Observation of Fundamental and High Order Raman Modes of β-Carotenes in Pd OECC Thin Film by SERS

Raman spectra of purified oxygen evolution core complexes (Pd OECC) thin films on silver mirror substrates have been taken over the frequency range of 250-3100 cm -1 by surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). Besides the fundamental frequency modes of β_carotene in Pd OECC, many weak peaks are observed. According to the selection rules of overtone and combination bands, most of them are attributed to the second_order Raman spectra of β_carotene. Compared with the SERS of normal Pd OECC, the SERS of Pd OECC after strong illumination shows a decrease in scattering intensity and an increase in line widths, indicating changes of conformation and micro_environment of β_carotene. The results of SERS are consistent with the changes of absorption spectrum of Pd OECC induced by strong illumination. There are no changes that can be ascribed to new vibration bands, so it is deduced that Pd OECC on the silver mirror is identical to that in the solution. In summary, SERS proved a good method to study the photodamage mechanism of photosynthesis.

Optically Activated Charge Domain Model for High-Gain GaAs Photoconductive Switches

A model for theoretical analysis of nonlinear (or high gain) mode of photoconductive semiconductor switches (PCSS's) is proposed.The switching transition of high gain PCSS's can be described with an optically activated charge domain. The switching characteristics including rise time,delay and their relationship to electric field strength,optical trigger energies are discussed.The formation and radiation transit,accumulation of the charge domain are related with the triggering and sustaining phases of PCSS's,respectively.The results of the mathematical model on this mechanism agree with experimental results.

Flight control for a flexible air-breathing hypersonic vehicle based on quasi-continuous high-order sliding mode

The focus of this paper is on control design and simulation for the longitudinal model of a flexible air-breathing hypersonic vehicle（FAHV）.The model of interest includes flexibility effects and intricate couplings between the engine dynamics and flight dynamics.To overcome the analytical intractability of this model,a nominal control-oriented model is constructed for the purpose of feedback control design in the first place.Secondly,the multi-input multi-output（MIMO） quasi-continuous high-order sliding mode（HOSM） controller is proposed to track step changes in velocity and altitude,which is based on full state feedback.The simulation results are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.

High common mode rejection ratio InP 90°optical hybrid in ultra-broadband at 60 nm with deep-rigded waveguide based on×4 MMI coupler

An InP optical 90°hybrid based on a×4 MMI coupler with a deep ridged waveguide is designed and fabricated.The working principle of the 90°hybrid is systematically introduced.Three-dimensional beam ropagation method(3D BPM)is used to optimize the structure parameters of the 90°hybrid.The designed compact structure is demonatrated to have a low excess loss less than-0.15 dB,a high common mode rejection ratio better than 40 dB,and a low relative phase deviation less than±2.5°.The designed hybrid is manufactured on a sandwitched structure deposited on an InP substrate.The measured results show that the common mode rejection ratios are larger than 20 dB in a range from 1520 nm to 1580 nm.The phase deviations are less than±5°in a range from 1545 nm to 1560 nm and less than±7°across the C band.The designed 90°optical hybrid is suitable well for realizing miniaturization,high-properties,and high bandwidth of coherent receiver.

Bifurcation and chaos in high-frequency peak current mode Buck converter

Bifurcation and chaos in high-frequency peak current mode Buck converter working in continuous conduction mode（CCM） are studied in this paper. First of all, the two-dimensional discrete mapping model is established. Next, reference current at the period-doubling point and the border of inductor current are derived. Then, the bifurcation diagrams are drawn with the aid of MATLAB. Meanwhile, circuit simulations are executed with PSIM, and time domain waveforms as well as phase portraits in i_L–v_C plane are plotted with MATLAB on the basis of simulation data. After that, we construct the Jacobian matrix and analyze the stability of the system based on the roots of characteristic equations. Finally, the validity of theoretical analysis has been verified by circuit testing. The simulation and experimental results show that,with the increase of reference current I_（ref）, the corresponding switching frequency f is approaching to low-frequency stage continuously when the period-doubling bifurcation happens, leading to the converter tending to be unstable. With the increase of f, the corresponding Irefdecreases when the period-doubling bifurcation occurs, indicating the stable working range of the system becomes smaller.

Higher Order Sliding Mode Control of Uncertain Robot Manipulators

This paper proposes a higher order sliding mode controller for uncertain robot manipulators. The motivation for using high order sliding mode mainly relies on its appreciable features, such as high precision and elimination of chattering in addition to assure the same performance of conventional sliding mode like robustness. Instead of a regular control input, the derivative of the control input is used in the proposed control law. The discontinuity in the controller is made to act on the time derivative of the control input. The actual control signal obtained by integrating the derivative control signal is smooth and chattering free. The stability and the robustness of the proposed controller can be easily verified by using the classical Lyapunov criterion. The proposed controller is tested to a three-degree-of-freedom robot to prove its effectiveness.

An approach for choosing discretization schemes and grid size based on the convection-diffusion equation

A new approach for selecting proper discretization schemes and grid size is presented. This method is based on the convection-diffusion equation and can provide insight for the Navier-Stokes equation. The approach mainly addresses two aspects, i.e., the practical accuracy of diffusion term discretization and the behavior of high wavenum- ber disturbances. Two criteria are included in this approach. First, numerical diffusion should not affect the theoretical diffusion accuracy near the length scales of interest. This is achieved by requiring numerical diffusion to be smaller than the diffusion discretization error. Second, high wavenumber modes that are.much smaller than the length scales of interest should not be amplified. These two criteria provide a range of suitable scheme combinations for convective flux and diffusive flux and an ideal interval for grid spacing. The effects of time discretization on these criteria are briefly discussed.

Analysis of Effects of the Arc Voltage on Arc Discharges in a Cathode Ion Source of Neutral Beam Injector

A hot cathode bucket ion source is used for the EAST（experimental advanced superconducting tokamak）neutral beam injector.The thermal electrons emitted from the surface of the cathode are extracted and accelerated by the electric field formed by the arc voltage,which is applied between the arc chamber of the ion source and the cathode.This paper analyzes the effects of arc voltage on the arc discharge in a hot cathode high current ion source.

High-Frequency Rayleigh-Wave Method

High-frequency （〉2 Hz） Rayleigh-wave data acquired with a multichannel recording system have been utilized to determine shear （S）-wave velocities in near-surface geophysics since the early 1980s. This overview article discusses the main research results of high-frequency surface-wave techniques achieved by research groups at the Kansas Geological Survey and China University of Geosciences in the last 15 years. The multichannel analysis of surface wave （MASW） method is a non-invasive acoustic approach to estimate near-surface S-wave velocity. The differences between MASW results and direct borehole measurements are approximately 15% or less and random. Studies show that simultaneous inversion with higher modes and the fundamental mode can increase model resolution and an investigation depth. The other important seismic property, quality factor （Q）, can also be estimated with the MASW method by inverting attenuation coefficients of Rayleigh waves. An inverted model （S-wave velocity or Q） obtained using a damped least-squares method can be assessed by an optimal damping vector in a vicinity of the inverted model determined by an objective function, which is the trace of a weighted sum of model-resolution and model-covariance matrices. Current developments include modeUng high-frequency Rayleigh-waves in near-surface media, which builds a foundation for shallow seismic or Rayleigh-wave inversion in the time-offset domain; imaging dispersive energy with high resolution in the frequency-velocity domain and possibly with data in an arbitrary acquisition geometry, which opens a door for 3D surface-wave techniques; and successfully separating surface-wave modes, which provides a valuable tool to perform S-wave velocity profiling with high-horizontal resolution.

Multi-mode multi-band power amplifier module with high low-power efficiency

Increasingly, mobile communications standards require high power efficiency and low currents in the low power mode. This paper proposes a fully-integrated multi-mode and multi-band power amplifier module （PAM） to meet these requirements. A dual-path PAM is designed for high-power mode （HPM）, medium-power mode （MPM）, and low-power mode （LPM） operations without any series switches for different mode selection. Good performance and significant current saving can be achieved by using an optimized load impedance design for each power mode. The PAM is tapeout with the InGaP/GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistor （HBT） process and the 0.18-μm complementary metal-oxide semiconductor （CMOS） process. The test results show that the PAM achieves a very low quiescent current of 3 mA in LPM. Meanwhile, across the 1.7-2.0 GHz frequency, the PAM performs well. In HPM, the output power is 28 dBm with at least 39.4% PAE and 240 dBc adjacent channel leakage ratio 1 （ACLR1）. In MPM, the output power is 17 dBm, with at least 21.3% PAE and -43 dBc ACLR1. In LPM, the output power is 8 dBm, with at least 18.2% PAE and -40 dBc ACLR1.

Microstructure characterization and HCF fracture mode transition for modified 9Cr-1Mo dissimilarly welded joint at different elevated temperatures

The high cycle fatigue（HCF） tests of modified 9 Cr-1 Mo dissimilarly welded joint were carried out at different elevated temperatures and the fracture mechanism was systematically revealed. The fatigue strength at 108 cycles based on S-N curve can be estimated as a half of weld joint＇s yield strength for all conducted temperatures, which can be a reliable criterion in predicting the fatigue life. The results show that the inter-critical heat affected zones（IC-HAZs） of both sides are the weak zones due to their low hardness and inferior fatigue resistance property. HAZ of COST-FB2（BM2） is the weakest zone at room temperature due to the existence of numerously distributed defects and the initiation of cracks, either in the surface or interior zone, impacting a crucial effect on the fatigue life of the joint. While at elevated temperatures, fatigue life was controlled mostly by the intrusion-extrusion mechanism at the specimen surface under high stress level and subsurface non-defect fatigue crack origin（SNDFCO） from the interior material under low stress amplitude. With increasing temperature, more and more fatigue failures began to occur at the HAZ of COST-E（BM1） due to its higher susceptibility of temperature. Besides, it is found that the-ferrite in the BM1 has no harm to the HCF behavior of the joint at the conducted temperatures.