Properties of collective flow and pion production in intermediate-energy heavy-ion collisions with a relativistic quantum molecular dynamics model

The relativistic mean-field approach was implemented in the Lanzhou quantum molecular dynamics transport model(LQMD.RMF). Using the LQMD.RMF, the properties of collective flow and pion production were investigated systematically for nuclear reactions with various isospin asymmetries. The directed and elliptic flows of the LQMD.RMF are able to describe the experimental data of STAR Collaboration. The directed flow difference between free neutrons and protons was associated with the stiffness of the symmetry energy, that is, a softer symmetry energy led to a larger flow difference. For various collision energies, the ratio between the π^(-) and π^(+) yields increased with a decrease in the slope parameter of the symmetry energy. When the collision energy was 270 MeV/nucleon, the single ratio of the pion transverse momentum spectra also increased with decreasing slope parameter of the symmetry energy in both nearly symmetric and neutron-rich systems.However, it is difficult to constrain the stiffness of the symmetry energy with the double ratio because of the lack of threshold energy correction on the pion production.

The study of intelligent algorithm in particle identification of heavy-ion collisions at low and intermediate energies

Traditional particle identification methods face timeconsuming,experience-dependent,and poor repeatability challenges in heavy-ion collisions at low and intermediate energies.Researchers urgently need solutions to the dilemma of traditional particle identification methods.This study explores the possibility of applying intelligent learning algorithms to the particle identification of heavy-ion collisions at low and intermediate energies.Multiple intelligent algorithms,including XgBoost and TabNet,were selected to test datasets from the neutron ion multi-detector for reaction-oriented dynamics(NIMROD-ISiS)and Geant4 simulation.Tree-based machine learning algorithms and deep learning algorithms e.g.TabNet show excellent performance and generalization ability.Adding additional data features besides energy deposition can improve the algorithm’s performance when the data distribution is nonuniform.Intelligent learning algorithms can be applied to solve the particle identification problem in heavy-ion collisions at low and intermediate energies.

Azimuthal distributions of final-state particles and fragments and transverse structure of emission source in high-energy nucleus-nucleus collisions

The azimuthal distributions of final-state particles and fragments produced in high-energy nucleus-nucleus collisions are described by a modified multisource ideal gas model which contains the expansions and movements of the emission sources. The transverse structures of the sources are given in the transverse plane by momentum components Px and Py, and described by parameters in the model. The results of the azimuthal distributions, calculated by the Monte Carlo method, are in good agreement with the experimental data in nucleus-nucleus collisions at high energies.

Thermodynamic properties at the kinetic freeze-out in the Au + Au and Cu + Cu collisions at the RHIC using the Tsallis distribution

The thermodynamic properties of charged particles,such as the energy density,pressure,entropy density,particle density,and squared speed of sound at the kinetic freeze-out in the Au+Au collisions from the relativistic heavy ion collider (RHIC)beam energy scan program √S_(NN) and in the Cu+Cu collisions at √S_(NN),200 GeV are studied using the thermodynamically consistent Tsallis distribution.The energy density,pressure,and particle density decrease monotonically with the collision energy for the same collision centrality;These properties also decrease monotonically from the central to peripheral collisions at the same collision energy.While the scaled energy densityε∕T^(4) and scaled entropy density s∕T^(3) demonstrate the opposite trend with the collision energy for the same collision centrality.There is a correlation betweenε∕T^(4) and s∕T^(3) at the same centrality.In addition,the squared speed of sound was calculated to determine that all the collision energies share nearly the same value at different collision centralities.

Proton-Proton Collisions in View of Thermo-Statistical Approach

The data of charged particles produced in proton-proton collisions extracted from Durham particle data group at energy ranges √s = 6.3 - 17 GeV and at 0.9 - 7 TeV are investigated in the framework of Tsallis thermo-statistics and the Vlasov time dynamics. The analysis can describe the experimental data well all-over the considered energies and rapidity intervals. The variation of the collision parameters (chemical potential, entropy index and the time of evolution) is studied and discussed as a function of the final state temperature. According to the obtained result, a scenario, and a script of the time evolution for the particle production is simulated by the pp collision.

Anisotropic emission of charged mesons and structure characteristic of emission source in heavy ion collisions at 1-2A GeV

Angular distributions of pious and kaons produced in heavy ion collisions at the low-energy end of high energies （1-2 A GeV） have been investigated by using a multisource ideal gas model. The model covers the expansions and movements of the emission sources, and it is related to the collective flows. By using the analytic expression and the Monte Carlo method, the azimuthal and polar angle distributions of mesons are calculated by the model and compared with the experimental data of the KaoS Collaboration.

Pronounced Fluctuations of Target Fragments in Forward Hemisphere Only in Ultra Relativistic Nuclear Collision

目标的动态变化蒸发了黑粒子用林中小丘代表的灿烂的概念在多维的因素的时刻方法论的框架以内在前面、向后的半球被调查。我们分析在 200 AGeV 和它在 S-32-AgBr 相互作用射出的黑粒子是明显的在向后的半球的动态变化是自我仿射的。在前面的半球， isself 类似然而并非自我仿射的动态变化。然而，学习显示在前面的半球的变化在向后的半球是比那更显著的。

Relativistic effects on the back-to-back correlation functions of boson-antiboson pairs in high energy heavy ion collisions

We calculate the back-to-back correlation （BBC） functions of relativistic boson-antiboson pairs in high energy heavy ion collisions using the Monte Carlo method. The relativistic effects on the BBC functions of ФФ and K＋K pairs are investigated. The investigations indicate that the relativistic effects on the BBC functions of K＋K- pairs with large momenta are significant, and the effect is sensitive to the particle freeze-out temperature.

Rayleigh-like distribution of particle transverse momenta in collisions at high energies

The transverse momentum distributions of final-state particles produced in collisions at high en-ergies are studied by using a two-component Rayleigh-like distribution.This representation is based on Liu＇s multisource ideal gas model which describes protons and fragments in high energy nucleus-nucleus collisions.The calculated results are in good agreement with the experimental data of Au-Au,Cu-Cu,d-Au,and pp collisions at the relativistic heavy ion collider energies.The experimental particle momentum distributions of p-Be collisions at 6.4,12.3,and 17.5 GeV/c,as well as Au-Au collisions at 1.5 AGeV are well described by a model based on a single Rayleigh-like distribution of particle transverse momenta.

A quantitative criterion for the anisotropic dynamical fluctuation in high energy collisions

The Levy-stability of self-affine random cascading model is investigated in some detail. It is found that the Levy-stability indices of cascading process depend upon not only the dynamical fluctuation parameter a but also the way of shrinking phase space when calculating scaled factorial moments, which propose a quantitative criterion to determine whether the dynamical fluctuation is anisotropic. Besides, the puzzle of Levy-stability violation of NA22 data is comprehensively solved under the hypothesis of anisotropic dynamical fluctuation.

Symmetry energy from neutron-rich fragments in heavy-ion collisions,and its dependence on incident energy,and impact parameters

The yields of fragments produced in the ^60Ni＋ ^12C reactions at 80 A and 140 A MeV, and with maximum impact parameters of 1.5, 2 and 7.3 fm at 80 A MeV are calculated by the statistical abrasion-ablation model. The yields of fragments are analyzed by the isobaric yield ratio （IYR） method to extract the coefficient of symmetry energy to temperature （asym/T ）. The incident energy is found to influence asym/T very little. It’s found that asym/T of fragments with the same neutron-excess I = N-Z increases when A increases, while asym/T of isobars decreases when A increases. The asym/T of prefragments is rather smaller than that of the final fragments, and the asym/T of fragments in small impact parameters is smaller than that of the larger impact parameters, which both indicate that asym/T decreases when the temperature increases. The choice of the reference IYRs is found to have influence on the extracted a sym /T of fragments, especially on the results of the more neutron-rich fragments. The surface-symmetry energy coefficient （bs/T ） and the volume-symmetry energy coefficient （bv/T） are also extracted, and the bs/bv is found to coincide with the theoretical results.

Electromagnetic field produced in high-energy small collision systems within charge density models of nucleons

Recent experiments show that Δy,an observable designed to detect the chiral magnetic effect(CME),in small collision systems(p+A) is similar to that in heavy ion collisions(A+A).This introduces a challenge to the existence of the CME because it is believed that no azimuthal correlation exists between the orientation of the magnetic field(Φ_(B)) and participant plane(Φ_(2)) in small collision systems.In this work,we introduce three charge density models to describe the inner charge distributions of protons and neutrons and calculate the electric and magnetic fields produced in small p+A collisions at both RHIC and LHC energies.Our results show that the contribution of the single projectile proton is the main contributor to the magnetic field after averaging over all participants.The azimuthal correlation between Φ_(B) and Φ_(2) is small but not vanished.Additionally,owing to the large fluctuation in field strength,the magnetic-field contribution to Δγ may be large.

A Monte Carlo study on the production scale and internal structure of jets in high energy collisions

The production scale and internal structure of jets produced in high energy collisions were studied using Jetset and Herwig Monte Carlo generators. Two scales were found. One is the jet-development scale, which determines the size of the jet developed from a mother-parton. The other is the jet-production scale with which the jets produced are the most consistent with QCD jet-production dynamics and will provide the most reliable dynamical information about their mother-partons.

Oscillations of moments in high-energy nucleus-nucleus collisions

The definitions of density function and moment of multiplicity distribution are introduced,and the method of moment analysis in e+ e- and proton-proton (pp) interactions is extended into nu-cleus-nucleus (AA) interactions. We analyze the data for relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions and cal-culate the values of Hq for charged particle multiplicity distributions, by which we study systematically the dependences of Hq on incident energy, mass of colliding system, pseudorapidity interval, centrality and truncation of multiplicity. We compare the oscillation structures induced by e + e-, pp and AA inter-actions, and the comparison and analysis are carried out between experimental data and QCD predic-tion. The latest results are given in this paper.

飞机风挡不同位置遭遇轻型无人机高速碰撞损伤敏感性研究

以Phantom 4 Pro典型轻型无人机和某型商用飞机主风挡为对象。通过仿真法研究飞机风挡不同位置遭遇无人机高速碰撞损伤敏感性,分析在高速仿真碰撞过程中无人机撞击各个目标点的接触力变化及其在典型时刻无人机刚性组件序惯撞击目标位置造成的耦合损伤结果,并从多层风挡玻璃及其周边固支结构的吸能变化角度解释了造成风挡不同位置损伤程度差异的原因。研究表明飞机主风挡的中间区域是抗无人机冲击最薄弱的部位,无人机的大质量部件是主要冲击损伤源,风挡玻璃的吸能大小与其损伤程度具有正相关趋势;无人机以平飞姿态与飞机在巡航速度下撞击经过适航验证的飞机风挡结构时,风挡玻璃整体仍然是安全的。研究结果为航空运输实践中新兴出现且越来越频繁的安全隐患提供理性认识和技术预研支撑。

Probing nucleon effective mass splitting with light particle emission

The main objective of this study was to investigate the impact of effective mass splitting on heavy-ion-collision observables.We first analyzed correlations between different nuclear matter parameters obtained from 119 effective Skyrme interaction sets.The values of the correlation coefficients illustrate that the magnitude of effective mass splitting is crucial for tight constraints on the symmetry energy via heavy-ion collisions.The^(86)Kr+^(208)Pb system at beam energies ranging from 25 to 200A MeV was simulated within the framework of the improved quantum molecular dynamics model(ImQMD-Sky).Our calculations show that the slopes of the spectra of ln[Y(n)/Y(p)]and ln[Y(t)/Y(^(3)He)],which are the logarithms of the neutron to proton and triton to helium-3 yield ratios,are directly related to effective mass splitting and can be used to probe the effective mass splitting.

一体化铝型材前防撞梁系统碰撞分析

为取消前防撞梁系统横梁与吸能盒之间的连接工序,对某轿车的前防撞梁系统进行了一体化结构设计,用一根型材折弯、机加成一个将横梁与吸能盒一体化的零部件。利用有限元分析软件分别对传统铝制防撞梁系统以及一体化铝型材防撞梁系统进行基于RCAR的低速碰撞仿真分析和基于C-NCAP的高速碰撞仿真分析,得到了两种结构形式的吸能特性。一体化铝型材防撞梁系统在很多方面优于传统铝制防撞梁系统。

高速列车车体端部吸能结构研究

针对高速列车速度高、动能大的特点,设计了车体被动安全防护的特殊端部吸能结构,并通过非线性有限元软件LS-DYNA,研究高速列车头车司机室端两级吸能装置以及车体尾端弱刚度结构的耐碰撞性能,重点考察其与刚性强撞击时的界面力、变形以及能量吸收能力。计算结果表明两级吸能装置变形有序,具备约3.4 MJ的能量吸收能力,可有效保护司机室结构;车体尾端弱刚度区具备6.5 MJ的能量吸收能力,可有效保护乘客区结构的安全。将上述结构应用在某型高速动车组车体并按照欧标EN15227进行36 km/h对撞工况的验证,司机室头部吸能结构变形合理,列车未发生爬车现象,司机室及客室结构完整,头车平均加速度为4.4g,满足标准要求。

高能球磨SiC/6061Al的碰撞行为及温度效应

从SiC/6061Al复合粉末的X射线衍射图谱分析出发,分析了高能球磨过程中磨球的运动方式,并引入了斜碰系数,计算出了复合粉末在高能球磨过程中的温升。结果表明,转速控制在230r/min左右,高能球磨过程中不会产生能量累积,粉末的温升不超过400℃,没有达到生成Al4C3的温度条件,所以高能球磨是一种很好的制备SiC弥散强化Al基复合材料的方法,而且制得的SiC/6061Al复合粉末具有优良的综合力学性能。

我国特高拱坝坝身泄洪消能技术研究与应用

高坝泄洪伴随着能量的传递和释放,时至今日泄水建筑物遭受破坏的实例仍屡见不鲜,高坝泄洪消能是坝工建设与运行的关键技术之一。以2000年以来国内新建的11座特高拱坝(坝高≥200 m)为主要考察对象,其泄洪消能布置和水力指标均居世界前列。在系统总结探讨水垫塘消能评价指标、孔口体型、泄洪消能布置和水力特性的基础上,重点阐明坝身消能的3种典型创新模式:水舌碰撞的二滩模式、水舌不碰撞的锦屏一级模式、水舌碰撞与不碰撞结合的旭龙模式。研究思路和工程应用逐渐从“泄洪消能工程安全”向“泄洪消能工程安全与减轻岸坡泄洪雾化并重”转变,且水垫塘冲击动水压力均<15×9.81 kPa(标准限值)。近20 a特高拱坝建设快速发展极大地推动了该领域的技术进步和泄洪消能模式创新。建议开展复杂边界数值模拟研发、高坝泄洪TDG(总溶解气体)生成与释放过程研究等。