Photoacoustic mesoscopy:pushing toward the depth limit in the high-resolution optical imaging for biomedical applications and clinical potentials

Photoacoustic mesoscopy(PAMe) offers high-sensitivity in vivo imaging based on the rich optical contrast in biological tissues,with sub-100-micron resolutions at a few millimeters depth. By benefiting from low ultrasonic scattering,this emerging technology has pushed the penetration depth beyond the optical diffuse limit unprecedented for high-resolution optical methods.Here,we review ed the state-of-art implementations of PAMe and their achievements in biological and primary clinical applications. With the high-frequency focused ultrasonic detector,the high-resolution optical visualization can be achieved by utilizing various PAMe systems. These capabilities of PAMe have made it well applicable for understanding the biological mechanisms,exploring the pathological features and analyzing the characteristics of human skin. Future improvements and prospects of PAMe are also mentioned,suggesting its great potential tow ards the corresponding emerging biomedical and clinical applications.

Cold Atom Cloud with High Optical Depth Measured with Large Duty Cycle

We present a cold atom system with a dark-line two-dimensional magneto-optical trap, to increase the atomic density by suppressing the atomic radiation pressure. Optical depth （OD） and duty cycle are used to evaluate the system performance. We demonstrate a 100% increase in OD with the dark line, and obtain an ultrahigh OD of 264 with 10% for the duty cycle. Also, with an efficient dark line region, the OD could maintain above i00 with duty cycle as high as 30%. The cold atomic ensemble with an ultrahigh OD with a 10%-30% duty cycle is particularly advantageous in quantum i^formation processing and communication.

High-Order Models of Nonlinear and Dispersive Wave in Water of Varying Depth with Arbitrary Sloping Bottom

High-order models with a dissipative term for nonlinear and dispersive wave in water of varying depth with an arbitrary sloping bottom are presented in this article. First, the formal derivations to any high order of mu(= h/lambda, depth to deep-water wave length ratio) and epsilon(= a/h, wave amplitude to depth ratio) for velocity potential, particle velocity vector, pressure and the Boussinesq-type equations for surface elevation eta and horizontal velocity vector (U) over right arrow at any given level in water are given. Then, the exact explicit expressions to the fourth order of mu are derived. Finally, the linear solutions of eta, (U) over right arrow, C (phase-celerity) and C-g (group velocity) for a constant water depth are obtained. Compared with the Airy theory, excellent results can be found even for a water depth as large as the wave legnth. The present high-order models are applicable to nonlinear regular and irregular waves in water of any varying depth (from shallow to deep) and bottom slope (from mild to steep).

Analysis of evaporation of high-salinity phreatic water at a burial depth of 0 m in an arid area

High-salinity phreatic water refers to which with total dissolved solids（TDS）>30 g/L. Previous studies have shown that high salinity phreatic water evaporation is different at different depths. High salinity phreatic water evaporation under 0 m depth is the basis of the high salinity phreatic water evaporation studies. In this study, evaporation of high-salinity phreatic water at a burial depth of 0 m in arid area was investigated. New insights were gained on evaporation mechanisms via experiments conducted on high-salinity phreatic water with TDS of 100 g/L at 0 m at the study site at Changji Groundwater Balance Experiment Site, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in China, where the lithology of the vadose（unsaturated zone） was silty clay. Comparison was made on the data of high-salinity phreatic water evaporation, water surface evaporation(EΦ20) and meteorological data obtained in two complete hydrological years from April 1, 2012 to March 31, 2014. The experiments demonstrated that when the lithology of the vadose zone is silty clay, the burial depth is 0 m and the TDS is 100 g/L, intra-annual variation of phreatic water evaporation is the opposite to the variation of atmospheric evaporation EΦ20 and air temperature. The salt crust formed by the evaporation of high-salinity phreatic water has a strong inhibitory effect on phreatic water evaporation. Large volumes of precipitation can reduce such an inhibitory effect. During freezing periods, surface snow cover can promote the evaporation of high-salinity phreatic water at 0 m; the thicker the snow cover, the more apparent this effect is.

Flexural Bond Behavior of Rebar in Ultra-High Performance Concrete Beams Considering Lap-Splice Length and Cover Depth

This study intends to find out the correlation between the cover depth and the bond characteristics of UHPC through pull-out tests of UHPC specimens with different cover depths and bond tests of rebar using flexural members. In this experimental study, specimens are fabricated with the lap-splice length as test variable in relation with the calculation of the lap-splice length for 180- MPa UHPC. Moreover, specimens are also fabricated with the cover depth as test variable to evaluate the effect of the cover depth on the UHPC flexural members. The load-displacement curves are analyzed for each of these test variables to compute the lap-splice length proposed in the K-UHPC structural design guideline and to evaluate the influence of the cover depth on the flexural members. As a result, the stability of the structural behavior can be significantly enhanced by increasing slightly the cover depth specification of the current UHPC Structure Design Guideline from the maximum value between 1.5 times of rebar diameter and 20 mm to the maximum value between 1.5 times of rebar diameter and 25 mm.

Limit of crustal drilling depth

Deep drilling is becoming the direct and the most efficient means in exploiting deep mineral resources,facilitating to understanding the earthquake mechanism and performing other scientific researches on the Earth’s crust.In order to understand the limit of drilling depth in the Earth’s crust,we first conducted tests on granite samples with respect to the borehole deformation and stability under high temperature and high pressure using the triaxial servo-controlled rock testing system.Then the critical temperaturepressure coupling conditions that result in borehole instability are derived.Finally,based on the testing results obtained and the requirements for the threshold values of borehole deformations during deep drilling,the limit of drilling depth in the Earth’s crust is formulated with ground temperature.

Regime shift of the dominant factor for halocline depth in the Canada Basin during 1990–2008

The World Ocean Database（WOD） is used to evaluate the halocline depth simulated by an ice-ocean coupled model in the Canada Basin during 1990–2008. Statistical results show that the simulated halocline is reliable.Comparing of the September sea ice extent between simulation and SSM/I dataset, a consistent interannual variability is found between them. Moreover, both the simulated and observed September sea ice extent show staircase declines in 2000–2008 compared to 1990–1999. That supports that the abrupt variations of the ocean surface stress curl anomaly in 2000–2008 are caused by rapid sea ice melting and also in favor of the realistic existence of the simulated variations. Responses to these changes can be found in the upper ocean circulation and the intermediate current variations in these two phases as well. The analysis shows that seasonal variations of the halocline are regulated by the seasonal variations of the Ekman pumping. On interannual time scale, the variations of the halocline have an inverse relationship with the ocean surface stress curl anomaly after 2000,while this relationship no longer applies in the 1990 s. It is pointed out that the regime shift in the Canada Basin can be derived to illustrate this phenomenon. Specifically, the halocline variations are dominated by advection in the 1990 s and Ekman pumping in the 2000 s respectively. Furthermore, the regime shift is caused by changing Transpolar Drift pathway and Ekman pumping area due to spatial deformation of the center Beaufort high（BH）relative to climatology.

Scratch behavior of high speed steels for hot rolls

The scratch behaviors of two high speed steels （HSS） for hot rolls were studied by a Micro-combi Tester, and the emphasis was placed on researching the relations between the microstructure and the scratch resistance property of different HSS. The experimental results indicate that during the scratch process, the carbides are embedded into the matrix, the penetration depth of different HSS is closely related with the matrix hardness, i.e., the higher the matrix hardness, the better the scratch resistance property; and in the matrix, the fine, dispersive carbides are beneficial to form steady friction between the indenter and the scratched materials, but the coarser carbides are easier to fall into pieces.

基于High-Goodman耐候钢腐蚀深度与疲劳强度关系研究

客货运轨道交通车辆经长时间运行后会发生局部锈蚀甚至锈穿的现象,给车体结构服役带来巨大的安全隐患。为了研究腐蚀深度对车体结构疲劳强度的影响,从现车截取不同腐蚀深度的试样进行疲劳试验,获得疲劳极限,借助车体强度仿真计算和High-Goodman疲劳极限图开展耐候钢腐蚀深度与疲劳关系研究。结果表明:车体腐蚀部位的失效模式为均匀腐蚀+局部点蚀,不同腐蚀深度试样的中值疲劳极限应力相差不大,约为未腐蚀状态下试样中值疲劳极限应力的65%,疲劳失效均起源于点蚀坑;当试样腐蚀深度达到30%时触发High-Goodman的安全疲劳边界,腐蚀深度超过50%时将触发疲劳仿真计算边界,给车体结构服役安全带来疲劳失效危害。

Performing High Resolution Seismic Reflection for Mapping Bauxite Layers

The seismic method is able to produce highly accurate images of the Earth's subsurface. Having such detail is not only an important factor in mining, but also in civil engineering. Bauxite exploration attracts both government and industrialists to invest in it because of the high percentage of aluminum present. The economic importance of extracting aluminum from bauxite encouraged us to take this challenge;to image bauxite layers by using a high-resolution seismic reflection method at Al Qassim, Saudi Arabia. Since the subsurface structure of the area is complex, this high-resolution reflection method was carried out along a 2D line with geophone and source interval, with settings at 5 m. The result for the seismic section shows that the depth and thickness of the bauxite layer varied from 20 to 34 m, and 3 to 7 m respectively. In addition, the bauxite layer was sandwiched between clay layers. In order to achieve an even more precise depth than presented by seismic section alone, we tied the drilled wells to the seismic data and we accomplished a well match with an approximation error of 1 - 2 m, which may have been caused by the upper clay layer or by very shallow loose subsurface material. The seismic method thus applied shows the ability to detect significant details within the near surface of the earth, and considers more cost-effective than only drilled wells.

Multi-approach analysis of maximum riverbed scour depth above subway tunnel

When subway tunnels are routed underneath rivers, riverbed scour may expose the structure, with potentially severe consequences. Thus, it is important to identify the maximum scour depth to ensure that the designed buried depth is adequate. There are a range of methods that may be applied to this problem, including the fluvial process analysis method, geological structure analysis method, scour formula method, scour model experiment method, and numerical simulation method. However, the application ranges and forecasting precision of these methods vary considerably. In order to quantitatively analyze the characteristics of the different methods, a subway tunnel passing underneath a river was selected, and the aforementioned five methods were used to forecast the maximum scour depth. The fluvial process analysis method was used to characterize the river regime and evolution trend, which were the baseline for examination of the scour depth of the riverbed. The results obtained from the scour model experiment and the numerical simulation methods are reliable; these two methods are suitable for application to tunnel projects passing underneath rivers. The scour formula method was less accurate than the scour model experiment method; it is suitable for application to lower risk projects such as pipelines. The results of the geological structure analysis had low precision; the method is suitable for use as a secondary method to assist other research methods. To forecast the maximum scour depth of the riverbed above the subway tunnel, a combination of methods is suggested, and the appropriate analysis method should be chosen with respect to the local conditions.

Geobarmal Gradient in Orogenic Belt and Metamorphism Caused by Ultrahigh Pressure

The components and structures of lithosphere, inhomogeneous, are changing incessantly in different periods. Therefore, the state of load, called the pressure, in lithosphere is also incessantly changing. When the lithosphere volume remains the same, namely on the premise of isovolumes, the geobarmal gradient is: (d p /d h) v =( p / h) v +( p / T) v (d T /d h) v . If β =(d p /d h) v /( p / h) v is supposed, then β =1+ rg -1 C v (d T /d h) v . When the geothermal degree in (d T /d h) v is zero, then the pressure grade of lithosphere is equal to the lithostatic grade, which is the minimum value in the pressure grade of lithosphere. Suppose that the lithosphere is made only up of quartz, C v ≌ C p =0.782+5.718×10 -4 T -1.883×10 4 T -2 (J· g -1 · K -1 ) is obtained, which is the minimum one in lithospheric rock, and then the geothermal grade value of 20 ℃/km is calculated according to the geophysical transection data of Qinling Mountain orogeny. The results show that the high pressure and ultrahigh pressure eclogites in Jiangsu Province and Huangzhen, Dabie may, on the condition of incompletely isovolumes, occur in the depths of 17-40 km with the increase in geothermal temperature, whose values of β do not correspond to the theoretic value of 3.08.

Research on dynamic characteristics of high speed milling force based on discontinuous functions

This paper begins with a consideration of the influence of feed per revolution upon the depth of a cut and the impact of the machining method on the direction of tool pressure average and subsequent description of efficient cutting directions and the methods for load cell orientation. The paper goes further into the key conclusions concerning the dependences of the cutting depth at high-speed milling as in the case of discontinuous functions. It ends with recommendations offered for positioning of load cells for cut-up milling and cut-down milling.

玄武岩纤维对C40混凝土高温后碳化的抑制作用

隧道衬砌混凝土的碳化问题尤为突出,而玄武岩纤维混凝土(BFRC)作为适用于隧道结构的高性能混凝土,其在常温下和火灾后的碳化机理尚不明确。开展了C40混凝土和玄武岩纤维混凝土的高温试验和快速碳化试验,监测了BFRC碳化深度的发展规律。基于半经验半理论模型,引入混凝土高温烧损层深度和高温后碳化速率等参数,建立了BFRC高温后碳化深度预测模型,分析了玄武岩纤维对混凝土高温后碳化深度发展的抑制作用。结果表明:掺入适量玄武岩纤维后,混凝土常温下碳化速率降低为原来的82%,高温烧损层深度大大降低,高温后碳化系数随温度的升高降低比例从21.5%达到37.5%,明显抑制了高温对混凝土碳化发展的影响,从而显著提高了混凝土的抗碳化性能。

Effect of Depth-Dependent Nociceptor Density on the Heat-Induced Withdrawal Reflex

Previously we introduced a concise dose-response model for the heat-induced withdrawal reflex caused by millimeter wave radiation. The model predicts the occurrence of withdrawal reflex from the given spatial temperature profile. It was formulated on the assumption that the density of nociceptors in skin is uniform, independent of the depth. The model has only two parameters: the activation temperature of heat-sensitive nociceptors and the critical threshold on the activated volume for triggering withdrawal reflex. In this study, we consider the case of depth-dependent nociceptor density in skin. We use a general parametric form with a scaling parameter in the depth direction to represent the nociceptor density. We analyze system behaviors for four density types of this form. Based on the theoretical results, we develop a methodology for 1) identifying from test data the density form of nociceptors distribution, 2) finding from test data the scaling parameter in the density form, and 3) determining from test data the activation temperature of nociceptors.

基于MSISE-90研究高海拔宇宙线观测站处的大气深度廓线模型

高海拔宇宙线观测站(LHAASO)位于四川省稻城县海子山,它的广角切伦科夫望远镜阵(WFCTA)主要是通过观测广延大气簇射过程中产生的切伦科夫光信号对宇宙线进行研究.WFCTA的标定、模拟和重建都和大气深度有关,目前使用的大气深度模型是美国标准大气深度廓线模型.本研究中将美国标准大气深度廓线模型与卫星TIMED搭载的红外辐射计SABER记录到的LHAASO处14-50 km处的大气深度廓线进行比较,同时也与LHAASO处地面气象站记录的大气深度进行比较,美国标准大气模型的大气深度均偏小.MSISE-90大气模型描述了地球大气中从地面到热层的中性温度和密度,进一步研究发现MSISE-90大气模型与TIMED/SABER和LHAASO处地面标准气象站记录的大气深度的一致性较好.根据MSISE-90大气模型计算得到LHAASO处的大气深度均值廓线在1月最低,其次是2月、3月、4月、11月和12月,这也是WFCTA运行的最佳观测月份.4月份的大气边界层最高,其大气深度存在约2%的日变化.利用美国标准大气模型的函数形式,拟合每月的4.4-100 km处的大气深度廓线,得到了LHAASO处的每月的大气深度廓线模型,并比较了30°天顶角入射的100 TeV的宇宙线质子在MSISE-90大气模型和美国标准大气模型中产生的切伦科夫光的横分布的差异,二者最大差异约可以达到20%.

高温高压高产气体封隔器卡瓦力学行为的分析与实验

为了提高海上“三高”气井管柱的安全性,确保卡瓦良好的工作性能,以HPC070401封隔器双向筒式卡瓦为例,将滑移线理论法、数值模拟和实验法相结合,研究卡瓦咬入过程的力学行为,分析卡瓦与套管的接触应力分布规律、卡瓦牙咬入套管的深度和疲劳寿命,建立了封隔器卡瓦系统工作可靠的充分必要准则。研究结果表明:坐卡压力增加,卡瓦牙咬入套管的深度也随之增加,在坐卡压力为35、42、48、55 MPa时,卡瓦咬入套管深度为0.25993、0.29425、0.32353、0.36561 mm;坐卡压力增加,卡瓦牙尖局部塑性变形增大,在坐卡压力35、42、48、55 MPa下,对称循环波动20%时,卡瓦疲劳循环次数为951110、789540、717160、629260;通过高温高压封隔器卡瓦锚定实验,卡瓦咬入套管的实测深度介于0.350~1 mm之间,与有限元模拟结果较吻合;结合评价准则和高温高压封隔器疲劳实验可知,套管因疲劳累积损伤产生的应力松驰系数为0.18。

基于IWHO-EKF的高速免耕播种机播种深度监测系统研究

为解决免耕播种机高速(12~16 km/h)作业时因地势起伏造成机械振动与传感器测量误差导致的播种深度监测系统精度降低,以及单一传感器监测可靠性较差的问题,研究了一种基于改进野马算法(Improved wild horse optimizer,IWHO)优化扩展卡尔曼滤波器(Extended Kalman filter,EKF)中关键参数Q_(sigma)、R_(sigma1)、R_(sigma2)、R_(sigma3)的多传感器数据融合算法(IWHO-EKF)的高速免耕播种机播种深度监测系统。首先,建立以激光、超声波与角度传感器为多传感器监测单元的播种深度监测模型;其次,通过卡尔曼滤波算法对3个单一传感器分别滤波;最后,提出一种加入莱维飞行与高斯变异的IWHO-EKF算法,将滤波后的3个单一传感器进行数据融合,从而解决机械振动干扰与传感器测量误差降低的问题,同时充分发挥多传感器融合信息,确保免耕播种机高速作业时实现高精度、高可靠性播种深度实时监测。为验证其优越性,通过IWHO-EKF算法与单一传感器监测、单一传感器滤波和WHO-EKF算法进行仿真对比试验与田间试验。仿真试验表明:基于IWHO-EKF的高速免耕播种机播种深度监测算法平均绝对误差为0.073 cm,均方根误差为0.090 cm,相关系数为0.983,实现了高精度监测,且精度相较于传感器原始监测值、滤波值与WHO-EKF算法均显著提升。田间试验结果表明:基于IWHO-EKF算法的高速免耕播种机播种深度监测系统相较于3个单一传感器监测值,平均绝对误差和平均均方根误差分别降低0.063 cm和0.067 cm,同时平均相关系数提升0.027,该系统能够提高播种深度监测系统的精确性和可靠性。

基于机器学习的K424合金刻蚀深度预测

为探究水导激光加工过程中不同工艺参数对K424高温合金刻蚀深度的作用,对K424高温合金进行了包括激光功率、进给速度及加工次数在内的三个关键工艺参数的影响刻蚀实验,实验结果表明:较大的功率、较小的进给速度和多次加工会产生更深的刻蚀。此外采用XGBoost、RF、BPNN以及SVR四种模型建立了激光功率、进给速度和加工次数与加工深度之间的预测模型。在拟合效果上XGBoost与SVR模型表现优异,最大误差百分比均不到0.3%;在预测结果方面显示,XGBoost最大误差百分比6.698%,优于另三种模型。最后得出XGBoost模型在拟合和预测K424高温合金加工深度方面有更好的性能。与传统的干式激光加工相比,水导激光加工技术减少了材料热损伤,提高了加工质量。该研究为水导激光加工K424高温合金提供了参考。

基于特征增强的高分辨率人体姿态估计网络

在轻量级卷积神经网络进行高分辨率人体姿态估计时存在提取特征不充分,针对该问题,提出了一种基于特征增强的高分辨率人体姿态估计网络。首先利用空洞卷积补全操作提取图像特征,以避免特征信息丢失且保持模型参数基本不变;接着利用池化增强模块进行卷积提取特征的选择,以保留重要特征且减轻传统池化模块对提取特征造成的破坏;最后利用加强通道信息交互的深度可分离卷积模块进行特征提取,以保持该模块的参数量较少且能够提高其特征提取能力。在COCO2017数据集进行性能测试,本文算法和DiteHRNet30算法的AR值分别为77.9%和77.2%;在MPII数据集进行性能测试,本文算法和DiteHRNet30算法的PCKh值分别为32.6%和31.7%。实验结果表明,本文算法在人体姿态估计精度和算法复杂度之间能够达到较好的平衡。