Compression fracture behavior and mechanical properties of ultra high pressure solidified titanium-aluminium intermetallics

The compression fracture behavior and mechanical properties of Ti80Al alloy and Ti48Al alloy solidified under 5.5GPa pressure condition were studied. The results show that the fracture of Ti80Al alloy solidified under high pressure has the characters of cleavage fracture and intergranular crack differing with cleavage fracture of that under vacuum. The fracture of Ti48Al alloy solidified under high pressure is cleavage fracture like that under vacuum. The compression strength of vacuum condition solidified Ti80Al alloy is 316MPa. However when the solidification pressure is increased to 5.5GPa, the compression strength of Ti80Al is increased to 440MPa. In the mean time, during ultra high pressure solidification the hardness of Ti80Al alloy and Ti48Al alloy increase from 8.755GPa and 5.408GPa under vacuum to 9.572GPa and 6.227GPa respectively, and elastic modulus also increase from 279.3GPa and 232.3GPa under vacuum to 295.8GPa to 252.9GPa respectively.

Numerical Analysis of Perforation during Hydraulic Fracture Initiation Based on Continuous-Discontinuous Element Method

Perforation is a pivotal technique employed to establish main flow channels within the reservoir formation at the outset of hydraulic fracturing operations.Optimizing perforation designs is critical for augmenting the efficacy of hydraulic fracturing and boosting oil or gas production.In this study,we employ a hybrid finite-discrete element method,known as the continuous–discontinuous element method(CDEM),to simulate the initiation of post-perforation hydraulic fractures and to derive enhanced design parameters.The model incorporates the four most prevalent perforation geometries,as delineated in an engineering technical report.Real-world perforations deviate from the ideal cylindrical shape,exhibiting variable cross-sectional profiles that typically manifest as an initial constriction followed by an expansion,a feature consistent across all four perforation types.Our simulations take into account variations in perforation hole geometries,cross-sectional diameters,and perforation lengths.The findings show that perforations generated by the 39g DP3 HMX perforating bullet yield the lowest breakdown pressure,which inversely correlates with increases in sectional diameter and perforation length.Moreover,this study reveals the relationship between breakdown pressure and fracture degree,providing valuable insights for engineers and designers to refine perforation strategies.

Experimental investigation of shale breakdown pressure under liquid nitrogen pre-conditioning before nitrogen fracturing

Cryogenic fracturing with liquid nitrogen(LN_(2))offers the benefits of reducing the water consumption and adverse environmental impacts induced by water-based fracturing,as well as potentially enhancing the fracture complexity.We performed a series of laboratory experiments to explore the key mechanisms governing the breakdown pressures of shale during cryogenic fracturing.In this study,cylindrical shale samples were pre-conditioned by exposing a borehole to low-temperature LN_(2) for a certain time period,and then,the samples were fractured using gaseous N_(2) under triaxial stress and a high reservoir temperature.The effects of various key parameters on the breakdown pressure were investigated,including the duration of the low-temperature LN_(2) treatment,the confining pressure,the reservoir temperature,and the direction of the shale bedding relative to the borehole axis.The results demonstrate that the injection of low-temperature LN_(2) as a pre-fracturing fluid into a borehole can significantly reduce the breakdown pressure of the shale during subsequent nitrogen fracturing.This reduction in breakdown pressure can be further intensified by increasing the duration of the LN_(2) pre-conditioning.Without LN_(2) pre-conditioning,the breakdown pressure initially increases and then decreases with increasing reservoir temperature.When LN_(2) pre-conditioning is applied,the breakdown pressure keeps decreasing with increasing reservoir temperature.As the confining pressure increased,the breakdown pressure increased linearly in the tests with and without LN_(2) pre-conditioning.The experimental results demonstrate that LN_(2) preconditioning before N_(2) fracturing is a promising waterless fracturing technique that reduces the breakdown pressure and enhances the fracture complexity.

Dynamic fracture toughness of high strength metals under impact loading:increase or decrease

An elusive phenomenon is observed in previous investigations on dynamic fracture that the dynamic fracture toughness （DFT） of high strength metals always increases with the loading rate on the order of TPa.m1/2.s-1. For the purpose of verification, variation of DFT with the loading rate for two high strength steels commonly used in the aviation industry, 30CrMnSiA and 40Cr, is studied in this work. Results of the experiments are compared, which were conducted on the modified split Hopkinson pressure bar （SHPB） apparatus, with striker velocities ranging from 9.2 to 24.1 m/s and a constant value of 16.3 m/s for 30CrMnSiA and 40Cr, respectively. It is observed that for 30CrMnSiA, the crack tip loading rate increases with the increase of the striker velocity, while the fracture initiation time and the DFT simultaneously decrease. However, in the tests of 40Cr, there is also an increasing tendency of DFT, similar to other reports. Through an in-depth investigation on the relationship between the dynamic stress intensity factor （DSIF） and the loading rate, it is concluded that the generally increasing tendency in previous studies could be false, which is induced from a limited striker velocity domain and the errors existing in the experimental and numerical processes. To disclose the real dependency of DFT on the loading rate, experimentsneed to be performed in a comparatively large striker velocity range.

Modeling of fluid dynamics interacting with ductile fraction propagation in high pressure pipeline

This paper presents a computational model for the fluid dynamics in a fractured ductile pipe under high pressure. The pressure profile in front of the crack tip, which is the driving source of crack propagation, is computed using a nonlinear wave equation. The solution is coupled with a one dimensional choked flow analysis behind the crack. The simulation utilizes a high order optimized prefactored compact-finite volume method in space, and low dispersion and dissipation Runge-Kutta in time. As the pipe fractures the rapid depressurization take place inside the pipe and the propagation of the crack-induced waves strongly influences the outflow dynamics. Consistent with the experimental observation, the model predicts the expansion wave inside the pipe, and the reflection and outflow of the wave. The model also helps characterize the propagation of the crack dynamics and fluid flows around the tip of the crack.

Research on the Safety Evaluation of a High-pressure Vessel in a Missile System

In reference, we measured fracture properties of raw material, weld seam and heat affected zone of high pressure vessels(HPV); in this paper, we carried out safety evaluation on the basis of the previous work and predicted the lifetime of in service vessels with flaw by use of the fracture criterion for model Ⅰ crack in fracture mechanics. This method reduced the artificial error and the ultrasonic testing operator's work burden. The experimental and theoretical bases for the defect assessment of military HPV were established.

Dynamic notched semi-circle bend(NSCB) method for measuring fracture properties of rocks:Fundamentals and applications

Rocks are increasingly used in extreme environments characterised by high loading rates and high confining pressures.Thus the fracture properties of rocks under dynamic loading and confinements are critical in various rock mechanics and rock engineering problems.Due to the transient nature of dynamic loading,the dynamic fracture tests of rocks are much more challenging than their static counterparts.Understanding the dynamic fracture behaviour of geomaterials relies significantly on suitable and reliable dynamic fracture testing methods.One of such methods is the notched semi-circle bend(NSCB)test combined with the advanced split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB)system,which has been recommended by the International Society for Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering(ISRM)as the standard method for the determination of dynamic fracture toughness.The dynamic NSCB-SHPB method can provide detailed insights into dynamic fracture properties including initiation fracture toughness,fracture energy,propagation fracture toughness and fracture velocity.This review aims to fully describe the detailed principles and state-of-the-art applications of dynamic NSCB-SHPB techniques.The history and principles of dynamic NSCB-SHPB tests for rocks are outlined,and then the applications of dynamic NSCB-SHPB method(including the measurements of initiation and propagation fracture toughnesses and the limiting fracture velocity,the size effect and the digital image correlation(DIC)experiments)are discussed.Further,other applications of dynamic NSCB-SHPB techniques(i.e.the thermal,moisture and anisotropy effects on the dynamic fracture properties of geomaterials,and dynamic fracture toughness of geomaterials under pre-loading and hydrostatic pressures)are presented.

Fracture gradient prediction:an overview and an improved method

The fracture gradient is a critical parameter for drilling mud weight design in the energy industry. A new method in fracture gradient prediction is proposed based on analyzing worldwide leak-off test(LOT) data in offshore drilling. Current fracture gradient prediction methods are also reviewed and compared to the proposed method. We analyze more than 200 LOT data in several offshore petroleum basins and find that the fracture gradient depends not only on the overburden stress and pore pressure, but also on the depth. The data indicate that the effective stress coefficient is higher at a shallower depth than that at a deeper depth in the shale formations. Based on this finding,a depth-dependent effective stress coefficient is proposed and applied for fracture gradient prediction. In some petroleum basins, many wells need to be drilled through long sections of salt formations to reach hydrocarbon reservoirs.The fracture gradient in salt formations is very different from that in other sedimentary rocks. Leak-off test data in the salt formations are investigated, and a fracture gradient prediction method is proposed. Case applications are examined to compare different fracture gradient methods and validate the proposed methods. The reasons why the LOT value is higher than its overburden gradient are also explained.

Experimental Study on High Electrical Breakdown of Water Dielectric

By means of a coaxial apparatus, microsecond charging have been carried out with ferent ethylene glycol concentrations of ethylene pressurized water breakdown experiments with different surface roughness of electrodes and difglycol/water mixture. The experimental results about the breakdown stress and the effective time are presented. The breakdown stress is normalized to the situation that the effective time is transformed to 1 μs and analyzed. The conclusions are as follows： （1） the breakdown stress formula is modified to E = 0.561MA^-1/10teff^-1/^NP^1/8 ;（2） the coefficient M is significantly increased by surface polishing and ethylene glycol additive; （3） it is accumulative for the capacity of improving electrical breakdown strength for surface polishing, ethylene glycol additive, and pressurization, of which pressurization is the most effective method; （4） the highest stress of 235.5 kV/cm is observed in ethylene glycol/water mixture with an ethylene glycol concentration of 80% at a hydrostatic pressure of 1215.9 kPa and is about one time greater than that in pure water at constant pressure; （5） for pressurization and surface polishing, the primary mechanism to improve the breakdown strength of water dielectric is the increase in the breakdown time delay. Research results indicate great potential in the application of the high power pulse conditioning system of water dielectric.

Study on "fracturing-sealing" integration technology based on high-energy gas fracturing in single seam with high gas and low air permeability

To improve the gas extraction efficiency of single seam with high gas and low air permeability,we developed the"fracturing-sealing"integration technology,and carried out the engineering experiment in the3305 Tunliu mine.In the experiment,coal seams can achieve the aim of antireflection effect through the following process:First,project main cracks with the high energy pulse jet.Second,break the coal body by delaying the propellant blasting.Next,destroy the dense structure of the hard coal body,and form loose slit rings around the holes.Finally,seal the boreholes with the"strong-weak-strong"pressurized sealing technology.The results are as follows:The average concentration of gas extraction increases from8.3%to 39.5%.The average discharge of gas extraction increases from 0.02 to 0.10 m^3/min.The tunneling speeds up from 49.5 to 130 m/month.And the permeability of coal seams improves nearly tenfold.Under the same conditions,the technology is much more efficient in depressurization and antireflection than common methods.In other words,it will provide a more effective way for the gas extraction of single seam with high gas and low air permeability.

Effect of high-voltage thermal breakdown on pore characteristics of coal

High-voltage thermal breakdown has great potential application in permeability enhancement of coal seam. The characteristics of the breakdown channel, coal element, porosity and microscopic coal petrography of coal under high-voltage electric load were experimentally studied. The coal interior left apparent tracks due to electric current burning with high temperature. The percentage of C, O, Al, Fe, and Si had slightly decreased, while the content of element N increased obviously. Low-pressure nitrogen gas adsorption(LP-N_2GA) and mercury intrusion analysis showed that coal porosity increased. The increases of micropores and mesopores are beneficial to promotion of the ability of gas storage, and the increase of macropores could enhance the gas seepage and migration. The results of scanning electron microscope(SEM) show that there are many exogenous fractures in coal, which is also beneficial to gas seepage and migration. The results lay a theoretical foundation for application of high-voltage thermal breakdown in coal mines.

Experimental Research on Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Fracturing of Sedimentary Rock:A Critical Review

Supercritical carbon dioxide(ScCO_(2))fracturing has great advantages and prospects in both shale gas exploitation and CO_(2)storage.This paper reviews current laboratory experimental methods and results for sedimentary rocks fractured by ScCO_(2).The breakdown pressure,fracture parameters,mineral composition,bedding plane angle and permeability are discussed.We also compare the differences between sedimentary rock and granite fractured by ScCO_(2),ultimately noting problems and suggesting solutions and strategies for the future.The analysis found that the breakdown pressure of ScCO_(2)was reduced 6.52%–52.31%compared with that of using water.ScCO_(2)tends to produce a complex fracture morphology with significantly higher permeability.When compared with water,the fracture aperture of ScCO_(2)was decreased by 4.10%–72.33%,the tortuosity of ScCO_(2)was increased by 5.41%–70.98%and the fractal dimension of ScCO_(2)was increased by 4.55%–8.41%.The breakdown pressure of sandstone is more sensitive to the nature of the fracturing fluid,but fracture aperture is less sensitive to fracturing fluid than for shale and coal.Compared with granite,the tortuosity of sedimentary rock is more sensitive to the fracturing fluid and the fracture fractal dimension is less sensitive to the fracturing fluid.Existing research shows that ScCO_(2)has the advantages of low breakdown pressure,good fracture creation and environmental protection.It is recommended that research be conducted in terms of sample terms,experimental conditions,effectiveness evaluation and theoretical derivation in order to promote the application of ScCO_(2)reformed reservoirs in the future.

致密砂岩气藏暂堵压裂裂缝起裂扩展实验模拟

针对鄂尔多斯盆地SD区块盒8段储层低孔低渗、非均质性强、常规压裂裂缝形态单一等问题,基于断裂力学理论,考虑缝内流体压降,结合盒8段储层岩石力学参数,开展暂堵压裂裂缝与初次压裂裂缝在整个接触过程中的相互作用力学研究。计算分析了不同裂缝走向、井斜角、方位角等参数对压裂裂缝参数的影响规律,起裂压力随井斜角和方位角的增加而减小;起裂角随井斜角增加而减小直至为0°,随方位角先增加而后减小。通过制备人工水泥试样,利用大尺寸真三轴物模实验系统模拟了暂堵压裂中新缝起裂及其转向行为,评价了不同井斜角、方位角下新缝起裂、转向及延伸行为和起裂压力及裂缝改造面积等参数。实验结果表明:井斜角增大,初次及二次起裂压力呈减小的趋势,裂缝更易转向且改造面积越大。井斜角相同时,裂缝起裂压力随井筒方位角增加而逐渐减小,裂缝改造面积随方位角增加而增大。方位角90°螺旋射孔相比方位角0°螺旋射孔形成的裂缝更为复杂,定面射孔可调控水平井破裂压力及初始破裂位置,初始破裂产生于射孔井筒界面、孔道中部等不同位置,控制射孔射角介于75°~90°。研究结果为低渗透致密砂岩气藏暂堵压裂设计提供了依据。

Correlation between Porosity and Fracture Mechanism in High Pressure Die Casting of AM60B Alloy

X-ray tomography was used to characterize the porosity in high pressure die casting of AM60B alloy. In situ tensile deformation was performed to observe the change of porosities and their influences on crack initiation, propagation and subsequent fracture of specimen. Results showed that four types of porosi- ties, including gas-shrinkage pore, gas pore, net-shrinkage and island-shrinkage, could be identified according to the formation mechanism and morphology characterization. During tensile deformation, it was shown that the gas-shrinkage pore and net-shrinkage, rather than gas pore or island-shrinkage, were the main sources for crack initiation. In addition, the crack propagated by interconnecting the po- rosities at the cross section with minimum efficient force bearing area. At these locations where externally solidified crystals （ESCs） were present, the crack would propagate along the ESC boundaries in an inter- granular mode, while at these locations without ESCs, the crack would propagate roughly along the direction perpendicular to the tensile stress in a combination of trans-granular and inter-granular modes.

注水站高压注水泵盘根盒压帽断裂分析

中原油田高压注水泵盘根盒压帽出现多起断裂事故,给安全生产带来较大风险隐患。通过现场基本情况、压帽化学成分、硬度和金相组织的分析,再加上断口的宏观形貌、微观形貌分析等方法,查找压帽发生断裂原因。结果表明,压帽断裂原因一是由于铸造材质疏松,且存在缺陷;二是由于注水泵高压波动对断裂起到了关键性破坏作用,属于“材质因素和力学因素”共同作用导致的断裂。

Characterization of high-pressure die-cast hypereutectic Al-Si alloys based on microstructural distribution and fracture morphology

The fracture behavior of high-pressure die-cast hypereutectic(HPDC) Al-Si alloys was investigated using a high-resolution laboratory CT and synchrotron X-ray tomography with a particular focus on the influence of HPDC microstructure. Results showed that microstructure of the alloy was mainly comprised of primary silicon particles(PSPs), Al dendrites, Cu-rich phases and pores. Most of the coarse PSPs, Cu-rich phases and pores were located in the center of the specimen. The rapid solidification of HPDC led to a heterogeneous microstructural feature. Elemental Cu was enriched in the frontiers of solid-liquid interface, causing the formation of large size dendritic arms. The pores were formed in the interdendrites which endured high stress intensity under high applied stress. Microcracks were originated from pores and further connected Cu-rich phases causing intergranular fracture. PSPs worked as obstacles causing piling-up dislocations in the phase interface. In the regions where large size of PSPs enriched in, PSPs ruptured rather than debonded from matrix, indicating transgranular fractures of PSPs. Microcracks originated around pores and PSPs tended to converge on the main cracks to decrease the energy required for crack propagation.

高停泵特征储层压裂施工参数优化设计方法——以海拉尔油田为例

海拉尔油田深部储层大规模压裂施工停泵压力梯度高,加砂困难,压裂效益低。为了明确高停泵储层裂缝起裂和扩展特征,优化高停泵储层压裂施工参数,利用FracproPT软件模拟海拉尔油田高停泵储层的裂缝扩展,分析了裂缝起裂和扩展的特征,以及高停泵储层渗透率、储层与隔层应力差、杨氏模量和泊松比对施工参数的影响,并对排量、液量、平均砂比和前置液百分数四个施工参数进行了关联性模拟研究。结果表明,高停泵储层压裂裂缝高度易失去控制,裂缝长度和铺砂浓度小,施工成功率低。针对高停泵储层压裂施工特征,最终形成了控制压力,限制缝高的高停泵储层压裂优化设计方法。通过开展实例井应用,证实了该方法的适用性,可为高停泵储层的压裂优化设计和高效开发提供借鉴。

Numerical study on transient flow in the deep naturally fractured reservoir with high pressure

According to the experimental results and the characteristics of the pressure-sensitive fractured formation, a transient flow model is developed for the deep naturally-fractured reservoirs with different outer boundary conditions. The finite element equations for the model are derived. After generating the unstructured grids in the solution regions, the finite element method is used to calculate the pressure type curves for the pressure-sensitive fractured reservoir with different outer boundaries, such as the infinite boundary, circle boundary and combined linear boundaries, and the characteristics of the type curves are comparatively analyzed. The effects on the pressure curves caused by pressure sensitivity module and the effective radius combined parameter are determined, and the method for calculating the pressure-sensitive reservoir parameters is introduced. By analyzing the real field case in the high temperature and pressure reservoir, the perfect results show that the transient flow model for the pressure-sensitive fractured reservoir in this paper is correct.