Phyllanthuse emblica polyphenols:Optimization of high-voltage pulsed electric field assisted extraction,an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in vitro

Background:The polyphenols extraction of Phyllanthus emblica is primarily carried out using organic solvents,and assisted by physical fields such as ultrasound and microwave for extraction.High voltage pulsed electric field technology(PEF)is a non-thermal processing technology that has high efficiency and minimal damage to thermosensitive substances.PEF has been applied to plant extraction in many studies,however,the extraction of polyphenols from Phyllanthus emblica using the PEF has still not been reported;Objective:This study explores the optimal extraction process of polyphenols from Phyllanthus emblica using the PEF,and investigates its relaxation and anti-wrinkle based on anti-oxidation and anti-inflammatory experiment,in order to develop a Phyllanthus emblica extract with substantial efficacy;Materials and Methods:The method of Phyllanthus emblica extract using PEF is established,and compared with a traditional extraction method.The experimental conditions,such as electric field intensity(0.5–6.0 kV/cm),pulse times(20−120),extraction time(0–60 min)and material concentration(0.5%∼3%),are investigated and optimized using orthogonal experiments;Results:the polyphenols in the Phyllanthus emblica extract were highest at the electric field intensity of 5 kV/cm,120 pulses,extraction time of 30 min,and 2%material concentration.The PEFcontained more polyphenols than the conventional water extraction and ultrasound-assisted extraction.The Phyllanthus emblica extract had substantial antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects,with a good clearance effect on DPPH(IC50 of 1.82%)and ABTS(IC50 of 1.80%)radicals.At the Phyllanthus emblica extract concentration of 1.25%,inflammatory factors(TNF-α)were reduced by 47.08%;and Conclusion:The PEF is a leading-edge and promising method for preparing Phyllanthus emblica extracts.

The Effects of High-intensity Pulsed Electromagnetic Field on Proliferation and Differentiation of Neural Stem Cells of Neonatal Rats in vitro

The effects of high-intensity pulsed electromagnetic stimulation （HIPEMS） on proliferation and differentiation of neonatal rat neural stem cells in vitro were investigated. Neural stem cells derived from neonatal rats were exposed to 0.1 Hz, 0.5–10 Tesla （T） [8 groups of B–I, respectively], 5 stimuli of HIPEMF. The sham exposure controls were correspondingly established. Inverted phase contrast microscope was used to observe the cultured cells, MTT assay to detect the viability of the cells as expressed by absorbance （A） value, and flow cytometry to measure differentiation of neural stem cells. The results showed that A values of neural stem cells in both 3.0 T and 4.0 T groups were significantly higher than the other groups 24 to 168 h post HPEMS, indicating a strong promotion of the growth of neural stem cells （P〈0.05）. The A values of neural stem cells in the 6.0 T, 8.0 T, and 10.0 T groups were lower than the sham exposure control group, indicating a restraint of the growth of neural stem cells. The rate of neuron-specific enolase-positive neurons revealed by flow cytometry in HPEMS groups was the same as that in control group （P〉0.05）. It was suggested that 0.1 Hz, 5 pulses stimulation of HPEMS within certain scale of intensity （0.5–10.0 T）, significantly promoted the growth of neural stem cells with the rational intensity being 4.0 T.

Numerical Study on the Two-Dimensional Temperature Fields of Titanium/Aluminum Double-Layer Target Irradiated by High-Intensity Pulsed Ion Beam

Interaction between high-intensity pulsed ion beam （HIPIB） and a double-layer target with titanium film on top of aluminum substrate was simulated. The two-dimensional nonlinear thermal conduction equations, with the deposited energy in the target taken as source term, were derived and solved by finite differential method. As a result, the two-dimensional spatial and temporal evolution profiles of temperature were obtained for a titanium/aluminum double-layer target irradiated by a pulse of HIPIB. The effects of ion beam current density on the phase state of the target materials near the film and substrate interface were analyzed. Both titanium and aluminum were melted near the interface after a shot when the ion beam current density fell in the range of 100 A/cm2 to 200 A/cm2.

Removal of phenol by activated alumina bed in pulsed high-voltage electric field

A new process for removing the pollutants in aqueous solution-activated alumina bed in pulsed high-voltage electric field was investigated for the removal of phenol under different conditions. The experimental results indicated the increase in removal rate with increasing applied voltage, increasing pH value of the solution, aeration, and adding Fe^2＋. The removal rate of phenol could reach 72.1% when air aeration flow rate was 1200 ml/min, and 88.2% when 0.05 mmol/L Fe^2＋ was added into the solution under the conditions of applied voltage 25 kV, initial phenol concentration of 5 mg/L, and initial pH value 5.5. The addition of sodium carbonate reduced the phenol removal rate. In the pulsed high-voltage electric field, local discharge occurred at the surface of activated alumina, which promoted phenol degradation in the thin water film. At the same time, the space-time distribution of gas-liquid phases was more uniform and the contact areas of the activated species generated from the discharge and the pollutant molecules were much wider due to the effect of the activated alumina bed. The synthetical effects of the pulsed high-voltage electric field and the activated alumina particles accelerated phenol degradation.

Effects of High-voltage Pulse Electric Field Treatment on the Structure Stability of Konjac Glucomannan

Structures of KGM treated in two high-voltage pulse electric fields were characterized by infrared spectroscopy,Raman spectroscopy,X-ray diffraction and so on.The results showed that intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions of KGM were reduced after being treated with high-voltage pulse electric field,but there was no significant effect on its fiber chain form and thermal characteristics.Results of the study can provide a useful reference for further study on the structure and property of KGM,and especially can provide theoretical basis for the effect of physical field on the foodstuff deep processing related to KGM.

Numerical study on the thermo-stress of ZrO_2 thermal barrier coatings by high-intensity pulsed ion beam irradiation

This paper studies numerically the thermo-mechanical effects of ZrO2 thermal barrier coatings （TBCs） irradiated by a high-intensity pulsed ion beam in consideration of the surface structure. Taking the deposited energy of ion beams in TBCs as the source term in the thermal conduction equation, the distribution of temperature in TBCs was simulated. Then, based on the distribution, the evolution of thermal stress was calculated by the finite element method. The results show that tensile radial stress formed at the valley of TBC surfaces after irradiation by HIPIB. Therefore, if cracks happen, they must be at valleys instead of peaks. As for the stress waves, no matter whether through peak or valley position, tensile and compressive stresses are present alternately inside TBCs along the depth direction, and the strength of stress decreases with time.

Effects of Various Pulsed Electric Field Conditions on Cell Disintegration and Mass Transfer of Sugar Beet

Pulsed electric field is an innovative method for non-thermal food processing. The effects of pulsed electric field on cell disintegration and mass transfer in sugar beet were studied. Sugar beet slices were treated by various Field strengths （0.5-6 kV cm^-1）, capacity of capacitors （0.5, 8 and 32 μF） and pulse numbers （1-100 pulses）. The cell disintegration index and energy input for each treated sample was evaluated. The results showed that the cell membrane of PEF （Pulsed Electric Field） treated samples using 2 kV cm^-1, 8 μF after 20 pulses, and 3 kV cm1, 8 μF after 10 pulses were rapidly disintegrated in less than 1 min. Most important parameters during cell permeabilization were the total energy input followed by field strength. Energy efficiency index was defined as cell disintegration index per energy input unit. The maximum efficiency index was achieved using 2 kV cm^-1, 8 μF after 5 pulses. Comparison between PEF pretreatment and thermal method showed that large amount of sugar may be extracted after PEF pretreatment using field strength of 2 Kv cm^-1, 8μF in less than 10 min at ambient temperature. In.addition, the consumed energy for thermal treatment was approximately 20 to 50 times more than PEF pretreatment. Optimizing the field conditions in PEF treatment is an important factor to achieve high amount of sugar extraction from sugar beet.

Effects of high intensity pulsed electric fields on yield and chemical composition of rose essential oil

High intensity pulsed electric fields(PEF)combined with distillation was used to extract essential oil from rose.Three main parameters,namely electric field intensity,pulse number and distillation times,which can affect the efficiency of extraction,were optimized.Then,in order to demonstrate the feasibility of the method,oil obtained under optimal conditions was compared quantitatively and qualitatively with that obtained by conventional hydro distillation.Considering the extraction yield,the optimal parameters combination was obtained with electric field intensity of 20 kV/cm,pulse number of 8 and distillation time of 2 h.PEF treatment had no significant influence on the quality of essential oils.However,there was an increase in methyl eugenol percentage,which is a disadvantage from qualitative point of view.

高压脉冲电场(PEF)对蛋清蛋白功能特性的影响

蛋清蛋白不仅具有重要的营养价值,而且还具有重要的功能特性如乳化性、起泡性等,作为一种重要的蛋白原料,本实验研究了高压脉冲电场对蛋清蛋白功能性质的影响。结果表明:蛋清蛋白的溶解度在脉冲电场强度大于35kV/cm时下降;蛋清蛋白的乳化性、起泡能力、泡沫稳定性及疏水性先随脉冲电场强度增加而增大,但当脉冲电场强度大于30kV/cm后,蛋清蛋白的乳化性、起泡能力、泡沫稳定性及疏水性下降;随着脉冲电场数的增加,蛋清蛋白的溶解度、乳化性、起泡能力、泡沫稳定性及疏水性变化不显著。

Explore the mechanism of pulsed electric field technology on improving the antioxidant activity of Leu-Tyr-Gly-Ala-Leu-Gly-Leu

In this study,the synthetic peptide Leu-Tyr-Gly-Ala-Leu-Gly-Leu(LYGALGL)derived from egg white was used as the research object.The structure-activity relationship was elucidated by cell experiment and structure determination.The results of cell experiment showed that the superoxide dismutase(SOD)activity and mitochondrial membrane potential(MMP)of LYGALGL were significantly increased by pulsed electric field(PEF)treatment,especially by 10 kV/cm field intensity treatment(P<0.05).However,the content of reactive oxygen species(ROS)decreased significantly(P<0.05).LYGALG treated with 10 kV/cm showed the highest antioxidant activity.The results of structure determination showed that theβ-turn of LYGALGL increased,the random coil decreased,and the active hydrogen sites moved under 10 kV/cm treatment.The structure of LYGALGL was changed and the active site was exposed by PEF,thus improving the antioxidant activity of LYGALGL.

间歇式HPEF的高压脉冲电源及其杀菌实验

高压脉冲电场非热处理应用到食品杀菌可代替传统的热处理方法灭活液体中的病菌,高强度电脉冲能迅速杀死细胞但并不破坏食品的自然风味如色泽和营养,为此研制了高功率脉冲电源,其输出最高电压15 kV,最大电流40 A。在详细介绍了高功率电力电子器件IGBT使用过程中的过流和过压保护等问题和在输出端串联无感小电阻来修正波形实现了输出波形更陡峭的良好效果后,进行了两种相对难杀的典型微生物(枯草芽孢杆菌和黑曲霉菌)在间歇式处理室中的杀菌实验。结果表明,脉冲电场强度为13 kV/cm、脉冲宽度为15μs时,连续作用200个脉冲后,黑曲霉菌灭菌率能达99.64%,1000个脉冲后,所有的黑曲霉菌都被杀死;枯草芽孢杆菌相对难灭,在13kV/cm、15μs作用下灭菌率仅达87.08%;应在提高电场强度的同时避免放电,这对下一步的连续式杀菌实验有技术指导作用。

高压脉冲电场(PEF)对溶菌酶抑菌活性的影响

研究了不同脉场强度和脉冲数对溶菌酶抑菌能力的影响。结果表明,随着脉冲强度的增加,溶菌酶抑菌能力呈波浪式变化,在25 kV/cm时,抑菌能力达到最大值,比对照组提高了10.6%。PEF处理后溶菌酶液放置于4℃下贮藏1 h和10 h后,溶菌酶抑菌能力都有增加,变化规律和PEF处理后直接测得的结果相似,而随着贮藏时间的延长溶菌酶的抑菌能力又有下降趋势。在设定的脉冲数内,脉冲数的变化对溶菌酶抑菌能力的影响不显著。荧光分析表明,25 kV/cm下相对荧光强度最大,比对照组提高了15.42%;但贮藏一段时间后相对荧光强度有下降的趋势。在设定的脉冲数内,脉冲数的变化对溶菌酶的相对荧光强度影响不显著。

高压脉冲电场(PEF)非热处理的加工原理与安全控制

高压脉冲电场非热处理技术因处理时间短,温升小,能耗低和杀菌效果明显等成为目前杀菌工艺中研究最为活跃的技术之一,而且在功能物质提取与保持物质活性等方面也展现了较好的应用前景。本文着重对该技术在食品加工中的作用原理、工艺过程和加工中的安全质量控制等方面进行阐述。

响应面法优化HPEF杀菌工艺研究

为了弄清高压脉冲电场(HPEF)的杀菌作用,研究高压脉冲电场对培养液中枯草芽孢菌(Ba-cillus subtilis,简称B.subtilis)的杀灭效果.以枯草芽孢杆菌为模式菌株,采用高压脉冲电场处理,在单因素实验基础上,响应曲面法考察了高压脉冲电场强度、脉冲频率和杀菌时间对杀菌的效果的影响.通过回归方程求解和响应曲面分析,得到了二次多项式提取回归模型,并通过模型求得高压脉冲电场的杀菌试验的最优解.通过验证,实验值与模型预测值拟合性良好,能较好地反应高压脉冲电场对液体物料中枯草芽孢杆菌的致死效果.得到杀菌最优工艺条件为:电场强度为25.4kV/cm,脉冲频率为797.0Hz,脉冲处理时间为120.0s,致死率为95.24%.

利用PEF从牛脾脏中快速提取食用DNA

应用PEF方法从牛脾脏中成功提取可用于食品中的DNA,并与常规方法的提取率进行了比较。实验证明,将物料悬浮在pH5.5的缓冲液中,在65℃,脉冲电场强度为30kV/cm,脉冲宽度为2!s,脉冲数为8和流速为2mL/min,4倍质量缓冲液的条件下,DNA有最大提取率,且提取率是常规方法的1.87倍。所得DNA经吸光度检测OD260/280﹥1.80。PEF法提取时间短,工艺流程简单,成本低。因此,PEF提取是一种很有希望的DNA食品提取方法。

PEF对乳杆菌和青霉菌的灭活效果研究

近年来新兴的非热食品加工技术高压脉冲电场(PEF)处理温度低、节能、货架期长且能较好保持果蔬汁中的营养成分,而人们对食品品质的要求逐渐提高。为此,采用一套自行研发的高压脉冲食品非热处理系统,研究了PEF对植物乳杆菌和扩展青霉菌残活率的影响。当外加峰值为17 kV、420个脉冲电压时,乳酸杆菌和扩展青霉的对数残活率最大分别降低了约4.135和3.810。在处理室出口处放置热电偶来监测物料温度,测得数据表明,PEF处理会导致菌液温度升高。随电场强度增强和脉冲数增加,不冷却回路处理后比冷却回路处理后菌液温度增加幅度增大,在外加峰值电压分别为8、13和15 kV时前者比后者的菌液温度增加幅度分别在2-8、3-10、3-17°C。在电压峰值为15 kV、420个脉冲时菌液温度最高增加了30°C。试验结果表明,随着外加脉冲电压及脉冲数的增加,两种细菌的残活率都有显著下降,且微生物对PEF的敏感性增强,乳酸杆菌对PEF敏感性强于扩展青霉。

高压脉冲电场(PEF)对发酵乳的非热杀菌研究

发酵乳后酵过程中乳酸菌继续产酸,当产酸过多时,发酵乳风味变差,品质降低,为保证发酵乳有高的品质和较长的货架期,需在发酵达到最佳时将乳酸菌杀死。本文采用高压脉冲电场技术对凝固型发酵乳发酵达到最佳时进行非热杀菌,研究表明,该技术是可行的;在室温下当电场强度为65kv/cm,脉冲数为6时,可以将发酵乳中的乳酸菌完全杀死;同时由于处理几乎没有升温,对发酵乳的理化性质(如脂肪、酪蛋白、酸度和粘度等指标)影响很小。

粉体香精在静态高压脉冲电场(PEF)中的灭菌试验

以鸡肉和牛肉粉体香精及其经大肠杆菌人工污染的样品为研究对象,使用自制的脉冲电场杀菌装置对其进行杀菌试验,测定处理前后的菌落总数和理化指标。试验结果表明:高压脉冲电场对粉体香精具有显著的灭菌效果,当处理时间为6s,电场强度为40KV/cm时,细菌总数和大肠菌群数降低约1.6个对数值和2.7个对数值。高压脉冲电场对粉体物料中的一些主要物质如蛋白质、脂肪等不会产生降解或分解,或对其影响可以忽略不计;不会对肉味粉体香精的感官品质产生变化,能很好地保持着产品的原有色、香、味。

基于真空LHPEF结合胰蛋白酶降解猪血红蛋白

在真空及低压高频脉冲（LHPEF）条件下，结合胰蛋白酶降解猪Hb，利用高效凝胶色谱、Native-PAGE蛋白电泳及紫外扫描来测定其降解效果。结果：在37℃温度下，1.88 V、200 kHz的LHPEF处理猪Hb，电导率为3.45326 ×10^5 μs/cm（对照组为0.645×10^4 μs/cm）。紫外扫描曲线图中的真空LHPEF胰蛋白酶降物中有8个特征吸收峰，而对照组中为6个吸收峰，Native- PAGE蛋白质电泳图中有13个明显色带，而对照组中只有6个色带，高效凝胶色谱图中的特征吸收峰为48个，对照组中7个特征吸收峰。

电导率对PEF灭菌中脉冲波形和能量变化关系研究

为了进一步提高脉冲电场食品处理的杀菌效果,从液体食品电导率、脉冲发生器波形和脉冲能量方面考虑,综合分析了液体食品电导率在高压脉冲杀菌过程中的重要影响。实验结果表明,在电压一定时,电导率对脉冲波形的上升沿时间有很大影响,改变电导率会改变单个脉冲的输入能量,同时也会改变处理室中液体的温升,进而影响杀菌效果。因此,对于相等的能量输入,低电导率液体比高电导率液体具有更高的杀灭微生物的优势。