BACKGROUND: Combined hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIg) and lamivudine in prophylaxis of the recurrence of hepatitis B after liver transplantation has significantly improved the survival of HBsAg positive patients. Th...BACKGROUND: Combined hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIg) and lamivudine in prophylaxis of the recurrence of hepatitis B after liver transplantation has significantly improved the survival of HBsAg positive patients. This study was undertaken to evaluate the outcomes of liver transplantation for patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV). METHODS: A retrospective chart analysis and a review of the organ transplant database identified 51 patients (43 men and 8 women) transplanted for benign HBV-related cirrhotic diseases between June 2002 and December 2004 who had survived more than 3 months. HBIg was administered intravenously during the first week and intramuscularly thereafter. RESULTS: At a median follow-up of 14.1 months, the overall recurrence rate in the 51 patients was 3.9% (2/51). The overall patient survival was 88.3%, and 82.4% after 1 and 2 years, respectively. A daily oral dose of 100 mg lamivudine for 2 weeks before transplantation for 10 patients enabled 57.1% (4/7) and 62.5% (5/8) of HBV-DNA and HBeAg positive patients respectively to convert to be negative. Intramuscular HBIg was well tolerated in all patients. CONCLUSION: Lamivudine combined with intramuscular HBIg can effectively prevent allograft from the recurrence of HBV after liver transplantation.展开更多
AIM: To investigate the impact of high-dose hepatitis B immunoglobulin(HBIG) on hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) and hepatitis B virus(HBV) recurrence and overall survival after living donor liver transplantation(LDLT).M...AIM: To investigate the impact of high-dose hepatitis B immunoglobulin(HBIG) on hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) and hepatitis B virus(HBV) recurrence and overall survival after living donor liver transplantation(LDLT).METHODS: We investigated 168 patients who underwent LDLT due to HCC, and who were HBV-DNA/hepatitis B e antigen(HBe Ag)-positive, from January 2008 to December 2013. After assessing whether the patients met the Milan criteria, they were assigned to the low-dose HBIG group and high-dose HBIG group. Using the propensity score 1:1 matching method, 38 and 18 pairs were defined as adhering to and not adhering to the Milan criteria. For each pair, HCC recurrence, HBV recurrence and overall survival were analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method and the log rank test according to the HBIG dose. RESULTS: Among those who met the Milan criteria, the 6-mo, 1-year, and 3-year HCC recurrence-free survival rates were 88.9%, 83.2%, and 83.2% in the low-dose HBIG group and 97.2%, 97.2%, and 97.2% in the high-dose HBIG group, respectively(P = 0.042).In contrast, among those who did not meet the Milan criteria, HCC recurrence did not differ according to the HBIG dose(P = 0.937). Moreover, HBV recurrence and overall survival did not differ according to the HBIG dose among those who met(P = 0.317 and 0.190, respectively) and did not meet(P = 0.350 and 0.987, respectively) the Milan criteria. CONCLUSION: High-dose HBIG therapy can reduce HCC recurrence in HBV-DNA/HBe Ag-positive patients after LDLT.展开更多
Hepatitis B virus(HBV)is the leading cause of chronic viral hepatitis.Annually,almost two million children younger than 5 years acquire the infection,mostly through vertical or horizontal transmission in early life.Ve...Hepatitis B virus(HBV)is the leading cause of chronic viral hepatitis.Annually,almost two million children younger than 5 years acquire the infection,mostly through vertical or horizontal transmission in early life.Vertical transmission of HBV is a high efficacy phenomenon ranging,in the absence of any preventive interventions,from 70%to 90%for hepatitis e antigen positive mothers and from 10%to 40%for hepatitis e antigen-negative mothers.Maternal viraemia is a preeminent risk factor for vertical transmission of HBV.Maternal screening is the first step to prevent vertical transmission of HBV.Hepatitis B passive and active immunoprophylaxis at birth together with antiviral treatment of highly viraemic mothers are the key strategies for global elimination of HBV infection.Strategies are needed to promote implementation of birth-dose vaccination and hepatitis B immunoglobulins in low-and middle-income countries where the prevalence of the infection is at the highest.展开更多
BACKGROUND:Recurrence of hepatitis B virus(HBV) infection after liver transplantation can lead to graft loss and a reduction in long-term survival.The purpose of this review is to summarize the current therapeutic opt...BACKGROUND:Recurrence of hepatitis B virus(HBV) infection after liver transplantation can lead to graft loss and a reduction in long-term survival.The purpose of this review is to summarize the current therapeutic options for preventing HBV recurrence in liver transplant recipients.DATA SOURCES:Up to January 2013,studies that were published in MEDLINE and EMBASE on prevention of HBV recurrence after liver transplantation were reviewed.RESULTS:There have been remarkable advancements in the past two decades on the prevention of HBV recurrence after liver transplantation,from the discovery of hepatitis B immune globulin(HBIG) and lamivudine monotherapy to the combination therapy using HBIG and lamivudine.With the development of newer and stronger antiviral agents,the need for life-long HBIG is doubtful.With their low resistance profile,oral antiviral prophylaxis using these new agents alone is sufficient and is associated with excellent outcome.CONCLUSIONS:Restoration of host HBV immunity with adoptive immunity transfer and vaccination may represent the ultimate strategy to withdraw prophylactic treatment and to achieve a drug free regimen against HBV recurrence after liver transplantation.展开更多
OBJECTIVE: To study the efficacy of liver transplantation on end-stage hepatitis B related liver diseases, and the prevention and treatment strategies of hepatitis B recurrence after the transplantation. METHODS: The ...OBJECTIVE: To study the efficacy of liver transplantation on end-stage hepatitis B related liver diseases, and the prevention and treatment strategies of hepatitis B recurrence after the transplantation. METHODS: The efficacy of combined treatment of lamivudine and hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) therapy on 24 patients who had received liver transplantation was retrospectively studied. RESULTS: All the 24 patients with end-stage hepatitis B-related liver diseases treated with lamivudine alone or combined therapy of lamivudine and HBIG showed normal liver function and 21 of them lost hepatitis B virus (HBV) markers. However, the remaining 3 patients became HBsAg positive again soon after liver transplantation. CONCLUSIONS: Liver transplantation is effective for patients with end-stage hepatitis B-related liver diseases. Combined treatment of lamivudine and HBIG may prevent the recurrence of hepatitis B after the operation.展开更多
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is associated with conditions that may predispose to infections, such as the lack of an appropriate innate immune response to infectious agents, malnutrition, surgery, and immunosuppre...Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is associated with conditions that may predispose to infections, such as the lack of an appropriate innate immune response to infectious agents, malnutrition, surgery, and immunosuppressive and biological drugs. Some of these infections may be preventable by vaccination. Therefore, for this particular patient population, the benefits of implementing a well-established immunization protocol in daily clinical practice are potentially even greater than for the general population. In recent years international consensus guidelines have been published, but in spite of theses recommendations, studies have shown that a significant number of patients with IBD remain inadequately immunized. Another important issue regarding immunization in this population is that vaccine efficacy among patients receiving immunosuppressive therapies has been variable. In a healthy population, a humoral immune response to hepatitis B vaccination (HBV) is expected in > 90%, whereas a much lower rate is achieved in the IBD patients. Immunosuppressive, anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy and disease activity have been implicated in the impaired efficacy of the vaccination. The serological response to HBV should be confirmed and patients with an inadequate response should receive a second full series of vaccine. Modified dosing regimens, including doubling the standard antigen dose, might increase the effectiveness. Response to influenza, pneumococcal and tetanus immunization is still not clear, as there are studies that show a normal response to the vaccination while others demonstrate a lack of efficacy. We pose a series of questions on the efficacy of the different vaccinations recommended for IBD patients and attempt to answer them using scientific evidence.展开更多
Liver transplantation remains the only curative option for eligible patients with complications of chronic hepatitis B(CHB) infection,including severe acute hepatitis flares,decompensated cirrhosis,and hepatocellular ...Liver transplantation remains the only curative option for eligible patients with complications of chronic hepatitis B(CHB) infection,including severe acute hepatitis flares,decompensated cirrhosis,and hepatocellular carcinoma. In general,all patients with CHB awaiting liver transplantation should be treated with oral nucleos(t)ide analogs(NAs) with high barriers to resistance to prevent potential flares of hepatitis and reduce disease progression. After liver transplantation,lifelong antiviral therapy is also required to prevent graft hepatitis,which may lead to subsequent graft loss. Although combination therapy using NA and hepatitis B immune globulin(HBIG) has been the regimen most widely adopted for over a decade,recent studies have demonstrated that newer NAs with low rates of resistance are effective in preventing graft hepatitis even without the use of HBIG,achieving excellent long term outcome. For patients without pre-existing resistant mutations,monotherapy with a single NA has been shown to be effective. For those with resistant strains,a combination of nucleoside analog and nucleotide analog should be used. To date,clinical trials using therapeutic vaccination have shown suboptimal response,as CHB patients likely have an immune deficit against HBV epitopes. Future strategies include targeting different sites of the hepatitis B replication cycle and restoring the host immunity response to facilitate complete viral eradication.展开更多
There are no standard guidelines to follow when a patient with chronic hepatitis B infection becomes pregnant or desires pregnancy. Topics to consider include which patients to treat, when to start treatment, what tre...There are no standard guidelines to follow when a patient with chronic hepatitis B infection becomes pregnant or desires pregnancy. Topics to consider include which patients to treat, when to start treatment, what treatment to use and when to stop treatment. Without any prophylaxis or antiviral therapy, a hepatitis B surface antigen and E antigen positive mother has up to a 90% likelihood of vertical transmission of hepatitis B virus(HBV) to child. Standard of care in the United States to prevent perinatal transmission consists of administration of hepatitis B immune globulin and HBV vaccination to the infant. The two strongest risk factors of mother to child transmission(MTCT) of HBV infection despite immunoprophylaxis are high maternal HBV viral load and high activity of viral replication. The goal is to prevent transmission of HBV at birth by decreasing viral load and/or decreasing activity of the virus. Although it is still somewhat controversial, most evidence shows that starting antivirals in the third trimester is effective in decreasing MTCT without affecting fetal development. There is a growing body of literature supporting the safety and efficacy of antiviral therapies to reduce MTCT of hepatitis B. There are no formal recommendations regarding which agent to choose. Tenofovir, lamivudine and telbivudine have all been proven efficacious in decreasing viral load at birth without known birth defects, but final decision of which antiviral medication to use will have to be determined by physician and patient. The antivirals may be discontinued immediately if patient is breastfeeding, or within first four weeks if infant is being formula fed.展开更多
Objective To evaluate the efficacy of hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) in preventing intrauterine infection by hepatitis B virus (HBV) and to investigate its mechanism. Methods Forty eight pregnant women positiv...Objective To evaluate the efficacy of hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) in preventing intrauterine infection by hepatitis B virus (HBV) and to investigate its mechanism. Methods Forty eight pregnant women positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) were randomly divided into 2 groups. The 34 women in the study group were injected with HBIG during pregnancy; the other 14 women were controls. Maternal blood samples were taken before HBIG injection and at delivery. Neonatal blood samples were taken within 24 hours after birth before HBIG and hepatitis B vaccine were given. HBsAg and antibody to HBsAg (anti HBs) were tested by radioimmunoassay. Results None of the 35 newborns (including 2 twins) in the study group was positive for HBsAg, but 3 (21%) in the control group were positive (P=0.02). The HBsAg titers in the women in the study group decreased after HBIG injection. Of the 35 newborns in the study group, 32 (91%) were positive for anti HBs. Conclusion Systematic injections of HBIG during pregnancy may prevent intrauterine HBV infection, the mechanism of which may be reduction of maternal HBV viremia and production of fetal passive immunity.展开更多
Hepatitis B(HB) virus(HBV) infection, which causes liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, is endemic worldwide. Hepatitis B vaccines became commercially available in the 1980 s. The World Health Organization re...Hepatitis B(HB) virus(HBV) infection, which causes liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, is endemic worldwide. Hepatitis B vaccines became commercially available in the 1980 s. The World Health Organization recommended the integration of the HB vaccine into the national immunisation programs in all countries. HBV prevention strategies are classified into three groups:(1) universal vaccination alone;(2) universal vaccination with screening of pregnant women plus HB immune globulin(HBIG) at birth; and(3) selective vaccination with screening of pregnant women plus HBIG at birth. Most low-income countries have adopted universal vaccine programs without screening of pregnant women. However, HB vaccines are not widely used in low-income countries. The Global Alliance for Vaccine and Immunization was launched in 2000, and by 2012, the global coverage of a three-dose HB vaccine had increased to 79%. The next challenges are to further increase the coverage rate, close the gap between recommendations and routine practices, approach highrisk individuals, screen and treat chronically infected individuals, and prevent breakthrough infections. To eradicate HBV infections, strenuous efforts are required to overcome socioeconomic barriers to the HB vaccine; this task is expected to take several decades to complete.展开更多
文摘BACKGROUND: Combined hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIg) and lamivudine in prophylaxis of the recurrence of hepatitis B after liver transplantation has significantly improved the survival of HBsAg positive patients. This study was undertaken to evaluate the outcomes of liver transplantation for patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV). METHODS: A retrospective chart analysis and a review of the organ transplant database identified 51 patients (43 men and 8 women) transplanted for benign HBV-related cirrhotic diseases between June 2002 and December 2004 who had survived more than 3 months. HBIg was administered intravenously during the first week and intramuscularly thereafter. RESULTS: At a median follow-up of 14.1 months, the overall recurrence rate in the 51 patients was 3.9% (2/51). The overall patient survival was 88.3%, and 82.4% after 1 and 2 years, respectively. A daily oral dose of 100 mg lamivudine for 2 weeks before transplantation for 10 patients enabled 57.1% (4/7) and 62.5% (5/8) of HBV-DNA and HBeAg positive patients respectively to convert to be negative. Intramuscular HBIg was well tolerated in all patients. CONCLUSION: Lamivudine combined with intramuscular HBIg can effectively prevent allograft from the recurrence of HBV after liver transplantation.
文摘AIM: To investigate the impact of high-dose hepatitis B immunoglobulin(HBIG) on hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) and hepatitis B virus(HBV) recurrence and overall survival after living donor liver transplantation(LDLT).METHODS: We investigated 168 patients who underwent LDLT due to HCC, and who were HBV-DNA/hepatitis B e antigen(HBe Ag)-positive, from January 2008 to December 2013. After assessing whether the patients met the Milan criteria, they were assigned to the low-dose HBIG group and high-dose HBIG group. Using the propensity score 1:1 matching method, 38 and 18 pairs were defined as adhering to and not adhering to the Milan criteria. For each pair, HCC recurrence, HBV recurrence and overall survival were analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method and the log rank test according to the HBIG dose. RESULTS: Among those who met the Milan criteria, the 6-mo, 1-year, and 3-year HCC recurrence-free survival rates were 88.9%, 83.2%, and 83.2% in the low-dose HBIG group and 97.2%, 97.2%, and 97.2% in the high-dose HBIG group, respectively(P = 0.042).In contrast, among those who did not meet the Milan criteria, HCC recurrence did not differ according to the HBIG dose(P = 0.937). Moreover, HBV recurrence and overall survival did not differ according to the HBIG dose among those who met(P = 0.317 and 0.190, respectively) and did not meet(P = 0.350 and 0.987, respectively) the Milan criteria. CONCLUSION: High-dose HBIG therapy can reduce HCC recurrence in HBV-DNA/HBe Ag-positive patients after LDLT.
文摘Hepatitis B virus(HBV)is the leading cause of chronic viral hepatitis.Annually,almost two million children younger than 5 years acquire the infection,mostly through vertical or horizontal transmission in early life.Vertical transmission of HBV is a high efficacy phenomenon ranging,in the absence of any preventive interventions,from 70%to 90%for hepatitis e antigen positive mothers and from 10%to 40%for hepatitis e antigen-negative mothers.Maternal viraemia is a preeminent risk factor for vertical transmission of HBV.Maternal screening is the first step to prevent vertical transmission of HBV.Hepatitis B passive and active immunoprophylaxis at birth together with antiviral treatment of highly viraemic mothers are the key strategies for global elimination of HBV infection.Strategies are needed to promote implementation of birth-dose vaccination and hepatitis B immunoglobulins in low-and middle-income countries where the prevalence of the infection is at the highest.
文摘BACKGROUND:Recurrence of hepatitis B virus(HBV) infection after liver transplantation can lead to graft loss and a reduction in long-term survival.The purpose of this review is to summarize the current therapeutic options for preventing HBV recurrence in liver transplant recipients.DATA SOURCES:Up to January 2013,studies that were published in MEDLINE and EMBASE on prevention of HBV recurrence after liver transplantation were reviewed.RESULTS:There have been remarkable advancements in the past two decades on the prevention of HBV recurrence after liver transplantation,from the discovery of hepatitis B immune globulin(HBIG) and lamivudine monotherapy to the combination therapy using HBIG and lamivudine.With the development of newer and stronger antiviral agents,the need for life-long HBIG is doubtful.With their low resistance profile,oral antiviral prophylaxis using these new agents alone is sufficient and is associated with excellent outcome.CONCLUSIONS:Restoration of host HBV immunity with adoptive immunity transfer and vaccination may represent the ultimate strategy to withdraw prophylactic treatment and to achieve a drug free regimen against HBV recurrence after liver transplantation.
文摘OBJECTIVE: To study the efficacy of liver transplantation on end-stage hepatitis B related liver diseases, and the prevention and treatment strategies of hepatitis B recurrence after the transplantation. METHODS: The efficacy of combined treatment of lamivudine and hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) therapy on 24 patients who had received liver transplantation was retrospectively studied. RESULTS: All the 24 patients with end-stage hepatitis B-related liver diseases treated with lamivudine alone or combined therapy of lamivudine and HBIG showed normal liver function and 21 of them lost hepatitis B virus (HBV) markers. However, the remaining 3 patients became HBsAg positive again soon after liver transplantation. CONCLUSIONS: Liver transplantation is effective for patients with end-stage hepatitis B-related liver diseases. Combined treatment of lamivudine and HBIG may prevent the recurrence of hepatitis B after the operation.
文摘Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is associated with conditions that may predispose to infections, such as the lack of an appropriate innate immune response to infectious agents, malnutrition, surgery, and immunosuppressive and biological drugs. Some of these infections may be preventable by vaccination. Therefore, for this particular patient population, the benefits of implementing a well-established immunization protocol in daily clinical practice are potentially even greater than for the general population. In recent years international consensus guidelines have been published, but in spite of theses recommendations, studies have shown that a significant number of patients with IBD remain inadequately immunized. Another important issue regarding immunization in this population is that vaccine efficacy among patients receiving immunosuppressive therapies has been variable. In a healthy population, a humoral immune response to hepatitis B vaccination (HBV) is expected in > 90%, whereas a much lower rate is achieved in the IBD patients. Immunosuppressive, anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy and disease activity have been implicated in the impaired efficacy of the vaccination. The serological response to HBV should be confirmed and patients with an inadequate response should receive a second full series of vaccine. Modified dosing regimens, including doubling the standard antigen dose, might increase the effectiveness. Response to influenza, pneumococcal and tetanus immunization is still not clear, as there are studies that show a normal response to the vaccination while others demonstrate a lack of efficacy. We pose a series of questions on the efficacy of the different vaccinations recommended for IBD patients and attempt to answer them using scientific evidence.
文摘Liver transplantation remains the only curative option for eligible patients with complications of chronic hepatitis B(CHB) infection,including severe acute hepatitis flares,decompensated cirrhosis,and hepatocellular carcinoma. In general,all patients with CHB awaiting liver transplantation should be treated with oral nucleos(t)ide analogs(NAs) with high barriers to resistance to prevent potential flares of hepatitis and reduce disease progression. After liver transplantation,lifelong antiviral therapy is also required to prevent graft hepatitis,which may lead to subsequent graft loss. Although combination therapy using NA and hepatitis B immune globulin(HBIG) has been the regimen most widely adopted for over a decade,recent studies have demonstrated that newer NAs with low rates of resistance are effective in preventing graft hepatitis even without the use of HBIG,achieving excellent long term outcome. For patients without pre-existing resistant mutations,monotherapy with a single NA has been shown to be effective. For those with resistant strains,a combination of nucleoside analog and nucleotide analog should be used. To date,clinical trials using therapeutic vaccination have shown suboptimal response,as CHB patients likely have an immune deficit against HBV epitopes. Future strategies include targeting different sites of the hepatitis B replication cycle and restoring the host immunity response to facilitate complete viral eradication.
文摘There are no standard guidelines to follow when a patient with chronic hepatitis B infection becomes pregnant or desires pregnancy. Topics to consider include which patients to treat, when to start treatment, what treatment to use and when to stop treatment. Without any prophylaxis or antiviral therapy, a hepatitis B surface antigen and E antigen positive mother has up to a 90% likelihood of vertical transmission of hepatitis B virus(HBV) to child. Standard of care in the United States to prevent perinatal transmission consists of administration of hepatitis B immune globulin and HBV vaccination to the infant. The two strongest risk factors of mother to child transmission(MTCT) of HBV infection despite immunoprophylaxis are high maternal HBV viral load and high activity of viral replication. The goal is to prevent transmission of HBV at birth by decreasing viral load and/or decreasing activity of the virus. Although it is still somewhat controversial, most evidence shows that starting antivirals in the third trimester is effective in decreasing MTCT without affecting fetal development. There is a growing body of literature supporting the safety and efficacy of antiviral therapies to reduce MTCT of hepatitis B. There are no formal recommendations regarding which agent to choose. Tenofovir, lamivudine and telbivudine have all been proven efficacious in decreasing viral load at birth without known birth defects, but final decision of which antiviral medication to use will have to be determined by physician and patient. The antivirals may be discontinued immediately if patient is breastfeeding, or within first four weeks if infant is being formula fed.
文摘Objective To evaluate the efficacy of hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) in preventing intrauterine infection by hepatitis B virus (HBV) and to investigate its mechanism. Methods Forty eight pregnant women positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) were randomly divided into 2 groups. The 34 women in the study group were injected with HBIG during pregnancy; the other 14 women were controls. Maternal blood samples were taken before HBIG injection and at delivery. Neonatal blood samples were taken within 24 hours after birth before HBIG and hepatitis B vaccine were given. HBsAg and antibody to HBsAg (anti HBs) were tested by radioimmunoassay. Results None of the 35 newborns (including 2 twins) in the study group was positive for HBsAg, but 3 (21%) in the control group were positive (P=0.02). The HBsAg titers in the women in the study group decreased after HBIG injection. Of the 35 newborns in the study group, 32 (91%) were positive for anti HBs. Conclusion Systematic injections of HBIG during pregnancy may prevent intrauterine HBV infection, the mechanism of which may be reduction of maternal HBV viremia and production of fetal passive immunity.
文摘Hepatitis B(HB) virus(HBV) infection, which causes liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, is endemic worldwide. Hepatitis B vaccines became commercially available in the 1980 s. The World Health Organization recommended the integration of the HB vaccine into the national immunisation programs in all countries. HBV prevention strategies are classified into three groups:(1) universal vaccination alone;(2) universal vaccination with screening of pregnant women plus HB immune globulin(HBIG) at birth; and(3) selective vaccination with screening of pregnant women plus HBIG at birth. Most low-income countries have adopted universal vaccine programs without screening of pregnant women. However, HB vaccines are not widely used in low-income countries. The Global Alliance for Vaccine and Immunization was launched in 2000, and by 2012, the global coverage of a three-dose HB vaccine had increased to 79%. The next challenges are to further increase the coverage rate, close the gap between recommendations and routine practices, approach highrisk individuals, screen and treat chronically infected individuals, and prevent breakthrough infections. To eradicate HBV infections, strenuous efforts are required to overcome socioeconomic barriers to the HB vaccine; this task is expected to take several decades to complete.