A hierarchical salt-rejection strategy for sustainable and high-efficiency solar-driven desalination

Solar steam generation(SSG)is widely regarded as one of the most sustainable technologies for seawater desalination.However,salt fouling severely compromises the evaporation performance and lifetime of evaporators,limiting their practical applications.Herein,we propose a hierarchical salt-rejection(HSR)strategy to prevent salt precipitation during long-term evaporation while maintaining a rapid evaporation rate,even in high-salinity brine.The salt diffusion process is segmented into three steps—insulation,branching diffusion,and arterial transport—that significantly enhance the salt-resistance properties of the evaporator.Moreover,the HSR strategy overcomes the tradeoff between salt resistance and evaporation rate.Consequently,a high evaporation rate of 2.84 kg m^(-2) h^(-1),stable evaporation for 7 days cyclic tests in 20 wt%NaCl solution,and continuous operation for 170 h in natural seawater under 1 sun illumination were achieved.Compared with control evaporators,the HSR evaporator exhibited a>54%enhancement in total water evaporation mass during 24 h continuous evaporation in 20 wt%salt water.Furthermore,a water collection device equipped with the HSR evaporator realized a high water purification rate(1.1 kg m^(-2) h^(-1)),highlighting its potential for agricultural applications.

Effect of high-multiple water injection on rock pore structure and oil displacement efficiency

Experimental methods,including mercury pressure,nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)and core(wateroil)displacement,are used to examine the effects of high-multiple water injection(i.e.water injection with high injected pore volume)on rock properties,pore structure and oil displacement efficiency of an oilfield in the western South China Sea.The results show an increase in the permeability of rocks along with particle migration,an increase in the pore volume and the average pore throat radius,and enhanced heterogeneity after high-multiple water injection.Compared with normal water injection methods,a high-multiple water injection is more effective in improving the oil displacement efficiency.The degree of recovery increases faster in the early stage due to the expansion of the swept area,and the transition from oil-wet to water-wet.The degree of recovery increases less in the late stage due to various factors,including the enhancement of heterogeneity in the rocks.Considering both the economic aspect and the production limit of water flooding,it is recommended to adopt other technologies to further enhance oil recovery after 300 PV water injection.

Enhancing efficiency and stability of organic solar cells through a simplified four-step synthesis of fully non-fused ring electron acceptor

Design and synthesis of superior cost-effective non-fullerene acceptors(NFAs)are still big challenges for facilitating the commercialization of organic solar cells(OSCs),yet to be realized.Herein,two medium bandgap fully non-fused ring electron acceptors(NFREAs,medium bandgap,i,e.,1,3-1,8 eV),namely PTR-2Cl and PTR-4Cl are synthesized with only four steps by using intramolecular noncovalent interaction central core,structured alkyl side chain orientation linking units and flanking with different electron-withdrawing end group.Among them,PTR-4C1 exhibits increased average electrostatic potential(ESP)difference with polymer donor,enhanced crystallinity and compactπ-πstacking compared with the control molecule PTR-2CI.As a result,the PTR-4Cl-based OSC achieved an impressive power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 14.72%,with a much higher open-circuit voltage(V_(OC))of 0.953 V and significantly improved fill factor(FF)of 0.758,demonstrating one of the best acceptor material in the top-performing fully NFREA-based OSCs with both high PCE and V_(OC).Notably,PTR-4Cl-based cells maintain a good T_80lifetime of its initial PCE after over 936 h under a continuous thermal annealing treatment and over1300 h T_(80)lifetime without encapsulation.This work provides a cost-effective design strategy for NFREAs on obtaining high V_(OC),efficient exciton dissociation,and ordered molecular packing and thus high-efficiency and stable OSCs.

Enabling high-efficiency ethanol oxidation on NiFe-LDH via deprotonation promotion and absorption inhibition

Nucleophile oxidation reaction(NOR), represented by ethanol oxidation reaction(EOR), is a promising pathway to replace oxygen evolution reaction(OER). EOR can effectively reduce the driving voltage of hydrogen production in direct water splitting. In this work, large current and high efficiency of EOR on a Ni, Fe layered double hydroxide(NiFe-LDH) catalyst were simultaneously achieved by a facile fluorination strategy. F in NiFe-LDH can reduce the activation energy of the dehydrogenation reaction, thus promoting the deprotonation process of NiFe-LDH to achieve a lower EOR onset potential. It also weakens the absorption of OH-and nucleophile electrooxidation products on the surface of NiFe-LDH at a higher potential, achieving a high current density and EOR selectivity, according to density functional theory calculations. Based on our experiment results, the optimized fluorinated NiFe-LDH catalyst achieves a low potential of 1.386 V to deliver a 10 mA cm^(-2)EOR. Moreover, the Faraday efficiency is greater than 95%, with a current density ranging from 10 to 250 mA cm^(-2). This work provides a promising pathway for an efficient and cost-effective NOR catalyst design for economic hydrogen production.

Analyzing and Exploring a Model for High-Efficiency Perovskite Solar Cells

Perovskite materials have drawn a lot of interest recently due to their potential to increase solar cell efficiency. This study uses the solar cell capacitance simulator (SCAPS-1D) to develop and simulate a perovskite solar cell made of semiconductor materials. The design that has been suggested is Al:ZnO/ZnO/CdS/CsSnCl3 and MoS2. The analysis focuses on how different characteristics of the material affect the device’s performance. The analysis of the data reveals that the architecture had 26.15% power conversion efficiency (PCE). The solar cell creates an interest in developing a non-toxic solar cell with low manufacturing costs, outstanding conversion efficiency, and stability.

Brominated PEAI as Multi-Functional Passivator for High-Efficiency Perovskite Solar Cell

The interfaces of perovskite solar cells(PSCs)are well known to be rich in deep-level carrier traps,which serve as non-radiative recombination centers and limit the open-circuit voltage(Voc)and power conversion efficiency(PCE)of PSCs.Defect chemistry and surface passivators have been researched extensively and mainly focused on the neutralization of uncoordinated lead or anion defects.Herein,a novel brominated passivator 2-bromophenethylammonium iodide(2-Br-PEAI)is introduced for a multi-functional passivation effect at the perovskite interface.The brominated species readily form 2D perovskite on top of the 3D perovskite and multi-interact with the 3D perovskite surface.Apart from the halide vacancy filling and anion bonding ability,the Br atoms on the benzene ring can interact with the FA cations via strong hydrogen bonding N-H…Br and interact with the[PbI_(6)]^(4−)inorganic framework.The interface defects in the PSCs are well passivated,minimizing non-radiative recombination and enhancing device performance.As a result,a champion PCE of 24.22%was achieved with high V_(oc)and fill factor.In addition,modified devices also showed enhanced operational stability(retention of>95%initial PCE after 400 h)and humidity resistance(>90%initial PCE maintained after 1500 h under~50%RH).

Breeding of National Authorized New Wheat Variety Shannong 116 and Supporting Cultivation Technical Measures for High Yield, High Quality and High Efficiency

Shannong 116 is a strong gluten,high yield and multi-resistance wheat variety bred by Shandong Agricultural University,which was approved by the State in 2021 and by Shandong Province in 2022.Shannong 116 combines the excellent characteristics of the female parent(strong gluten,disease resistance and early maturity)and the male parent(high yield,water saving and lodging resistance),with a plant height of 76.9 cm,compact plant type,orderly spike layer and good maturity performance,which is suitable for large-scale promotion and market order planting in Huanghuai wheat area.In this paper,the characteristics of Shannong 116 are analyzed,and cultivation technical measures for high yield,high quality and high efficiency are put forward,in order to provide a technical support for the popularization and application of the variety.

An Overview of High-efficiency Synchronous Reluctance Machines

In recent years the synchronous reluctance machines(SynRMs)have received much attention.They have some good features such as high torque density,high reliability and low cost.This paper aims to give an overview of SynRMs with particular emphasis on the history,research status and industrial application.Besides,concept and basic operating principles of such machines are also described.Moreover,some hot spots of the research on the SynRMs are introduced.Several methods to improve the average torque and reduce torque ripple of the SynRMs in the past literatures are presented including topology design and control strategies.An overview of the methods from different aspects to realize high efficiency for the SynRMs is given which contain rotor optimization,winding configuration,material improvement,control schemes and so on.Some approaches suitable for high speed application are also introduced.It can be seen that the SynRMs have broad development prospects and great potential in industrial application.

Numerical and Experimental Investigation of High-efficiency Axial-flow Pump

The experimental investigation of axial-flow pump has been rapidly developed to meet the needs of South-to-North Water Diversion Project of China. Owing to the boundary conditions of hub, blade tip clearance, much of the physical phenomena and laws involved in this complex flow field can＇t be fully determined. The flow characteristics of the high efficiency axial-flow pump have been simulated by RNG k-e turbulence model and SIMPLEC arithmetic based on FLUENT software. Numerical results indicate that the data from the prediction show agreement with the experimental results, static pressure on pressure side of blades increases slightly at circumferential direction with radius increasing, and keep almost constant at the same radial while increasing gradually from inlet to exit on the suction side along flow direction at design conditions. The static pressure, total pressure and velocity at inlet, impeller outlet and vane outlet were measured by a five-hole probe, and a contrastive experiment was done to investigate the influence of hub leakage. The experimental results show that inlet flow is almost axial and the prerotation is very small at various conditions. The meridional velocity and circulation distribution are almost identical at impeller outlet at design conditions due to steady flow and high efficiency. The residual circulation exits at downstream of the guide vane, and the circumferential velocity component increases linearly from hub to tip at small flow rate conditions. Hub leakage in adjustable blades results in the decrease of the meridional velocity and circulation at blade exit near hub. The results of numerical simulation and experiments supply important flow structure information for the high-efficiency axial-flow pump.

Methods on Identification and Screening of Rice Genotypes with High Nitrogen Efficiency

In order to establish methods for indentification and screening of rice genotypes with high nitrogen （N） efficiency, N absorption efficiency （NAE）, N utilization efficiency （NUE） and N harvest index （NHI） in ten rice genotypes were investgated at the elongation, booting, heading and maturity stages under six N levels in a pot experiment with soil-sand mixtures at various ratios. NAE in various rice genotypes firstly increased, peaked under a medium nitrogen rate of 0.177 g/kg and then decreased, but NUE and NHI always decreased with increasing nitrogen levels. NAE in various rice genotypes ever increased with growing process and NUE indicated a descending tendency of elongation stage〉heading stage〉maturity stage〉booting stage. N level influenced rice NAE, NUE and NHI most, followed by genotype, and the both effects were significant at 0.01 level. In addition, the interaction effects of genotype and nitrogen level on rice NAE and NUE were significant at 0.01 level, but not significant on rice NHI. Because the maximum differences of NAE and NUE were found at the elongation stage, it was thought to be the most suitable stage for identification and screening these two paremeters. Therefore, the optimum conditions for identification and screening of rice NAE, NUE and NHI in a pot experiment were the nitrogen rate of 0.157 g/kg at the elongation stage, low nitrogen at the elongation stage, and the nitrogen rate of 0.277 g/kg at the maturity stage, respectively.

Evaluation of Vaporized Hydrogen Peroxide Fumigation as a Method for the Bio-decontamination of the High Efficiency Particulate Air Filter Unit

Objective To evaluate the performance of vaporized hydrogen peroxide （VHP） for the bio-decontamination of the high efficiency particulate air （HEPA） filter unit. Methods Self-made or commercially available bioindicators were placed at designated locations in the HEPA filter unit under VHP fumigation. The spores on coupons were then extracted by 0.5 h submergence in eluent followed by 200- time violent knocks. Results Due to the presence of HEPA filter in the box, spore recovery from coupons placed at the bottom of the filter downstream was significantly higher than that from coupons placed at the other locations. The gap of decontamination efficiency between the top and the bottom of the filter downstream became narrower with the exposure time extended. The decontamination efficiency of the bottom of the filter downstream only improved gently with the injection rate of H202 increased and the decontamination efficiency decreased instead when the injection rate exceeded 2.5 g/min. The commercially available bioindicators were competent to indicate the disinfection efficiency of VHP for the HEPA filter unit. Conclusion The HEPA filter unit is more difficult than common enclosure to decontaminate using VHP fumigation. Complete decontamination can be achieved by extending fumigation time. VHP fumigation can be applied for in-situ biodecontamination of the HEPA filter unit as an alternative method to formaldehyde fumigation.

Color-stable,reduced efficiency roll-off hybrid white organic light emitting diodes with ultra high brightness

High-brightness and color-stable two-wavelength hybrid white organic light emitting diodes （HWOLEDs） with the configuration of indium tin oxide （ITO）/ N, N, N, N-tetrakis（4-methoxyphenyl）-benzidine （MeO-TPD）： tetrafluoro-tetracyanoqino dimethane （F4-TCNQ）/N,N-di（naphthalene-1-yl）-N,N-diphenyl-benzidine （NPB）/ 4,4-N,N-dicarbazolebiphenyl （CBP）： iridium （III） diazine complexes （MPPZ） 2 Ir（acac）/NPB/2-methyl-9,10-di（2-naphthyl）anthracene （MADN）： p-bis（p-N,N-di-phenyl-aminostyryl）benzene （DSA-ph）/bis（10-hydroxybenzo[h] quino-linato）beryllium complex （Bebq2）/LiF/Al have been fabricated and characterized. The optimal brightness of the device is 69932 cd/m2 at a voltage of 13 V, and the Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage （CIE） chromaticity coordinates are almost constant during a large voltage change of 6–12 V. Furthermore, a current efficiency of 15.3 cd/A at an illumination-relevant brightness of 1000 cd/m2 is obtained, which rolls off slightly to 13.0 cd/A at an ultra high brightness of 50000 cd/m2. We attribute this great performance to wisely selecting an appropriate spacer together with effectively utilizing the combinations of exciton-harvested orange-phosphorescence/blue-fluorescence in the device. Undoubtedly, this is one of the most exciting results in two-wavelength HWOLEDs up to now.

Device simulation of lead-free CH_3NH_3SnI_3 perovskite solar cells with high efficiency

The lead-free perovskite solar cells(PSCs) have drawn a great deal of research interest due to the Pb toxicity of the lead halide perovskite.CHNHSnIis a viable alternative to CHNHPbX,because it has a narrower band gap of 1.3 eV and a wider visible absorption spectrum than the lead halide perovskite.The progress of fabricating tin iodide PSCs with good stability has stimulated the studies of these CHNHSnIbased cells greatly.In the paper,we study the influences of various parameters on the solar cell performance through theoretical analysis and device simulation.It is found in the simulation that the solar cell performance can be improved to some extent by adjusting the doping concentration of the perovskite absorption layer and the electron affinity of the buffer and HTM,while the reduction of the defect density of the perovskite absorption layer significantly improves the cell performance.By further optimizing the parameters of the doping concentration(1.3 × 10cm~3) and the defect density(1 × 10cm~3) of perovskite absorption layer,and the electron affinity of buffer(4.0 eV) and HTM(2.6 eV),we finally obtain some encouraging results of the Jof 31.59 mA/cm~2,Vof 0.92 V,FF of 79.99%,and PCE of 23.36%.The results show that the lead-free CHNHSnIPSC is a potential environmentally friendly solar cell with high efficiency.Improving the Snstability and reducing the defect density of CHNHSnIare key issues for the future research,which can be solved by improving the fabrication and encapsulation process of the cell.

High wall-plug efficiency 808-nm laser diodes with a power up to 30.1 W

A very highly efficient InGaAlAs/AlGaAs quantum-well structure was designed for 808 nm emission,and laser diode chips 390-μm-wide aperture and 2-mm-long cavity length were fabricated.Special pretreatment and passivation for the chip facets were performed to achieve improved reliability performance.The laser chips were p-side-down mounted on the AlN submount,and then tested at continuous wave(CW)operation with the heat-sink temperature setting to 25℃using a thermoelectric cooler(TEC).As high as 60.5%of the wall-plug efficiency(WPE)was achieved at the injection current of 11 A.The maximum output power of 30.1 W was obtained at 29.5 A when the TEC temperature was set to 12°C.Accelerated life-time test showed that the laser diodes had lifetimes of over 62111 h operating at rated power of 10 W.

A safe,low-cost and high-efficiency presodiation strategy for pouch-type sodium-ion capacitors with high energy density

Sodium-ion capacitors(SICs)have attracted appreciable attention in virtue of the higher energy and power densities compared with their rivals,supercapacitors and sodium-ion batteries.Due to the lack of sodium resources in cathode,presodiation is critical for SICs to further augment performances.However,current presodiation strategy utilizes metallic sodium as the presodiation material.In this strategy,assembling/disassembling of half-cells is required,which is dangerous and in creases the time and cost of SIC leading to the restriction of their industrialization and commercialization.Herein we present a safe,low-cost and high-efficiency presodiation strategy by first employing Na_(2)C_(2)O_(4) as the sacrificial salt applied in SICs.Na_(2)C_(2)O_(4) is environmentally friendly and possesses considerably low expenditure.No additional residues remain after sodium extraction ascribed to its"zero dead mass"property.When paired with commercial activated carb on as the cathode and commercial hard carbon as the ano de,the constructed pouch-type SICs exhibit high energy and power densities of 91.7 Wh/kg and 13.1 kW/kg,respectively.This work shows a prospect of realizing the safe and low-cost manufacturing for high-performance SICs commercially.

High Quantum Efficiency and High Concentration Erbium-Doped Silica Glasses Fabricated by Sintering Nanoporous Glasses

A new method was used to prepare erbium-doped high silica （SiO2 % 〉 96 % ） glasses by sintering nanoporous glasses. The concentration of erbium ions in high silica glasses can be considerably more than that in silica glasses prepared by using conventional methods. The fluorescence of 1532 nm has an FWHM （Full Wave at Half Maximum） of 50 nm, wider than 35 nm of EDSFA （erbium-doped silica fiber amplifer）, and hence the glass possesses potential application in broadband fiber amplifiers. The Judd-Ofelt theoretical analysis reflects that the quantum efficiency of this erbium-doped glass is about 0.78, although the erbium concentration in this glass （6 × 10^3） is about twenty times higher than that in silica glass. These excellent characteristics of Er-doped high silica glass will be conducive to its usage in optical amplifiers and microchip lasers.

17.13% Efficiency and Superior Thermal Stability of Organic Solar Cells Based on a Comb-Shape Active Blend

With rapid progress,organic solar cells(OSCs)are getting closer to the target of real application.However,the stability issue is still one of the biggest challenges that have to be resolved.Especially,the thermal stability of OSCs is far from meeting the requirements of the application.Here,based on the layer-by-layer(LBL)process and by utilizing the dissolubility nature of solvent and materials,binary inverted OSCs(ITO/AZO/PM6/BTP-eC9/MoO3/Ag)with comb shape active morphology are fabricated.High efficiency of 17.13%and simultaneous superior thermal stability(with 93%of initial efficiency retained in~9:00 h under 85℃in N_(2))are demonstrated,showing superior stability to reference cells.The enhancements are attributed to the formed optimal comb shape of the active layer,which could provide a larger D/A interface,thus more charge carriers,render the active blend a more stable morphology,and protect the electrode by impeding ion's migration and corrosion.To the best of our knowledge,this is the best thermal stability of binary OSCs reported in the literature,especially when considering the high efficiency of over 17%.

Rapid Construction of a High-Density Rice Linkage Map by High Efficiency Genome Scanning (HEGS) System

High-density linkage maps are essential tools for genome analysis of various biological traits. Our developed compact multi-gel system, HEGS （high efficiency genome scanning） is a high-throughput and high-cost-performance electrophoresis apparatus. Using this system, a high-density （average interval 2.3 cM） map with 1 065 AFLP and 63 SSR markers was constructed from recombinant inbred lines of a japonica and indica hybrid in just two months of electrophoreses by a single person. More than 50% of the mapped AFLP markers were commonly polymorphic for several combinations between japonica and indica rice and 15% were applicable for genetically closer crosses between upland and lowland types of japonica rice. This system can be used for rapid analyses of all kinds of markers.

High-efficiency forming processes for complex thin-walled titanium alloys components: state-of-the-art and perspectives

Complex thin-walled titanium alloy components play a key role in the aircraft,aerospace and marine industries,offering the advantages of reduced weight and increased thermal resistance.The geometrical complexity,dimensional accuracy and in-service properties are essential to fulfill the high-performance standards required in new transportation systems,which brings new challenges to titanium alloy forming technologies.Traditional forming processes,such as superplastic forming or hot pressing,cannot meet all demands of modern applications due to their limited properties,low productivity and high cost.This has encouraged industry and research groups to develop novel high-efficiency forming processes.Hot gas pressure forming and hot stamping-quenching technologies have been developed for the manufacture of tubular and panel components,and are believed to be the cut-edge processes guaranteeing dimensional accuracy,microstructure and mechanical properties.This article intends to provide a critical review of high-efficiency titanium alloy forming processes,concentrating on latest investigations of controlling dimensional accuracy,microstructure and properties.The advantages and limitations of individual forming process are comprehensively analyzed,through which,future research trends of high-efficiency forming are identified including trends in process integration,processing window design,full cycle and multi-objective optimization.This review aims to provide a guide for researchers and process designers on the manufacture of thin-walled titanium alloy components whilst achieving high dimensional accuracy and satisfying performance properties with high efficiency and low cost.

Irregular and regular LDPC codes with high spectrum efficiency modulation in image transmission over fading channel

If the degree distribution is chosen carefully, the irregular low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes can outperform the regular ones. An image transmission system is proposed by combining regular and irregular LDPC codes with 16QAM/64QAM modulation to improve both efficiency and reliability. Simulaton results show that LDPC codes are good coding schemes over fading channel in image communication with lower system complexity. More over, irregular codes can obtain a code gain of about 0.7 dB compared with regular ones when BER is 10 -4. So the irregular LDPC codes are more suitable for image transmission than the regular codes.