在最大功率输出状态。展开更多
Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) can be used as an energy efficient alternative to high-pressure sodium (HPS), which have historically been the standard for supplemental lighting in cannabis cultivation. However, there is...Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) can be used as an energy efficient alternative to high-pressure sodium (HPS), which have historically been the standard for supplemental lighting in cannabis cultivation. However, there is a lack of scientific understanding in the cannabis industry regarding plant physiology, which has resulted in the adoption of cannabis cultivation methods based on hearsay rather than scientific research. The goals of this study were to 1) compare LED lighting options that are commonly used in the cannabis industry and 2) compare the top performing LED light with an industry standard HPS light. Specifically, three LED lights were compared (California Light Works ((SolarSystem 1100), BIOS Lighting (Icarus Gi2), and Fluence Bioengineering (now Fluence by Osram) (SPYDR xPLUS)), based on light distribution, leaf temperature, and photosynthetic performance indices. The LED versus HPS comparison was based on light response curves measured at photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFD) of (0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 750, 1000, 1250, 1500, 1750 and 2000 μmol<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">∙</span></span>m<sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span>2</sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;">∙</span>s<sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span>1</sup>), carbon assimilation rates (<em>A</em>) μmol CO<sub>2</sub> m<sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span>2</sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">∙</span></span>s<sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span>1</sup> using a LiCor-6800 and resulting cannabinoid potency (THCA). The SPYDR xPLUS-Fluence by Osram had the highest performing LED light used in the LED comparison. At the suggested distance from bulb to canopy in the HPS versus LED comparison (6 inches for LEDs and 4 ft for HPS), carbon assimilation rates displayed a 142% percent increase in plants grown under LED vs. HPS with average photon flux densities of 795 and 298 μmol<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">∙</span></span>m<sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span>2</sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">∙</span></span>s<sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span>1</sup> for LED and HPS, respectively. All cultivars of<em> Cannabis sativa </em>L. showed increased cannabinoid potency when grown under LED illumination. The results of this study provide further insight regarding the selection of supplemental light to achieve maximum productivity of <em>Cannabis sativa</em> L.展开更多
文摘Hydroponic farming is a viable and economical farming method,which can produce safe and healthy greens and vegetables conveniently and at a relatively low cost.It is essential to provide supplemental lighting for crops grown in greenhouses to meet the daily light requirement,Daily Light Integral(DLI).The present paper investigates how effectively and efficiently LEDs can be used as a light source in hydroponics.It is important for a hydroponic grower to assess the requirement of photo synthetically active radiation(PAR)or the Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density(PPFD),in a greenhouse,and adjust the quality and quantity of supplemental lighting accordingly.A Quantum sensor(or PAR sensor)can measure PAR more accurately than a digital light meter,which measures the light intensity or illuminance in the SI unit Lux,but a PAR sensor is relatively expensive and normally not affordable by an ordinary farmer.Therefore,based on the present investigation and experimental results,a very simple way to convert light intensity measured with a Lux meter into PAR is proposed,using a simple conversion factor(41.75 according to the present work).This allows a small-scale hydroponic farmer to use a simple and inexpensive technique to assess the day to day DLI values of PAR in a greenhouse accurately using just an inexpensive light meter.The present paper also proposes a more efficient way of using LED light panels in a hydroponic system.By moving the LED light panels closer to the crop,LED light source can use a fewer number of LEDs to produce the same required daily light requirement and can increase the efficiency of the power usage to more than 80%.Specifically,the present work has determined that it is important to design more efficient vertically movable LED light panels with capabilities of switching individual LEDs on and off,for the use in greenhouses.This allows a user to control the number of LEDs that can be lit at a particular time,as required.By doing so it is possible to increase the efficiency of a LED lighting system by reducing its cost of the electricity usage.
文摘将高压气体放电灯(高压钠灯)用于光伏照明系统,再合理选择系统的各部分容量使之配合,即可在控制成本的前提下组成高效光伏照明系统。为了配合高压气体放电灯的稳定工作,研制了一个直流升压电路和一个高频逆变电路。配以镇流、启辉电路,实现了250W高压气体放电灯在高频电源下稳定工作,为照明提供了稳定、高转换效率的电光源,从而满足道路交通照明的要求。在此光伏照明系统中,还实现了太阳能最大功率点跟踪(MaximumPower Point Tracking,MPPT)技术。这样在充电过程中,即使在不同的光照和温度条件下,充电电路也能自动调整,使太阳能电池始终工作在最大功率输出状态。
文摘Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) can be used as an energy efficient alternative to high-pressure sodium (HPS), which have historically been the standard for supplemental lighting in cannabis cultivation. However, there is a lack of scientific understanding in the cannabis industry regarding plant physiology, which has resulted in the adoption of cannabis cultivation methods based on hearsay rather than scientific research. The goals of this study were to 1) compare LED lighting options that are commonly used in the cannabis industry and 2) compare the top performing LED light with an industry standard HPS light. Specifically, three LED lights were compared (California Light Works ((SolarSystem 1100), BIOS Lighting (Icarus Gi2), and Fluence Bioengineering (now Fluence by Osram) (SPYDR xPLUS)), based on light distribution, leaf temperature, and photosynthetic performance indices. The LED versus HPS comparison was based on light response curves measured at photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFD) of (0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 750, 1000, 1250, 1500, 1750 and 2000 μmol<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">∙</span></span>m<sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span>2</sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;">∙</span>s<sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span>1</sup>), carbon assimilation rates (<em>A</em>) μmol CO<sub>2</sub> m<sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span>2</sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">∙</span></span>s<sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span>1</sup> using a LiCor-6800 and resulting cannabinoid potency (THCA). The SPYDR xPLUS-Fluence by Osram had the highest performing LED light used in the LED comparison. At the suggested distance from bulb to canopy in the HPS versus LED comparison (6 inches for LEDs and 4 ft for HPS), carbon assimilation rates displayed a 142% percent increase in plants grown under LED vs. HPS with average photon flux densities of 795 and 298 μmol<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">∙</span></span>m<sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span>2</sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">∙</span></span>s<sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span>1</sup> for LED and HPS, respectively. All cultivars of<em> Cannabis sativa </em>L. showed increased cannabinoid potency when grown under LED illumination. The results of this study provide further insight regarding the selection of supplemental light to achieve maximum productivity of <em>Cannabis sativa</em> L.