Effect of Nb on the dynamic recrystallization behavior of high-grade pipeline steels

The dynamic recrystallization （DRX） behavior of high-grade X80/X100 pipeline steels with different Nb contents was investi- gated through single pass compression experiment using a Gleeble 1500 thermomechanical simulator. By the regression of stress-sWain data obtained in the experiment, the deformation activation energy of DRX was identified, and the critical strain was calculated with the Po- liak-Jonas （P-J） method. Based on the analysis, the occurrence condition and kinetics of DRX were determined. The results show that as the Nb content increases from 0.08wt% to 0.095wt%, the activation energy of recrystallization raises from 365 to 395 kJ/mol. The critical swain of DRX can be determined more accurately by the P-J method, and the ratios of critical swain to peak sWain of XS0 and X100 pipeline steels are 0.51 and 0.49, respectively, which are similar to the results achieved by other researchers and calculated with empirical formulae.

Dynamic Recrystallization Behaviour of Nb-Ti Microalloyed Steels

The dynamic recrystallization （DRX） behavior of Nb-Ti microalloyed steels was investigated by isothermal single compression tests in the temperature range of 900-1 150 ℃ at constant strain rates of 0.1-5 s^-1. DRX was retarded effectively at low temperature due to the onset of dynamic precipitation of Nb and Ti carbonitrides, resulting in higher values of the peak strain. An expression was developed for the activation energy of deformation as a function of the contents of Nb and Ti in solution as well as other alloying elements. A new value of corrective factor was determined and applied to quantify the retardation produced by increase in the amount of Nb and Ti dissolved at the reheating temperature. The ratio of critical strain to peak strain decreases with increasing equivalent Nb content. In addition, the effects of Ti content and deformation conditions on DRX kinetics and steady state grain size were determined. Finally, the kinetics of dynamic precipitation was determined and effect of dynamic precipitation on the onset of DRX was clarified based on the comparison between precipitate pinning force and recrystallization driving force.

Dynamic and Static Recrystallization Behavior of Low Carbon High Niobium Microalloyed Steel

The recrystallization behavior of a low carbon high niobium microalloyed steel was investigated using continuous and interrupted hot compression tests. The results showed that the initiation of dynamic recrystallization （DRX） could be detected from inflection in the plot of the strain hardening rate against stress regardless of the stress peak appearance. According to the Zener-Hollomon parameter equation, the activity energy of DRX （Qad） was ob tained and a new modified expression calculating Qdef was proposed in consideration of the chemical composition of experimental steel. Applying the 2% offset method, the static softening fraction was determined. The graphic representation of the softening fraction vs interruption time gave the information about the non-static reerystallization temperature （about 1 000℃ ） and the relationship of precipitation time temperature. Static recrystallization kinetics followed the Avrami＇s law at high deformation temperature, and different values of the exponent m were given to illustrate the effect of niobium element on static recrystallization at different deformation temperatures.

高级别汽车桥壳钢Q460QK的生产

驱动桥桥壳是中重型商用汽车的重要零件之一,既是承载零件,也是传力部件,同时又是主减速器、差速器及驱动车轮传动装置的外壳,因而要求汽车桥壳钢除具备综合力学性能外,还应具备一定的耐低温疲劳服役性能。由于汽车桥壳零件采用冲压工艺,且零件形状较为复杂,要求桥壳钢具备一定的成型性能。本文根据汽车桥壳钢加工方式及服役工况,采用低碳锯钛微合金成分体系细化晶粒尺寸,通过高纯净度双联冶炼工艺降低钢水中非金属夹杂物,采用TMCP控轧控冷工艺控制带钢组织类型,生产出了高韧性耐低温Q460QK桥壳钢。采用室温拉伸试验、折弯试验、夏比摆锤冲击试验、光镜检验、扫描电镜检验等检验手段,经检测,该桥壳钢在-60℃温度下冲击功>300J且无明显的韧脆转变点,断后延伸率>24%,冷弯d=a折弯合格,微观组织为铁素体+贝氏体,其中的针状铁素体在改善强度的同时,还能显著提高带钢低温韧性,晶粒度评级达11.5级,带状组织评级1级,具备较优异的综合性能。

Influence of Boron Additions on Mechanical Properties of Carbon Steel

This work aims at the development of carbon steel AISI 1536 through the microalloying addition of boron. Three grades of this steel with different content of boron up to 0.0055% were melted in 100 kg induction furnace. The pro- duced steels were hardened at 960°C for 30 min., followed by tempering at different temperatures and durations. All hardened steels have martensite phase as illustrated with microstructures and X-ray diffraction. Hardness of all tem- pered steel samples was measured to calculate the activation energies of carbon migration through martensite phase. The results indicated that the activation energies of carbon migration through martensite phase decreases with the in- crease of boron content due to its positive effect on the crystallinity of martensite phase. Also, the results showed that the addition of boron up to 0.0023% can improve the steel properties at the lowest temperature and tempered time.

V-N微合金钢Q550D静态再结晶行为

使用MMS-200热模拟实验机研究V-N微合金钢Q550D的静态再结晶行为,获得了其真应力-真应变曲线,同时分析了不同工艺参数对其静态再结晶过程的影响.结果表明:随着变形温度、道次间隔时间、应变量和应变速率的增加,实验钢静态软化率升高.根据实验结果计算得到该钢的静态再结晶激活能为389.4 kJ/mol,回归了静态再结晶动力学模型.

基于物理参数和响应面法的S280超高强度不锈钢本构模型

采用Thermecmaster-Z型热模拟试验机在变形温度为800~1000℃、应变速率为0.001~10 s-1条件下对S280超高强度不锈钢进行了等温恒应变速率压缩实验,分析了S280超高强度不锈钢的热变形行为,计算了热变形激活能。考虑变形温度对自扩散系数和杨氏模量的影响,建立了S280超高强度不锈钢基于应变补偿的物理本构模型。以变形温度、应变速率和应变为输入变量,流动应力为响应目标,建立了S280超高强度不锈钢的响应面本构模型。结果表明,S280超高强度不锈钢为正应变速率负温度敏感型材料,其流动应力随应变速率的增加和变形温度的降低而增大。热变形激活能对变形条件敏感,其随变形温度、应变速率和应变的增加而减小。基于应变补偿的物理本构模型具有一定的物理意义和良好的预测精度,其相关系数R和平均相对误差eAARE分别为0.971和7.8%。响应面本构模型的响应曲面和等高线图能反映变形条件之间的相互作用对流动应力的影响。建立的两个本构模型都能够用于表征S280超高强度不锈钢在热变形过程中的流动应力行为。

Carbide Evolution in High Molybdenum Nb-microalloyed H13 Steel during Annealing Process

Based on the Thermo-Calc thermodynamic software, the type of equilibrium precipitated carbides and their contents in high Mo Nb-microalloyed H13 steel （NMH13 steel） were calculated. The composition, morphology, and distribution of carbides after spheroidal annealing of two forged experimental steels were comparatively examined by means of optical microscopy （OM）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, electron dispersive spectroscopy （EDS） and transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. VC, M23 C6 and M6C are identified in H13 steel after spheroidizing annealing, while （V,Nb）C, M23C6 , M2C and M6C are observed in NMH13 steel. Moreover, it is found that the ad- dition of Nb significantly enhances the stability of MC phase and the high Mo content accelerates the precipitation of small rod-shape M2C phase in NMH13 steel. The amount of the fine carbides in NMH13 steel obviously increased with M2 C and M6 C precipitated from the ferrite phase, which is in accordance with the results of thermodynamic cal- culations.

一种非调质连杆用高碳微合金钢的热变形行为

用Gleeble-3500热力模拟试验机在温度为1223～1323K，应变速率为0．2～10s^-1的条件下对一种非调质连杆用高碳微合金钢进行了热压缩变形试验，测得了其流变曲线，并观察了变形后的组织。试验结果表明，流变应力和峰值应变随变形温度的降低和应变速率的提高而增大。试验用钢在真应变为0．8，温度为1223～1323K，应变速率为0．2～10s^-1的条件下，发生完全动态再结晶。测得试验用钢的热变形激活能为289．9kJ／mol，并得出了其热变形方程，以及动态再结晶晶粒尺寸与Zener-Hollomon参数之间的关系和动态再结晶状态图。

Ti-Nb微合金化对低碳高强度钢组织和性能的影响

0.153Ti-0.038Nb和0.080Ti-0.062Nb两种Ti-Nb微合金化低碳钢(/%:0.061～0.075C、0.22Si、1.76～1.77Mn、0.002～0.003S、0.006P、0.003Als、0.003 8～0.004 2N、0.004 0～0.004 5O)由50 kg真空感应炉冶炼,轧成10 mm板,终轧温度880℃,水冷至630℃。试验结果表明,两种Ti-Nb微合金化钢的析出物均为(Nb,Ti)(C,N)复合析出物;当Ti含量由0.080%增加至0.153%,同时Nb含量由0.062%降至0.038%时,钢屈服和抗拉强度分别从558 MPa和653 MPa提高至633 MPa和756 MPa,屈强比、伸长率和断面收缩率变化较小。表明,添加Ti代替部分Nb进行复合微合金化可提高钢材强度,降低生产成本。

钒微合金化低碳钢高温变形动态再结晶

利用热模拟压缩试验测定了不同钒含量的钒微合金化低碳钢在 900~1 000℃温度区间和0 1~1s-1变形速率范围内的真应力-真应变曲线。对曲线的分析表明: 随钢中钒含量的增加, 低碳钢的动态再结晶开始时间延长, 变形奥氏体的动态再结晶名义激活能提高. 实验钢薄膜试样的TEM观察表明, 钢中的微量钒以固溶态存在于奥氏体中, 微量的固溶钒对奥氏体动态再结晶起到抑制作用.

NbTi微合金钢奥氏体高温变形行为

采用单道次压缩实验方法，在Ｇｌｅｅｂｌｅ－１５００热模拟机进行了ＮｂＴｉ微合金钢高温热变形行为以及奥氏体动态再结晶组织演变规律的研究．在实验基础上，根据Ｚｅｎｅｒ－Ｈｏｌｏｍｏｎ方程导出关于Ｚ值与峰值应力、临界应变之间的关系，求出变形激活能为３５３ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ．

氮强化高锰奥氏体钢热变形行为研究

利用Gleeble-3500热力模拟试验机在温度为1253～1423K，应变速率为0．1～10s^-1的条件下对32Mn-7Cr-1Mo-0．3N奥氏体钢进行了热压缩变形试验，测定了其真应力-应变曲线，观察了变形后的组织。试验结果表明，流变应力和峰值应变随变形温度的降低和应变速率的提高而增大。真应变为0．6时，在1423K、应变速率在0．1～10s^-1之间的试样均已发生完全动态再结晶；在1373K以下变形时，应变速率在0．1～10s^-1之间，试样发生部分动态再结晶。动态再结晶晶粒尺寸随着变形温度的升高而增大，随着应变速率的升高而减小。32Mn-7Cr-1Mo-0．3N奥氏体钢的热变形激活能Q值为469．03kJ／mol，并获得热变形方程。

高碳钢的温变形行为

在Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机上,用热压缩方法研究了原始组织为层片状珠光体的高碳钢在温度为913-973 K、应变速率为0.01-10 s-1范围内的温变形行为。结果表明:实验条件下,流变应力及峰值应变随变形温度的降低和应变速率的提高而增大。另外,回归出了高碳钢的峰值应力及峰值应变与变形温度、应变速率之间的关系,得到了相应的形变激活能和温变形方程式,为高碳钢的温变形工艺优化提供了理论依据。

钛微合金化X70管线钢热变形方程的建立

在Gleeble热模拟实验机上进行了单道次压缩变形实验，研究了变形温度、变形速度和变形程度等对钛微合金化X70管线钢热变形行为的影响。实验变形温度为800-1100℃，变形速率为0．05～15／s，总变形量为75％。在实验变形条件下，所有试样均发生了动态再结晶。根据应力一应变数据，确定了钛微合金化X70管线钢的变形激活能Qdef，并建立了Z-Hollomen参数方程。

23Co14Ni12Cr3MoE钢奥氏体晶粒长大动力学

利用显微组织观察和理论模型分析的方法,研究了二次硬化型超高强度23Co14Ni12Cr3MoE钢在800-1 150℃之间的奥氏体晶粒长大动力学。结果表明：该钢奥氏体平均晶粒尺寸随着加热温度的升高和保温时间的延长而增大,其长大规律符合Beck方程,奥氏体化温度宜控制在850-950℃;在800-1 150℃范围内,奥氏体晶粒长大指数随加热温度的升高而逐渐增大,晶粒长大平均激活能为256.62kJ·mol-1,并建立了该钢在等温加热过程中的奥氏体晶粒长大动力学方程。

碳含量及晶粒尺寸对微合金钢激活能的影响

通过对 3种常用应力函数的回归计算 ,认为双曲正弦函数的回归精度最高。以此为基础 ,确定了 11种分别含Mo、Ti、V、Nb钢的激活能 ,进而建立了激活能与材料化学成分、原始晶粒尺寸关系的BP网络模型 ,并得出表观激活能随钢中碳含量增大而增大 。

C含量对高氮奥氏体不锈钢18Mn18CrN析出行为的影响

研究碳（C）含量为0.05%~0.77%时对18Mn18CrN高氮奥氏体不锈钢750~850℃时效析出行为的影响。结果表明,C含量未改变实验钢中析出方式和析出相类别,Cr2N析出相首先沿晶界以颗粒形貌析出,而后以片层状向晶内生长。随着时效时间的增加,片层状析出相体积分数及片层间隙增加,元素的扩散是控制其长大的主要因素。增加C含量可降低Cr2N相析出孕育时间,增加Cr2N相体积分数,降低Cr2N相扩散激活能,其中QD（A1）=157.63kJ·mol-1;QD（A3）=32.92kJ·mol-1。随C、N含量增加,实验钢中Cr2N相体积分数呈线性趋势增加,但其增加程度更敏感于N含量的变化。

一种马氏体时效钢奥氏体晶粒长大动力学

在光学显微镜下,利用Leica Metal Work软件研究了一种强度级别为2100MPa的超高强度马氏体时效钢在850～1150℃的奥氏体晶粒长大规律。结果表明,实验钢奥氏体平均晶粒尺寸随加热温度升高和保温时间的延长而增大,其奥氏体平均晶粒尺寸与保温时间规律符合Beck方程,奥氏体化温度宜控制在800～950℃,其晶粒增长指数随温度的升高而减小,850～1150℃时实验钢奥氏体晶粒长大平均激活能为108.5 kJ/mol-1,并建立了实验钢在等温加热过程中的奥氏体晶粒长大方程。

喷射成形Vanadis4冷作模具钢高温变形行为研究

采用喷射成形工艺制备了高碳高合金Vanadis4冷作模具钢,采用光学显微镜观察了其微观组织,利用Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机对其高温变形行为进行了研究,变形温度850℃～1150℃、变形速率为0.01s^-1～30s^-1.结果表明,喷射工艺得到了晶粒细小且无宏观偏析的组织;其真应力-应变曲线为典型的动态再结晶形曲线,变形初期流变应力随应变量增加迅速增加且很快达到峰值,该特点不同于传统工艺Cr12MoV冷作模具钢的真应力应变曲线特点.根据测得曲线的峰值应力应变计算了喷射成形V4钢变形激活能,结果表明激活能随温度增加而降低,受变形速率影响不大,其变形激活能在较高温度、中温、较低温度时分别为250、407、512kJ/mol.