Dynamic compressive property and failure behavior of extruded Mg-Gd-Y alloy under high temperatures and high strain rates

For the purpose of investigating the dynamic deformational behavior and failure mechanisms of magnesium under high strain rates,the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar(SHPB)was used for investigating dynamic mechanical properties of extruded Mg-Gd-Y Magnesium alloy at ambient temperature(300 K),200℃(473 K)and 300℃(573 K)temperature.The samples after compression were analyzed by scanning electron microscope(SEM)and metallographic microscope.Dynamic mechanical properties,crack performance and plastic deformation mechanism of extruded Mg-Gd-Y Magnesium alloy along the extrusion direction(ED)were discussed.The results show that,extruded Mg-Gd-Y Magnesium alloy has the largest dynamic compressive strength which is 535 MPa at ambient temperature(300 K)and strain rate of 2826 s^(−1).When temperature increases,dynamic compressive strength decreases,while ductility increases.The dynamic compression fracture mechanism of extruded Mg-Gd-Y Magnesium alloy is multi-crack propagation and intergranular quasi-cleavage fracture at both ambient temperature and high temperature.The dynamic compressive deformation mechanism of extruded Mg-Gd-Y Magnesium alloy is a combination of twinning,slipping and dynamic recrystallization at both ambient temperature and high temperature.

FAILURE MODE AND CONSTITUTIVE MODEL OF PLAIN HIGH-STRENGTH HIGH-PERFORMANCE CONCRETE UNDER BIAXIAL COMPRESSION AFTER EXPOSURE TO HIGH TEMPERATURES

An orthotropic constitutive relationship with temperature parameters for plain highstrength high-performance concrete （HSHPC） under biaxial compression is developed. It is based on the experiments performed for characterizing the strength and deformation behavior at two strength levels of HSHPC at 7 different stress ratios including a=σs ： σ3=0.00：-1,-0.20：-1,-0.30 ： -1,-0.40：-1,-0.50：-1,-0.75：-1,-1.00：-1, after the exposure to normal and high temperatures of 20, 200, 300, 400, 500 and 600℃, and using a large static-dynamic true triaxial machine. The biaxial tests were performed on 100 mm×100 mm×100 mm cubic specimens, and friction-reducing pads were used consisting of three layers of plastic membrane with glycerine in-between for the compressive loading plane. Based on the experimental results, failure modes of HSHPC specimens were described. The principal static compressive strengths, strains at the peak stress and stress-strain curves were measured; and the influence of the temperature and stress ratios on them was also analyzed. The experimental results showed that the uniaxial compressive strength of plain HSHPC after exposure to high temperatures does not decrease dramatically with the increase of temperature. The ratio of the biaxial to its uniaxial compressive strength depends on the stress ratios and brittleness-stiffness of HSHPC after exposure to different temperature levels. Comparison of the stress-strain results obtained from the theoretical model and the experimental data indicates good agreement.

Strength regularity and failure criterion of plain HSHPC under biaxial compression after exposure to high temperatures

Biaxial compression tests are performed on 100 mm × 100 mm × 100 mm cubic specimens of plain high-strength highperformance concrete （HSHPC） at seven kinds of stress ratios, σ2：σ3 =0 ： - 1, -0.20 ： - 1, -0.30 ： - 1, -0.40 ： - 1, -0.50 ： -1, -0. 75 ： - 1, and - 1.00 ： - 1 after exposure to normal and high temperatures of 20, 200, 300, 400, 500 and 600 ℃, using a large static-dynamic true triaxial machine. Frictionreducing pads are three layers of plastic membranes with glycerine in-between for the compressive loading plane. Failure modes of the specimens are described. The two principally static compressive strengths are measured. The influences of the temperatures and stress ratios on the biaxial strengths of HSHPC after exposure to high temperatures are also analyzed. The experimental results show that the uniaxial compressive strength of plain HSHPC after exposure to high temperatures does not decrease completely with the increase in temperature; the ratios of the biaxial to its uniaxial compressive strengths depend on the stress ratios and brittleness-stiffness of HSHPC after exposure to different high temperatures. The formula of the Kupfer-Gerstle failure criterion modified with the temperature and stress ratio parameters for plain HSHPC is proposed.

Future Changes in Extreme High Temperature over China at 1.5℃-5℃ Global Warming Based on CMIP6 Simulations

Extreme high temperature(EHT)events are among the most impact-related consequences related to climate change,especially for China,a nation with a large population that is vulnerable to the climate warming.Based on the latest Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6(CMIP6),this study assesses future EHT changes across China at five specific global warming thresholds(1.5℃-5℃).The results indicate that global mean temperature will increase by 1.5℃/2℃ before 2030/2050 relative to pre-industrial levels(1861-1900)under three future scenarios(SSP1-2.6,SSP2-4.5,and SSP5-8.5),and warming will occur faster under SSP5-8.5 compared to SSP1-2.6 and SSP2-4.5.Under SSP5-8.5,global warming will eventually exceed 5℃ by 2100,while under SSP1-2.6,it will stabilize around 2℃ after 2050.In China,most of the areas where warming exceeds global average levels will be located in Tibet and northern China(Northwest China,North China and Northeast China),covering 50%-70%of the country.Furthermore,about 0.19-0.44 billion people(accounting for 16%-41%of the national population)will experience warming above the global average.Compared to present-day(1995-2014),the warmest day(TXx)will increase most notably in northern China,while the number of warm days(TX90p)and warm spell duration indicator(WSDI)will increase most profoundly in southern China.For example,relative to the present-day,TXx will increase by 1℃-5℃ in northern China,and TX90p(WSDI)will increase by 25-150(10-80)days in southern China at 1.5℃-5℃ global warming.Compared to 2℃-5℃,limiting global warming to 1.5℃ will help avoid about 36%-87%of the EHT increases in China.

Plastic Flow Modeling of Ti-5 Al-2 Sn-2 Zr-4 Mo-4 Cr Alloy at Elevated Temperatures and High Strain Rates

The true stress-sWain relationships of Ti-5A1-2Sn-2Zr-4Mo-4Cr（TC17） alloy with a wide range of strain rates were investigated by tmiaxial quasi-static and dynamic compression tests, respectively. Quasi- static compression tests were carried out with Instron 8874 test machine, while dynamic compression tests were performed with the split Hopkinson pressure bar （SHPB） which was installed with heating device and synchro- assembly system. The dynamic mechanical behaviors tests of TC17 were carded out from room temperature to 800 ℃ at intervals of 200 ℃ and at high sWain rates （5 500-1 9200 s-l）. The stress-strain curves considering temperature-sWain rate coupling actions were obtained. The Johnson-Cook constitutive model was developed through data fitting of the stress-sWain curves. The material constants in the developed constitutive model can be determined using isothermal and adiabatic stress-strain curves at different strain rates. The Johnson-Cook constitutive model provided satisfied prediction of the plastic flow stress for TC17 alloy.

The temperature-dependent fracture strength model for ultra-high temperature ceramics

Breaking down the entire structure of a material implies severing all the bonds between its atoms either by applying work or by heat transfer. Because bond-breaking is indifferent to either means, there is a kind of equivalence between heat energy and strain energy. Based on this equivalence, we assume the existence of a constant maximum storage of energy that includes both the strain energy and the corresponding equivalent heat energy. A temperaturedependent fracture strength model is then developed for ultrahigh temperature ceramics （UHTCs）. Model predictions for UHTCs, HfB2, TiC and ZrB2, are presented and compared with the experimental results. These predictions are found to be largely consistent with experimental results.

Effects of fibers on mechanical properties of high-performance concrete subjected to elevated temperatures

The compressive strength and ilexural toughness as well as fracture energy of fiber reinforced highperformance concrete （FRHPC） subjected to different high temperatures were studied. The results showed that after exposure at 300,600 and 900℃, the concrete mixes retained 88.1% , 41.3% and 10.2% of the original compressive strength on average, respectively. Steel fiber and polypropylene （PP） fiber were both effective in minimizing the damage effect of high temperatures on the compressive strength. The HPC reinforced with steel fibers showed higher flexural toughness and fracture energy before and after the high-temperature exposures. In comparison, PP fibers had minor beneficial effects on the flexural toughness and fracture energy. The mechanical properties of HPC reinforced with hybrid fibers （steel fiber ＋ PP fiber） were equivalent to or better than those of HPC reinforced with steel fibers alone. In addition, the failure pattern of FRHPC beams changed from pull-out of steel fibers at lower temperatures （20, 300 and 600℃） to tensile failure of steel fibers at higher temperature （900 ℃）.

Comparison of mechanical properties in high temperature and thermal treatment granite

Static mechanical experiments were carried out on granite after and under different temperatures using an electro-hydraulic and servo-controlled material testing machine with a heating device. Variations in obvious form, stress-strain curve, peak strength, peak strain and elastic modulus with temperature were analyzed and the essence of rock failure modes was explored. The results indicate that, compared with granite after the high temperature treatment, the brittle-ductile transition critical temperature is lower, the densification stage is longer, the elastic modulus is smaller and the damage is larger under high temperature. In addition, the peak stress is lower and the peak strain is greater, but both of them change more obviously with the increase of temperature compared with that of granite after the high temperature treatment. Furthermore, the failure modes of granite after the high temperature treatment and under high temperature show a remarkable difference. Below 100 ℃, the failure modes of granite under both conditions are the same, presenting splitting failure. However, after 100 ℃, the failure modes of granite after the high temperature treatment and under high temperature present splitting failure and shear failure, respectively.

Experimental analysis of high temperature capacitance variance of MLCC

High temperature capacitance variance of multi-layer ceramic capacitor （MLCC） is researched.Combined with the characteristics of MLCC,the application of MLCC in fuze is proposed,and the temperature stability of MLCC is also discussed.The experimental results indicate that the capacitance of low frequency MLCC is largely affected by temperature.

TDFAD APPROACH TO HIGH TEMPERATURE DEFECT ASSESSMENT AND ITS ENGINEERING APPLICATION

From the idea of failure of defective structures at high temperature beingcontrolled by two mechanisms: fast fracture due to creep crack growth initiating at the crack tipand creep rupture on the weakened section, a time-dependent failure assessment diagram (TDFAD) isdeveloped on the basis of the time dependent crack tip parameter J integral. According to theproposed TDFAD method, detailed crack initiation and creep crack growth analysis is avoided insafety assessments of high temperature structures by performing simple calculations of stressintensity factor and limit load. To evaluate the creep toughness parameter K_(mat), three differentexpressions are suggested on the basis of experimental load-line displacement, creep crackinitiation and growth parameters as well as the isochronous stress-strain curve. The influence ofservice factors such as temperature and service-time on the proposed TDFAD is discussed by using theproperties of 2.25CrlMo steel and an example is also presented to illustrate the approach.

Influence of temperature on the transformation and self-control of energy during sandstone damage:Experimental and theoretical research

The surrounding rock in tunnelling engineering and coal mining will sometimes be exposed to high temperature. Rock failure is the result of energy dissipation, and the study of the evolution and transformation behavior of energy is of great significance for the in-depth understanding of the deformation and failure of rock after high temperature. This study analyzed the intrinsic connection between mechanical properties and acoustic emission(AE) energy under temperature effect. Based on the energy dissipation and release theory, the distribution and transformation of energy was analyzed, and the energy selfincentive and self-inhibition(EII) model was further established. The main findings are that temperature effect affects the confidence interval trend and the value of AE energy rate, which is related to the change in mechanical properties. The ability of sandstone to store elastic strain energy after exposure to high temperature is independent of the mechanical properties. In this study, the ratio of dissipated energy to elastic energy is used to characterize the stable state of the sandstone system, which can be used as the energy indicator of rock failure precursor. During the absorption, storage, and release of energy before the peak stress, there exists self-incentive and self-inhibition of energy(control behavior).

Experimental study on biaxial mechanical behavior of concrete suffered high temperature and constitutive model

Biaxial compression tests on plain concrete suffered high temperature ranging from 200 ℃ to 600 ℃ were carried out using the large-scale dynamic-static tri-axial concrete test system at the State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering with designated stress ratios of 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1, respectively. The measured strength and strain were reported and the changes in both biaxial compressive failure envelopes and strains at peak stresses were analyzed. The regressive equation of initial elastic modulus in the biggest principal compressive stress direction was derived from test results. With the published results from previous biaxial tension-compression experiments, a three-parameter failure criterion has been proposed. A biaxial nonlinear elastic incremental constitutive model was developed for the compressive stress directions by using the equivalent uniaxial strain values deduced from test results. Analytical results obtained from the proposed biaxial constitutive model achieve good agreement with the experimental results.

Experiments of Brittle-Plastic Transition and Instability Modes of Juyongguan Granite at Different Temperatures and Pressures

Three groups of experiments on brittle-plastic transition and instability modes of granite were performed in a triaxial vessel with solid pressure medium at high temperature and high pressure. The results of experiments show that brittle faulting is the major failure mode at temperature <300℃, but crystal-plastic deformation is dominate at temperature >800℃, and there is a transition with increasing temperature from semi-brittle faulting to cataclastic flow and semi-brittle flow at temperatures of 300～800℃. So, temperature is the most influential factor in brittle-plastic transition of granite and confining pressure is the second factor. The results also show that progressive failure of granite occurs at lower pressure or high temperature where there is crystal plasticity, and sudden instability occurs at room temperature and high pressure (>300MPa) or high temperature and great pressure(550℃600MPa ～650℃700MPa), and a broad regime of quasi-sudden instability exists between the T-P condition of progressive failure and sudden instability. So, instability modes of granite depend simultaneously on the pressure and temperature.

HTR-PM汽轮机轴封蒸汽断供原因分析及解决方案

介绍了高温气冷堆示范工程(HTR-PM)汽轮机轴封系统,并且对轴封蒸汽断供的原因进行了分析,提出了可以采用蒸汽发生器及管道内余汽供轴封、辅助电锅炉至轴封供汽管道改造、高温空气供轴封这3种解决方案。对3种方案进行对比,分析其在成本、可靠性和运行限制方面的优缺点,结果表明3种方案均是可行的。研究结果为HTR-PM汽轮机轴封蒸汽断供问题的解决提供了参考。

高温加热-液氮冷冲击处理后花岗岩声发射演化特征及损伤本构模型

通过液氮(LN_2)压裂在储层中形成大规模裂隙网络,可以有效提高干热岩储层的热能提取效率。为研究液氮冷冲击作用对不同温度储层的压裂机理和致裂效果的影响,对经过高温加热(25℃~400℃)和液氮冷冲击处理后的花岗岩试样进行单轴压缩试验,分析了花岗岩力学强度及声发射等多项参数的演化特征,并进一步构建了考虑声发射参数的损伤本构模型,用于评价和预测高温加热-液氮冷冲击处理后花岗岩的变形和强度特征。结果表明:高温和液氮冷冲击的联合作用显著劣化了花岗岩力学性能,峰值强度逐渐降低,最大降幅达到32.8%。同时随着加热温度的升高,不同矿物颗粒之间的热膨胀变形存在差异,导致矿物颗粒之间变形不协调。随着初始加热温度的升高,声发射最大b值平均值显著上升,最大增幅达到32.2%,且声发射振铃计数的初始静默阶段对应的应变量大幅度降低,最大降幅达到54.3%。随着加热温度的升高,液氮冷冲击作用使得微裂纹的生长更为密集,花岗岩在外部荷载作用下,微裂隙不断扩展贯通,更容易形成剪切变形,发生剪切破坏的起始应力水平逐渐下降,最大降幅达到62.3%,同时RA-AF散点值在剪切区域占比增加,最大增幅达到29.5%。此外,本文以声发射振铃累计计数为变量构建了考虑声发射参数的损伤本构模型,能够描述不同高温和液氮冷冲击处理后花岗岩各力学参量在变形破坏过程中的演化特征。

A damage-coupled multi-axial time-dependent low cycle fatigue failure model for SS304 stainless steel at high temperature

Based on the time-dependent strain cyclic characteristics and fatigue behaviors of SS304 stainless steel under multi-axial cyclic loading at 700 ？ C, and in the frame of unified visoco-plastic cyclic constitutive model and continuum damage mechanics theory, the damage-coupled multi-axial time-dependent constitutive model and fatigue failure model were proposed. In the model, the evolution equation of damage was introduced in and the time-dependent effects, e.g. holding time, loading rate, were taken into account. The model was applied to the simulation of whole-life cyclic deformation behaviors and prediction of LCF life for SS304 stainless steel in multiaxial time-dependent low cycle fatigue tests. It is shown that the simulated results agree well with experimental ones.

Granite deformation and behavior of acoustic emission sequence under the temperature and pressure condition at different crust depths

Results of triaxial compression experiment results show that granite rock strength increases with the depth until 30 km. In shallow crust, rock failure exhibits abrupt or quasi-abrupt instability under lower pressure. Acoustic Emission (AE for short) distributed almost uniformly before and after failure. Go through downwards into the depth range with progressive failure feature, there are no or only a few number of AE before and after failure. In deeper range, rock failure shows some feature of quasi-abrupt instability under high pressure. There are still few AE before failure, but with the stick-slip, much more An events were detected after failure. Under the temperature and pressure condition of more deep crust (about 26 km), rock failure takes abrupt instability under high pressure as main feature, there are dense AE activities before failure and cumulated frequency of AE increases exponentially before the failure. In about 35 km depth range, rock strength decreases quickly with the depth and sample exhibits semi-ductile or ductile progressive fails, there are no AE being detected before and after failure. The b value of AE sequence before failure seems a little smaller than that after failure, and b value roughly decreased with depth. The numerical range of index α is the widest in about 18 km depth and becomes narrow in the condition of more shallow or more deep crust. So, when the temperature and pressure condition simulating the real environment of focal depth changes from shallow to deep in the crust, the range of a of microfracture sequence would undergo such an evolvement process that a changes from narrow to wide and then to narrow again.

铂-钯热电偶高温断裂仿真分析研究

铂-钯热电偶在稳定性和准确度等技术方面优于传统的铂铑10-铂热电偶和铂铑30-铂铑6热电偶,具有广泛的应用前景。但在试验中,发现Pd电极在高温1100℃以上时容易断裂。因此,本文对热电偶点接触结构应力特性进行仿真分析,并设计两种特殊结构形式的铂-钯热电偶。

高温后混凝土双轴拉-压力学特性试验研究

利用大型混凝土静-动三轴试验系统，对高温后的普通混凝土进行了5种加载比例的双轴等比例拉-压试验，给出了20～600℃范围内相应的试验数据．根据试验结果．分析了高温后混凝土双轴拉-压力学特性，发现在双轴拉-压应力状态下，各应力比下混凝土抗拉强度、峰值拉应力点处的应变均随温度的升高而下降．在此基础上，给出了抗拉强度与温度和应力比的关系武。建立了高温后混凝土双轴拉-压的强度破坏准则．

超音速等离子喷涂NiCr-Cr_3C_2/Mo复合涂层的高温摩擦磨损性能

采用超音速等离子喷涂制备了NiCr-Cr3C2/Mo复合涂层,借助扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)、显微硬度计、高温摩擦磨损试验机等手段,研究了涂层的微观组织、显微硬度及涂层在25、300、500、750℃下的摩擦磨损性能。结果表明:制备的NiCr-Cr3C2/Mo复合涂层Mo相分布均匀,组织致密、硬度高;温度对涂层的摩擦因数影响显著,随温度的升高,摩擦因数呈先下降后上升再下降的趋势,750℃时因摩擦界面生成MoO3减摩相使摩擦因数最低;NiCr-Cr3C2/Mo复合涂层在高温下以氧化疲劳剥落为主要失效机制,涂层表面复合氧化膜的形成特点将直接影响涂层的摩擦磨损性能,MoO3的形成是显著提高涂层减摩效果的主要因素。