Support design method for deep soft-rock tunnels in non-hydrostatic high in-situ stress field

Due to the long-term plate tectonic movements in southwestern China,the in-situ stress field in deep formations is complex.When passing through deep soft-rock mass under non-hydrostatic high in-situ stress field,tunnels will suffer serious asymmetric deformation.There is no available support design method for tunnels under such a situation in existing studies to clarify the support time and support stiffness.This study first analyzed the mechanical behavior of tunnels in non-hydrostatic in-situ stress field and derived the theoretical equations of the ground squeezing curve(GSC)and ground loosening curve(GLC).Then,based on the convergence confinement theory,the support design method of deep soft-rock tunnels under non-hydrostatic high in-situ stress field was established considering both squeezing and loosening pressures.In addition,this method can provide the clear support time and support stiffness of the second layer of initial support.The proposed design method was applied to the Wanhe tunnel of the China-Laos railway in China.Monitoring data indicated that the optimal support scheme had a good effect on controlling the tunnel deformation in non-hydrostatic high in-situ stress field.Field applications showed that the secondary lining could be constructed properly.

Measures for controlling large deformations of underground caverns under high in-situ stress condition--A case study of JinpingⅠhydropower station

The Jinping I hydropower station is a huge water conservancy project consisting of the highest concrete arch dam to date in the world and a highly complex and large underground powerhouse cavern. It is located on the right bank with extremely high in-situ stress and a few discontinuities observed in surrounding rock masses. The problems of rock mass deformation and failure result in considerable challenges related to project design and construction and have raised a wide range of concerns in the fields of rock mechanics and engineering. During the excavation of underground caverns, high in-situ stress and relatively low rock mass strength in combination with large excavation dimensions lead to large deformation of the surrounding rock mass and support. Existing experiences in excavation and support cannot deal with the large deformation of rock mass effectively, and further studies are needed. In this paper, the geological conditions, layout of caverns, and design of excavation and support are first introduced, and then detailed analyses of deformation and failure characteristics of rocks are presented. Based on this, the mechanisms of deformation and failure are discussed, and the support adjustments for controlling rock large deformation and subsequent excavation procedures are proposed. Finally, the effectiveness of support and excavation adjustments to maintain the stability of the rock mass is verified. The measures for controlling the large deformation of surrounding rocks enrich the practical experiences related to the design and construction of large underground openings, and the construction of caverns in the Jinping I hydropower station provides a good case study of large-scale excavation in highly stressed ground with complex geological structures, as well as a reference case for research on rock mechanics.

A workfow to Predict the Present-day in-situ Stress Field in Tectonically Stable Regions

Knowledge of the present-day in-situ stress distribution is greatly import-ant for better understanding of conventional and unconventional hydro-carbon reservoirs in many aspects,e.g,reservoir management,wellbore stability asssment,etc.In tectonically stable regions,the present-day in-situ stress field in terms of stress distribution is 1argely controlled by lithological changes,which can be predicted through|a numerical simulation method incorporating specific mechanical properties of the subsurface reservoir.In this study,a workflow was presented to predict the present-day in-situ stress field based on the finite element method(FEM).Sequentially,it consists of:i)building a three-dimensional(3D)geometric framework,i)creating a 3D petrophysical parameter field,11)integrating the geometric framework with petrophysical parameters,iv)setting up a 3D heterogeneous geomechanical model,and finally,v)calculating the present-day in-situ stress distribution and calibrating the prediction with measured stress data,e.g.,results from the extended leak-off tests(XLOTs).The approach was sucessfully applied to the Block W in Ordos Basin of central China.The results indicated that the workflow and models presented in this study could be used as an effective tool to provide insights into stress perturbations in subsurface reservoirs and geological references for subsequent analysis.

A critical review on the developments of rock support systems in high stress ground conditions

Extreme ground behaviour in high-stress rock masses such as rockburst prone and squeezing ground conditions are encountered in a range of underground projects both in civil and mining applications.The occurrence of such ground behaviour types are difficult to predict and special design and construction measures must be taken to control them.Determining the most appropriate support system in such grounds is one of the major challenges for ground control engineers because there are many contributing factors to be considered,such as the rock mass parameters,the stress condition,the type and performance of the support systems,the condition of major geological structures and the size and geometry of the underground excavation.The main characteristics and support requirements of rockburst-prone and squeezing ground conditions are herein critically reviewed and characteristics of support functions are discussed.Different types of energy-absorbing rockbolts and other support elements applicable for ground support in burst-prone and squeezing grounds are introduced.Important differences in the choice and economics of ground support strategies in high-stress ground conditions between civil tunnels and mining excavations are discussed.Ground support benchmarking data and mitigation measures for mines and civil tunnels in burst-prone,squeezing and heavily swelling grounds conditions are briefly presented by some examples in practice.

Piezomagnetic In-situ Stress Monitoring and its Application in the Longmenshan Fault Zone

The relative change of in-situ stress is an inevitable outcome of differential movement among the crust plates. Conversely, changes of in-situ stress can also lead to deformation and instability of crustal rock mass, trigger activity of faults, and induce earthquakes. Hence, monitoring real-time change of in-situ stress is of great significance. Piezomagnetic in-situ stress monitoring has good and longtime applications in large engineering constructions and geoscience study fields in China. In this paper, the new piezomagnetic in-situ stress monitoring system is introduced and it not only has overall improvements in measuring cell＇s structure and property, stressing and orienting way, but also enhances integration and intelligence of control and data transmission system, in general, which greatly promotes installing efficiency of measuring probe and quality of monitoring data. This paper also discusses the responses of new piezomagnetic system in large earthquake events of in-situ stress monitoring station at Qiaoqi of Baoxing and Wenxian of Gansu. The monitoring data reflect adjustments and changes of tectonic stress field at the southwestern segment of and the northern area near the Longmenshan fault zone, which shows that the new system has a good performance and application prospect in the geoscience field. Data of the Qiaoqi stress-monitoring station manifest that the Lushan Earthquake did not release stress of the southwestern segment of the Longmenshan fault zone adequately and there still probably exists seismic risk in this region in the future. Combined with absolute in-situ stress measurement, carrying out long-term in-situ stress monitoring in typical tectonic position of important regions is of great importance for researchers to assess and study regional crust stability.

Experimental study on the effect of flexible joints of a deep-buried tunnel across an active fault under high in-situ stress conditions

During dislocation,a tunnel crossing the active fault will be damaged to varying degrees due to its permanent stratum displacement.Most previous studies did not consider the influence of the tunnel’s deep burial and the high in-situ stress,so the results were not entirely practical.In this paper,the necessity of solving the anti-dislocation problem of deep-buried tunnels is systemically discussed.Through the model test of tunnels across active faults,the differences in failures between deep-buried tunnels and shallow-buried tunnels were compared,and the dislocation test of deep-buried segmental tunnels was carried out to analyze the external stress change,lining strain,and failure mode of tunnels.The results are as follows.(1)The overall deformation of deep-buried and shallow-buried tunnels is both Sshaped.The failure mode of deep-buried tunnels is primarily characterized by shear and tensile failure,resulting in significant compressive deformation and a larger damaged area.In contrast,shallow-buried tunnels mainly experience shear failure,with the tunnel being sheared apart at the fault crossing,leading to more severe damage.(2)After the segmental structure design of the deep-buried tunnel,the “S”deformation pattern is transformed into a “ladder”pattern,and the strain of the tunnel and the peak stress of the external rock mass are reduced;therefore,damages are significantly mitigated.(3)Through the analysis of the distribution of cracks in the tunnel lining,it is found that the tunnel without a segmental structure design has suffered from penetrating failure and that cracks affect the entire lining.The cracks in a flexible segmental tunnel affect about 66.6% of the entire length of the tunnel,and cracks in a tunnel with a short segmental tunnel only affect about 33.3% of the entire length of the tunnel.Therefore,a deep-buried tunnel with a short segmental tunnel can yield a better anti-dislocation effect.(4)By comparing the shallow-buried segmental tunnel in previous studies,it is concluded that the shallow-buried segmental tunnel will also suffer from deformation outside the fault zone,while the damages to the deep-buried segmental tunnel are concentrated in the fault zone,so the anti-dislocation protection measures of the deep-buried tunnel shall be provided mainly in the fault zone.The results of the above study can provide theoretical reference and technical support for the design and reinforcement measures of the tunnel crossing active fault under high in-situ stress conditions.

Analytical method for evaluating stress field in casing-cement-formation system of oil/gas wells

In this paper, we present an analytical method for evaluating the stress field within a casing-cement-formation system of oil/gas wells under anisotropic in-situ stresses in the rock formation and uniform pressure within the casing. The present method treats the in-situ stresses in the formation as initial stresses since the in-situ stresses have already developed in the formation before placement of cement and casing into the well. It is demonstrated that, via this treatment, the present method excludes additional displacements within the formation predicted by the existing method, and gives more reasonable stress results. An actual tight-oil well is analyzed using the present and existing analytical methods, as well as the finite element method. Good agreement between the analytical results and the finite element analysis （FEA） results is obtained, validating the present method. It is also evident that, compared with the present method, the existing method overestimates the compressive stress level within the casing and the cement. Finally, the effects of elastic properties of the formation, cement, and inner pressure of casing on stresses within the casing and cement are illustrated with a series of sensitivity analyses.

A hydraulic fracture height mathematical model considering the influence of plastic region at fracture tip

To predict fracture height in hydraulic fracturing, we developed and solved a hydraulic fracture height mathematical model aiming at high stress and multi-layered complex formations based on studying the effect of plastic region generated by stress concentration at fracture tip on the growth of fracture height. Moreover, we compared the results from this model with results from two other fracture height prediction models(MFEH, Frac Pro) to verify the accuracy of the model. Sensitivity analysis by case computation of the model shows that the hydraulic fracture growth in ladder pattern, and the larger the fracture height, the more obvious the ladder growth pattern is. Fracture height growth is mainly influenced by the in-situ stresses. Fracture toughness of rock can prohibit the growth of fracture height to some extent. Moreover, the increase of fracturing fluid density can facilitate the propagation of the lower fracture tip.

Stress rise precursor to earthquakes in the Tibetan Plateau

Earthquake prediction thus far has proven to be a very difficult task, but changes in situ stress appear to offer a viable approach for forecasting large earthquakes in Tibet and perhaps other continental regions. High stress anomalies formed along active faults before large earthquakes and disappeared soon after the earthquakes occurred in the Tibetan Plateau. Principle stress increased up to ~2 -?5 times higher than background stress to form high stress anomalies along causative faults before the Ms 8.1 West Kunlun Pass earthquake in November 2001, Ms 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake in May 2008, Ms 6.6 Nimu earthquake in October 2009, Ms 7.1 Yushu earthquake in April 2010 and the Ms 7.0 Lushan earthquake in April 2013. Stress near the epicenters rapidly increased 0.10 - 0.12 MPa over 45 days, ~8 months before the Ms 6.6 Nimu earthquake occurred. The high principle stress anomalies decreased quickly to the normal stress state in ~8 -?12 months after the Ms 8.1 West Kunlun Pass and the Ms 8.0 Wenchuan earthquakes. These high stress anomalies and their demise appear directly related to the immediate stress rise along a fault prior to the earthquakes and the release during the event. Thus, the stress rise appears to be a viable precursor in prediction of large continental earthquakes as in the Tibetan Plateau.

叶巴滩堆石混凝土二道坝温度应力仿真分析及温控措施研究

对位于高海拔地区的叶巴滩堆石混凝土二道坝工程开展全坝段温度应力仿真分析,重点研究大坝横缝分缝措施和混凝土表面保温措施对坝体温度应力的影响。结果表明:结构分缝措施可以降低坝体内部拉应力,设置1条横缝即可有效控制坝体内部高拉应力区范围,并使应力极值降低约0.8 MPa;混凝土表面保温措施可在秋冬季节显著降低大坝表层混凝土温降幅度,减小表层温度应力水平,使应力极值降低约0.6 MPa;叶巴滩二道坝设置1条横缝并采取表面保温可满足施工期温控要求。

黄淮海南部地区大豆增密抗逆优质高产栽培技术

为充分挖掘大豆品种生产潜力,促进大豆优质高产高效,文章对黄淮海南部地区大豆单产水平关键限制因素进行分析,提出该地区大豆≥3750 kg/hm^(2)优质高产群体特征及产量构成指标;以“增密抗逆”为核心,配套种子处理、种植方式、合理施肥、中耕、化控、病虫草害防控及收获等生产技术集成黄淮海南部地区大豆增密抗逆优质高产栽培技术模式并进行示范推广,旨在为区域大豆生产提供技术支撑。

寒冷地区特高拱坝混凝土最高温度控制研究:以东庄拱坝为例

【目的】东庄特高拱坝位于北方寒冷地区,与国内其他已建200 m以上特高拱坝主要位于西南气候温和地区存在明显差异,混凝土温度控制难度大。为保证工程建设安全的前提下满足进度和质量要求,【方法】针对东庄大坝建设期夏季和冬季不同季节的控制最高温度标准,基于现场环境气温特性,建立有限元仿真分析模型,采用施工过程仿真技术对东庄拱坝不同冷却龄期、不同基础温差条件下的混凝土温度应力进行研究,将现场监测分析结果与仿真分析规律进行对比分析,提出了相应的最高温度控制建议。【结果】结果显示:为保障拱坝混凝土应力安全,最高温度不应高于26℃;为保障拱坝横缝可灌性,最高温度不应低于20℃。缝开度和温控防裂是一个需要协调的关系,基础温差增大,相应地,温度应力增大、开缝宽度变大、温控措施压力增大;基础温差降低,相应地,应力减小、开缝宽度降低、温控措施压力变小,但是存在缝开度不满足要求的风险,尤其在寒冷地区冬季施工最高温度较低,最终导致缝开度较小无法实现接缝灌浆工作。【结论】综合考虑以上两方面影响因素,给出了大坝混凝土最高温度控制的上限值和下限值,区间范围内最高温度的控制即可以满足接缝灌浆和防裂目的。计算成果可为拱坝施工过程的接缝灌浆温控方案调整提供技术支撑。

利用高精度小震资料确定新丰江水库大坝区北西向发震断层

基于2009—2015年广东省河源市新丰江水库库区高精度定位的地震目录(ML≥1.0),划分出大坝—峡谷区的3个北西向小震密集分布带,并依据成丛小震发生在活动断裂面及其附近的原则,采用模拟退火算法和高斯-牛顿算法相结合的方法,反演了这3个小震密集带相应的断层及断层面参数,包括断层面的走向、倾向、倾角、长度、深度和地理位置,获得了大坝区北西向断裂带相关断层的成分及几何形态.结果显示:3条断层走向为北西—北北西,与大坝—峡谷区走向基本一致,深度为3—12km,均为陡峭的活动断层,其长度不超过10km,在库区应力场作用下均以走滑为主兼少许垂直错动;大坝附近为几条断层端点与断层相切点的汇集区,区域应力易集中于此而成为库区地震最活跃的部位.此外,根据断层反演结果及前人资料,论证了白田—双塘断层为新丰江1962年MS6.1地震的发震构造,并首次发现河源断裂在白田至双塘之间中断了约5km,中断的断裂构造为白田—双塘断层的一部分.

考虑裂尖塑性区影响的水力压裂缝高计算模型

为了对水力压裂裂缝高度进行准确预测,针对高应力多分层的复杂地层,基于断裂力学理论分析裂缝扩展过程中裂缝尖端应力集中产生的塑性区分布对缝高扩展的影响,建立水力压裂缝高计算模型并进行求解,通过与其他2种缝高模型(MFEH、FracPro)计算结果进行对比以验证该模型的准确性。模型实例计算的敏感性分析表明:水力压裂的缝高会呈现阶梯生长的扩展形态,且裂缝缝高越大,阶梯生长的现象越明显;地应力对裂缝缝高的生长起主要的控制作用,地层岩石断裂韧性只在一定程度上对缝高生长有抑制作用;压裂液密度的增大有利于裂缝下尖端的扩展。

阿尔塔什水电站联合进水口塔群三维有限元静动力分析及配筋设计

通过建立山体、回填混凝土以及进水口塔群三维网格模型进行有限元分析,基于子程序成功开发了4节点单自由度用户单元,较好地模拟了动水压力与结构之间的相互作用,并采取振型分解反应谱法进行动力分析,对塔群结构和地基的应力及变形分布规律进行分析研究。通过进水塔结构、地基应力及位移等计算结果,论证塔体的结构稳定性及安全性,并对阿尔塔什水电站联合进水塔群结构进行应力配筋计算以及地基承载力验算。结果表明:对于基础是变截面的塔体底板,上表面的应力控制工况为运行期,下表面控制工况是检修期;对于基础为非变截面的塔体底板,应力控制工况为检修期。两侧边墙应力控制工况为运行期+横竖向地震;后胸墙及中墩应力控制工况为运行期+纵竖向地震。依此,为今后联合进水口塔群结构稳定与配筋计算提供借鉴。

干寒地区太阳辐射影响下箱型梁温度效应分析

研究目的:在西部干寒地区,混凝土箱型梁桥桥身在温度变化的影响下开裂情况比较严重,本文根据箱型桥梁的边界特点,给出箱型桥梁日照温差的分布形式,并将箱身温度应力按沿板厚非线性温差自约束应力和箱身横向约束应力来考虑,分析高温差地区温度应力对混凝土箱型桥梁的影响。在西部干寒高温差地区,温度变化作用下混凝土箱型梁桥桥身外表面将产生较大的横向温度应力,较大的温度应力使桥身混凝土出现纵向裂缝,使桥梁的耐久性受到很大的影响,本文对干寒地区太阳辐射影响下箱型梁温度效应进行分析和研究,并提出提高梁体的抗裂性能的措施。研究结论:温度应力由非线性温差自约束应力和外约束应力两部分构成,计算表明:(1)温差作用下混凝土箱型桥梁桥身将产生可观的温度应力,会导致桥身混凝土出现裂缝;(2)沿板厚方向选取的温度梯度模式和内外温差值是桥梁温差作用下温度应力计算的关键,温度应力与板厚有一定的关系,随着板厚的增加温度应力也会随之增大;(3)本研究结论可为干寒地区高温差影响下的工程建设提供一定的理论依据,对防治工程病害及提高结构耐久性具有参考价值。

高地应力下大型地下硐室块体变形特征及其稳定性分析

拉西瓦水电站发电厂房是地下大型硐室;硐室位置地应力σ=10～30MPa,属于高地应力区。硐室上游侧墙A区存在f10,f12,f24断层,由全空间极射赤平投影分析,断层f10,f12,f24可形成关键块体,体积为2103m3。在硐室开挖过程,受应力释放和调整的作用,块体在加速变形阶段最大速率达到1.22mm/d,因此,块体的稳定程度直接关系到该区域锚固措施的制定。用块体理论对其失稳模式和稳定性进行多参数分析,确定块体变形属于围岩开挖卸荷变形,不是块体滑移变形。在块体变形监测和稳定分析的基础上,对块体采用构造性锚固,没有施加额外的特殊功能性锚固,节约支护工程量,加快了施工速度。研究结果表明,高地应力下大型地下硐室块体抗滑稳定达到抗滑稳定要求,若块体变形不影响其他结构安全,可以允许块体释放开挖卸荷变形而无需要因约束块体变形实施特殊的加强支护措施。

窄缝局部应力解除和窄缝弹性模量试验拓宽应用的研究

在地下洞室稳定分析中,洞室横截面关键部位岩壁上的围岩应力状态是至关重要的,通常由地应力测量和计算分析得到。但地应力测量费工费时,尤其在高地应力地区地应力测量比较困难,不易获得可靠的地应力实测资料,因此在地下洞室稳定性分析中往往缺乏重要依据。而评价洞室稳定性关键性资料是它横截面上洞壁的围岩应力状态。建议在洞壁上采用窄缝局部应力解除法测量洞壁关键部位的应力状态,只要在洞壁待测部位凿3个以上不同方向的窄缝槽,测量由凿槽引起的变形,就可测定此洞壁关键部位上的二维应力状态。在现场窄缝法岩体弹模试验后,拓宽应用它的试验成果,也即在试验中,设想继续提高埋设在窄缝槽中压力钢枕的压力,直到它引起的位移抵消由凿槽引起的位移,测得假设的窄缝槽中垂线上法向应力,然后推求洞壁上围岩应力,作为由窄缝局部应力解除法测定的洞壁围岩应力的补充,并进行相互印证。在工程应用实例中获得较好的效果。

春油菜区优质高油高产高抗型油菜品种的示范推广

为了提高春油菜区油菜生产的商品性、高效性和市场竞争力,使优良品种得到推广应用。通过育种家+种子公司+基地+农户+科技的机制模式对高油高产优质高抗型油菜品种‘鸿油88’在春油菜主产区进行试验示范推广。结果表明:‘鸿油88’在春油菜主产区表现出较强的抗旱性、丰产性、稳定性,具有抵御高温干旱的能力,相对增产潜力大。研究结果从根本上解决春油菜区油菜生产的效益最大化,保障油菜安全生产和供给。

混凝土连续梁桥人字形高桥墩分岔区横梁局部应力分析

针对受力复杂的某山区铁路桥人字形桥墩横梁及其墩柱,利用ANSYS软件建立全桥的有限元模型,得到横梁最不利荷载工况。在此基础上建立横梁及其附近墩柱有限元子模型,得到最不利荷载作用下横梁的应力分布情况。通过比较不同横梁构造的分岔节点应力分布,认为横梁宽8.0 m、高5.0 m、壁厚1.0 m时的应力分布比较合理;通过比较不同人洞形式下洞口角点处的应力集中现象,得出直径为80 cm的圆形人洞可以有效减小洞口应力集中的结论。