Experimental investigation on using CO_(2)/H_(2)O emulsion with high water cut in enhanced oil recovery

CO_(2) emulsions used for EOR have received a lot of interest because of its good performance on CO_(2)mobility reduction.However,most of them have been focusing on the high quality CO_(2) emulsion(high CO_(2) fraction),while CO_(2) emulsion with high water cut has been rarely researched.In this paper,we carried out a comprehensive experimental study of using high water cut CO_(2)/H_(2)O emulsion for enhancing oil recovery.Firstly,a nonionic surfactant,alkyl glycosides(APG),was selected to stabilize CO_(2)/H_(2)O emulsion,and the corresponding morphology and stability were evaluated with a transparent PVT cell.Subsequently,plugging capacity and apparent viscosity of CO_(2)/H_(2)O emulsion were measured systematically by a sand pack displacement apparatus connected with a 1.95-m long capillary tube.Furthermore,a high water cut(40 vol%) CO_(2)/H_(2)O emulsion was selected for flooding experiments in a long sand pack and a core sample,and the oil recovery,the rate of oil recovery,and the pressure gradients were analyzed.The results indicated that APG had a good performance on emulsifying and stabilizing CO_(2) emulsion.An inversion from H_(2)O/CO_(2) emulsion to CO_(2)/H_(2)O emulsion with the increase in water cut was confirmed.CO_(2)/H_(2)O emulsions with lower water cuts presented higher apparent viscosity,while the optimal plugging capacity of CO_(2)/H_(2)O emulsion occurred at a certain water cut.Eventually,the displacement using CO_(2)/H_(2)O emulsion provided 18.98% and 13.36% additional oil recovery than that using pure CO_(2) in long sand pack and core tests,respectively.This work may provide guidelines for EOR using CO_(2) emulsions with high water cut.

Optimization of Injection Parameters for Profile Control and Flooding in an Oilfield during High Water Cut Period

In order to improve the effect of water control and oil stabilization during high water cut period, a mathematical model of five point method well group was established with the high water cut well group of an Oilfield as the target area, the variation law of water cut and recovery factor of different injection parameters was analyzed, and the optimization research of injection parameters of polymer enhanced foam flooding was carried out. The results show that the higher the injection rate, the lower the water content curve, and the higher the oil recovery rate. As the foam defoamed when encountering oil, when the injection time was earlier than 80% of water cut, the later the injection time was, the better the oil displacement effect would be. When the injection time was later than 80% of water cut, the later the injection time was, the worse the oil displacement effect would be. The larger the injection volume, the lower the water content curve and the higher the recovery rate. After the injection volume exceeded 0.2 PV, the amplitude of changes in water content and recovery rate slowed down. The optimal injection parameters of profile control agent for high water content well group in Oilfield A were: injection rate of 15 m3/d, injection timing of 80% water content, and injection volume of 0.2 PV.

A Method for Calculating Oil Field Relative Permeability Curve by Using Water Drive Characteristic Curve in High Water Cut Stage

With the production of strong bottom water reservoir, it will soon enter the ultra-high water cut stage. After entering the ultra-high water cut period, the main means of stable production is liquid extraction. Large liquid volume has a certain impact on the physical property distribution and fluid seepage law of the oilfield. The relative permeability curve measured according to the industry standard is not used for the prediction of development indicators and the understanding of the dynamic law of the oilfield. In order to understand the characteristics of water drive law in high water cut stage of water drive oilfield, starting from the water drive characteristic curve in high water cut stage, the method for calculating the relative permeability curve is deduced. Through numerical simulation verification and fitting the actual production data, it is confirmed that the obtained relative permeability curve is in line with the reality of the oilfield, It can provide some guiding significance for understanding the production law and water drive law of strong bottom water reservoir in ultra-high water cut stage.

Ultrasonic method for measuring water holdup of low velocity and high-water-cut oil-water two-phase flow

Oil reservoirs with low permeability and porosity that are in the middle and late exploitation periods in China＇s onshore oil fields are mostly in the high-water-cut production stage.This stage is associated with severely non-uniform local-velocity flow profiles and dispersed-phase concentration（of oil droplets） in oil-water two-phase flow,which makes it difficult to measure water holdup in oil wells.In this study,we use an ultrasonic method based on a transmission-type sensor in oil-water two-phase flow to measure water holdup in lowvelocity and high water-cut conditions.First,we optimize the excitation frequency of the ultrasonic sensor by calculating the sensitivity of the ultrasonic field using the finite element method for multiphysics coupling.Then we calculate the change trend of sound pressure level attenuation ratio with the increase in oil holdup to verify the feasibility of the employed diameter for the ultrasonic sensor.Based on the results,we then investigate the effects of oildroplet diameter and distribution on the ultrasonic field.To further understand the measurement characteristics of the ultrasonic sensor,we perform a flow loop test on vertical upward oilwater two-phase flow and measure the responses of the optimized ultrasonic sensor.The results show that the ultrasonic sensor yields poor resolution for a dispersed oil slug in water flow（D OS/W flow）,but the resolution is favorable for dispersed oil in water flow（D O/W flow） and very fine dispersed oil in water flow（VFD O/W flow）.This research demonstrates the potential application of a pulsed-transmission ultrasonic method for measuring the fraction of individual components in oil-water two-phase flow with a low mixture velocity and high water cut.

An effective method to predict oil recovery in high water cut stage

The water flooding characteristic curve method based on the traditional regression equation between the oil and water phase permeability ratio and the water saturation is inappropriate to predict the oil recovery in the high water cut stage. Hence, a new water flooding characteristic curve equation adapted to the high water cut stage is proposed to predict the oil recovery. The water drive phase permeability experiments show that the curve of the oil and water phase permeability ratio vs. the water saturation, in the semi-logarithmic coordinates, has a significantly lower bend after entering the high water cut stage, so the water flooding characteristic curve method based on the traditional regression equation between the oil and water phase permeability ratio and the water saturation is inappropriate to predict the oil recovery in the high water cut stage; therefore, a new water flooding characteristic curve equation based on a better relationship between ln（kro/k,.~） and S~ is urgently desirable to be established to effectively and reliably predict the oil recovery of a water drive reservoir adapted to a high water cut stage. In this paper, by carrying out the water drive phase permeability experiments, a new mathematical model between the oil and water phase permeability ratio and the water saturation is established, with the regression analysis method and an integration of the established model, the water flooding characteristic curve equation adapted to a high water cut stage is obtained. Using the new water flooding characteristic curve to predict the oil recovery of the GD3-block of the SL oilfield and the J09-block of the DG oil field in China, results with high predicted accuracy are obtained.

Layer regrouping for water-flooded commingled reservoirs at a high water-cut stage

Layer regrouping is to divide all the layers into several sets of production series according to the physical properties and recovery percent of layers at high water-cut stage, which is an important technique to improve oil recovery for high water-cut multilayered reservoirs. Dif- ferent regroup scenarios may lead to different production performances. Based on unstable oil-water flow theory, a multilayer commingled reservoir simulator is established by modifying the production split method. Taking into account the differences of layer properties, including per- meability, oil viscosity, and remaining oil saturation, the pseudo flow resistance contrast is proposed to serve as a characteristic index of layer regrouping for high water-cut multilayered reservoirs. The production indices of multi- layered reservoirs with different pseudo flow resistances are predicted with the established model in which the data are taken from the Shengtuo Oilfield. Simulation results show that the pseudo flow resistance contrast should be less than 4 when the layer regrouping is implemented. The K-means clustering method, which is based on the objec- tive function, is used to automatically carry out the layer regrouping process according to pseudo flow resistances. The research result is applied to the IV-VI sand groups of the second member of the Shahejie Formation in the Shengtuo Oilfield, a favorable development performance is obtained, and the oil recovery is enhanced by 6.08 %.

Wall Sticking of High Water-Cut, Highly Viscous and High Gel-Point Crude Oil Transported at Low Temperatures

Some crude oils with high water cut have the capability to flow below the oil gel point, while the oil particles adhere to the pipe wall in the form of paste, also called "wall sticking". Wall sticking is a serious problem during the pipeline transportation, leading to partial or total blockage of the pipeline and energy wastage. In this paper, a series of laboratory flow loop experiments were conducted to observe the wall sticking characteristics of crude oil with high water cut, high viscosity and high gel point at low transportation temperatures. The effects of shear stress and water cut on the wall sticking rate and occurrence temperature were investigated. Experimental results indicated that the wall sticking rate and occurrence temperature were lower under stronger shear stress and higher water cut conditions. A criterion of wall sticking occurrence temperature(WSOT) and a regression model of wall sticking rate were then established. Finally, the software was developed to calculate the pressure drop along the pipelines of crude oils with high water-cut. It was able to predict the wall sticking thickness of gelled oil and then calculate the pressure drop along the pipelines. A typical case study indicated that the prediction results obtained from the software were in agreement with actual measured values.

Application of New Water Flooding Characteristic Curve in the High Water-Cut Stage of an Oilfield

The oil production predicted by means of the conventional water-drive characteristic curve is typically affected by large deviations with respect to the actual value when the so-called high water-cut stage is entered.In order to solve this problem,a new characteristic relationship between the relative permeability ratio and the average water saturation is proposed.By comparing the outcomes of different matching methods,it is verified that it can well reflect the variation characteristics of the relative permeability ratio curve.Combining the new formula with a reservoir engineering method,two new formulas are derived for the water flooding characteristic curve in the high water-cut stage.Their practicability is verified by using the production data of Mawangmiao and Xijiakou blocks.The results show that the error between the predicted cumulative oil production and production data of the two new water drive characteristic curves is less than the error between the B-type water drive characteristic curve and the other two water drive characteristic curves.It is concluded that the two new characteristic curves can be used to estimate more accurately the recoverable reserves,the final recovery and to estimate the effects of water flooding.

基于投影寻踪模型的特高含水油藏剩余油可采潜力评价方法

影响特高含水油藏剩余油可采潜力的因素极其复杂,且各因素的影响程度差异明显,常规方法多以剩余油饱和度或剩余油储量丰度等单一指标评价剩余油潜力,难以有效指导特高含水油藏剩余油挖潜。在充分考虑特高含水油藏剩余油可采潜力影响因素的基础上,综合表征储层非均质性、剩余油可采储量规模、水淹状况以及油水分流能力的差异,构建了特高含水油藏剩余油可采潜力量化评价指标体系,并考虑不同指标对剩余油可采潜力控制程度的差异,将加速遗传算法与投影寻踪模型相结合来确定各评价指标的客观权重,从而构建了剩余油可采潜力指数,形成特高含水油藏剩余油可采潜力量化评价新方法。以渤海Q油田南区主力产层NmIL砂体为例,开展特高含水油藏剩余油可采潜力量化评价,结果表明,新方法可综合表征不同区域位置的储层物性、可采储量丰度和油水分流能力对剩余油可采潜力的影响,实现了主力产层NmIL砂体剩余油可采潜力分布的差异化定量评价,优势可采潜力区域刻画明显,将其作为NmIL砂体下一步井网加密调整潜力区域,以精准指导加密水平井的部署,为特高含水油藏剩余油挖潜提供了一种全新的分析方法与思路。

高含水老油田化学驱综合治理新方法及工程实践路径

针对胜利高含水老油田化学驱在科学、技术、管理、工程四个角度面临的开发矛盾,以渤76块为典型单元,在工程实践中进行具体对策分析,构建了“适、专、快、集”的老油田化学驱综合治理新方法。“适”指在老油田科学开发方式转化上,构建不同油藏类型老油田化学驱最佳介入时机模型,提出了在含水率相对较低的阶段,是适合化学驱的有利时机,高效开发方式需“适”介入。“专”指在老油田开发技术应用上,改变传统聚合物先溶解后注入的开发思路,研制可控相转化聚合物,使聚合物先注入后溶解,解决炮眼剪切降解的难题,提高油水流度控制能力,老油田开发矛盾需“专”治理。“快”指在老油田综合管理模式上,改变传统方式,即矿场提问题、研究院设计方案、化工厂生产驱油剂的“串联”管理模式,提出充分发挥矿场、研究院、生产厂三方优势的“并联”管理模式,形成针对单一油藏的产品工业化工艺包以及产业化落地方案,老油田开发技术实现“快”转化。“集”指在老油田工程应用实践上,打破老油田化学驱地面大规模建站的工程工艺模式,采用集约化撬装配注设备,实现老油田化学驱的集约快速配注,老油田工程工艺实现“集”应用。运用上述方法,在胜利油田渤76块综合含水率上升初期,实施由水驱转为可控相转化聚合物驱,实施后一年即见到明显的降水增油效果,单井日产油水平增加8.6t/d,综合含水率降低3.1%,验证了综合治理模式的可行性,为高含水老油田化学驱高效开发提供了有效路径。

大庆油田特高含水期原油开发规划技术发展现状与展望

开发规划在油田开采过程中发挥着重要的龙头指导作用,是油田企业在一定时期内制定的行动纲领和指南。开发规划技术水平的高低直接影响油田开发的效果和效益。在明确开发规划的基本内涵及与计划、战略的区别基础上,着重介绍了大庆油田发展的2类7项开发规划系列技术,包括开发规律及指标预测技术、技术经济政策界限确定技术、开发效果及潜力评价技术、规划编制及优化技术4项核心技术和可采储量及SEC储量评估技术、经济效益评价及决策支持技术、规划信息化技术3项支撑技术。通过分析当前油田开发规划技术发展存在的生产与技术难题,明确了3个发展方向以及3条实现路径。研究成果与认识对油田开发规划理论研究和实际应用具有重要的参考价值和借鉴意义。

高含水油井关停后剩余油再富集速度研究

高含水断块油藏开发末期构造高部位油井在关井一段时间后,会产生剩余油再富集现象。目前关于剩余油再富集速度的研究中,对剩余油运移过程的影响因素考虑不够全面,影响计算精度。针对该问题,在对运移中剩余油再富集受力分析的基础上建立小油滴状和柱状剩余油再富集速度模型,通过正交试验确立2种剩余油再富集速度的主要敏感因素,并建立了2种剩余油再富集速度及再富集时间图版。研究结果表明:存在驱替压差时,储层渗透率为影响2种剩余油再富集速度的主控因素;当储层渗透率一定,驱替压差的增大和原油黏度的减小有利于2种剩余油再富集速度的增大;同一注采井距位置处的小油滴距离孔隙中滞留柱状剩余油越近,聚集过程中剩余油再富集时间越长,但数值上增加不多。该研究对高含水油藏剩余油再富集潜力区评价具有借鉴意义。

断块油藏高含水井关井后剩余油再动用运移规律微观模拟

基于微观可视化光刻玻璃模型,从微观角度定性、定量研究了断块油藏高含水井关井后剩余油再动用运移规律,并开展了影响因素分析。结果表明:水驱后关井期间剩余油再动用类型主要为滴状、柱状和簇状。关井期间剩余油会沿模型倾斜方向向高部位运移聚集,有利于后续水驱阶段进一步提高驱油效率。地层倾角的增大、原油黏度的减小有利于剩余油再动用;关井时间的增加有利于剩余油向高部位采出端接近聚集;后续水驱阶段注入速度的增大会增加波及面积。

胜利油田油藏数值模拟技术新进展及发展方向

油藏数值模拟技术是油藏分析的重要手段,是油田开发人员编制开发方案、开展动态跟踪调整、进行提高油藏采收率研究等工作的有力工具。为明确胜利油田油藏数值模拟技术的未来发展方向,回顾了胜利油田60年以来油藏数值模拟应用技术和自主知识产权软件研发的发展历程,着重总结了“十三五”以来适配油田当前地质及开发特征的特高含水期精细油藏描述、低渗透油藏压驱开发、非均相复合驱、稠油油藏多元热复合驱、CO_(2)高压混相驱、页岩油大规模压裂整体开发等多个领域的数值模拟应用技术创新性进展;介绍了涵盖水驱、化学驱、微观、智能模拟等不同方向的多款胜利特色油藏数值模拟软件的研发及应用情况。最后指出在当前胜利油田的开发形势下,油藏数值模拟在精细程度、规模、效率和协作方式等方面面临着更大的挑战,油藏数值模拟需要进一步向一体化、并行化、智能化方向发展,为胜利油田开发提质增效提供技术支撑。

轮式动态模拟仪在高含水期原油不加热集输中的应用

随着不断深入开发,油田集油管线内产液的流变性逐渐转变为高含水期“水包油”为主的流态,因而管道内的流动条件得以改善。通过前期开展的季节性停掺冷输试验证实,高含水期集输进站温度可以接近凝固点甚至低于凝固点。因此提出利用临界粘壁温度作为采油井不加热集输边界条件,并利用轮式动态模拟分析仪测试单井临界粘壁温度,指导采油井平稳集输,应用后实现措施节气219.6×10^(4)m^(3),节电73.4×10^(4)kWh。

缓交联高强度封堵剂研究进展

综述了目前油田主要应用的封堵剂的发展情况,介绍了含水率较高的油田实施窜流封堵技术,分析了不同类型的深部封堵剂优劣特性及适用情况,总结和展望了未来缓慢交联的封堵剂技术的发展趋势。

极端耗水层带形成机制及流场调控增效模式——以陆相砂岩特高含水后期整装油田为例

以胜利油区陆相砂岩油藏整装油田为代表,主力单元进入特高含水后期(含水率大于95%),局部区域出现极端耗水现象,水油比急剧上升,注入水利用率大幅下降,吨油操作成本成倍增加,经济效益变差,但油藏中还有60%左右剩余地质储量。注入水沿着极端耗水层带窜流是制约陆相砂岩整装油田特高含水后期效益开发的关键问题。以提高特高含水老油田开发效益为目标,明晰了极端耗水层带形成机制及调控机理,建立了基于老井的变流线调控极端耗水层带扩波及方法,形成特高含水后期油藏精准描述及调控极端耗水层带扩波及的效益开发技术体系。通过应用流场调控技术,使传统认为含水率98%近废弃油藏开展示范应用,基于极端耗水层带流场调控经济寿命期延长10a以上,产油量大幅增加,含水率下降,吨油操作成本下降,实现了特高含水后期老油田低成本开发。

高含水油田剩余油研究方法、分布特征与发展趋势

为了提高高含水油田剩余油研究与评价效果,基于大量文献调研,梳理了剩余油的概念、影响因素,从剩余油微观分布、宏观分布和饱和度定量分析3个方面总结了剩余油研究方法及其适用条件,概括了水驱油藏、稠油油藏和化学驱油藏的剩余油分布特征,进一步提出了目前剩余油研究的难点和发展趋势。结果表明:剩余油的影响因素主要包括地质构造、沉积微相、储层非均质性和井网密度、井网模式、注采系统的完善程度、生产动态等;剩余油研究方法包括实验分析方法、数值模拟方法和矿场测试方法等,各种方法的研究目的和适用条件不同,测试结果反映不同位置、不同尺度下的剩余油饱和度分布;高含水油田剩余油分布总体呈现高度分散和相对富集的特征,剩余油微观分布呈现连续相和非连续相多种形式;剩余油研究发展趋势包括但不限于以下5方面:超大物理模型的构建、多尺度高分辨率成像系统集成、考虑不同驱替介质及物性时变与非连续相非线性渗流的数值模拟改进方法、多学科多方法矿场测试的综合应用及大数据人工智能的广泛应用。

高含水老油田深度开发面临挑战及发展方向

高含水老油田是我国石油储量和产量的主体,对于保障国家能源安全、支撑国民经济社会高质量发展意义重大。在全面肯定中国高含水老油田重要战略地位的基础上,深入剖析高含水分类油藏开发现状,指出了实现高质量发展所面临的提高采收率、低成本高效开发及全生命周期绿色开发3大方面的挑战,明确了高含水老油田总体发展方向及核心关键技术,一是发展以“大幅度提高采收率”为目标的精准开发技术,二是发展以“智能高效”为目标的采油工程技术,三是发展以“高效、绿色、智能”为目标的地面工程技术。研究成果为中国高含水老油田今后较长时期的高质量发展指明了方向。

高含水原油在不同管材中的低温集输特性研究

目前,我国大部分油田已进入高含水期,采出液的流动特性发生变化,使降低集输温度成为可能。然而,关于管道材质对低温集输特性影响的研究相对较少。因此,利用现场实验装置对钢管与玻璃钢管中高含水原油低温集输特性进行了研究。结果表明,管线降低掺水量之后,井口回压上升,实验管道末点的油温缓慢下降;不同掺水量下井口回压上升过程不同,高掺水量下更容易实现低温集输;当掺水量相同时,玻璃钢管的黏壁温度低于钢管的黏壁温度,玻璃钢管低温集输的最低掺水量低于相同情况下钢管的掺水量。对黏壁温度实验数据进行拟合,得到了不同管材的黏壁温度计算模型,计算结果准确度较高,对高含水期油田实际生产中低温集输的可行性判断及其安全运行管理具有指导意义。