A Joint Delay-and-Sum and Fourier Beamforming Method for High Frame Rate Ultrasound Imaging

Frame rate is an important metric for ultrasound imaging systems,and high frame rates(HFR)benefit moving-target imaging.One common way to obtain HFR imaging is to transmit a plane wave.Delay-and-sum(DAS)beamformer is a conventional beamforming algorithm,which is simple and has been widely implemented in clinical application.Fourier beamforming is an alternative method for HFR imaging and has high levels of imaging efficiency,imaging speed,and good temporal dynamic characteristics.Nevertheless,the resolution and contrast performance of HFR imaging based on DAS or Fourier beamforming are insufficient due to the single plane wave transmission.To address this problem,a joint DAS and Fourier beamforming method is introduced in this study.The proposed method considers the different distributions of sidelobes in DAS imaging and Fourier imaging and combines the angular spectrum and DAS to reconstruct ultrasound images.The proposed method is evaluated on simulation and experimental phantom datasets to compare its performance with DAS and Fourier beamforming methods.Results demonstrate that the proposed method improves image effective dynamic range and resolution while also retaining a high frame rate of the ultrasound imaging systems.The proposed method improves the effective dynamic range along axial and lateral directions by 10 dB,compared to standard DAS and Fourier beamforming.

High-frame-rate contrast-enhanced ultrasound findings of liver metastasis of duodenal gastrointestinal stromal tumor:A case report and literature review

BACKGROUND Liver metastasis of duodenal gastrointestinal stromal tumor(GIST)is rare.Most reports mainly focus on its treatment and approaches to surgical resection,while details on its contrast-enhanced ultrasound(CEUS)findings are lacking.The diagnosis and imaging modalities for this condition remain challenging.CASE SUMMARY A 53-year-old Chinese man presented with mild signs and symptoms of the digestive tract.He underwent routine examinations after GIST surgery.Magnetic resonance imaging showed a 2.3 cm hepatic space-occupying lesion.All the laboratory test results were within normal limits.For further diagnostic confirmation,we conducted high frame rate CEUS(H-CEUS)and found a malignant perfusion pattern.Heterogeneous concentric hyper-enhancement,earlier wash-in than the liver parenchyma,and two irregular vessel columns could be observed at the periphery of the lesion during the arterial phase.Ultrasound-guided puncture biopsy was used to confirm the diagnosis of the lesion as liver metastasis of duodenal GIST.Imatinib was prescribed after biopsy,and the patient’s clinical course was monitored.CONCLUSION H-CEUS is useful for detecting microcirculation differences,wash-in patterns,and vascular morphogenesis and diagnosing liver metastasis of duodenal GIST.

An Efficient Algorithm Based on Spectrum Migration for High Frame Rate Ultrasound Imaging

The high frame rate(HFR)imaging technique requires only one emission event for imaging.Therefore,it can achieve ultrafast imaging with frame rates up to the kHz regime,which satisfies the frame rate requirements for imaging moving tissues in scientific research and clinics.Lu’s Fourier migration method is based on a non-diffraction beam to obtain HFR images and can improve computational speed and efficiency.However,in order to obtain high-quality images,Fourier migration needs to make full use of the spectrum of echo signals for imaging,which requires a large number of Fast Fourier Transform(FFT)points and increases the complexity of the hardware when the echo frequency is high.Here,an efficient algorithm using the spectrum migration technique based on the spectrum’s distribution characteristics is proposed to improve the imaging efficiency in HFR imaging.Since the actual echo signal spectrum is of limited bandwidth,low-frequency and high-frequency parts with low-energy have little contribution to the imaging spectrum.We transform the effective part that provides the main energy in the signal spectrum to the imaging spectrum while the ineffective spectrum components are not utilized for imaging.This can significantly reduce the number of Fourier transform points,improve Fourier imaging efficiency,and ensure the imaging quality.The proposed method is evaluated on simulated and experimental datasets.Results demonstrated that the proposed method could achieve equivalent image quality with a reduced point number for FFT compared to the complete spectrum migration.In this paper,it only requires a quarter of the FFT points used in the complete spectrum migration,which can improve the computational efficiency;thus,it is more suitable for real-time data processing.The proposed spectrum migration method has a specific significance for the study and clinical application of HFR imaging.

100 Hertz frame-rate switching threedimensional orbital angular momentum multiplexing holography via cross convolution

The orbital angular momentum(OAM)of light has been implemented as an information carrier in OAM holography.Holographic information can be multiplexed in theoretical unbounded OAM channels,promoting the applications of optically addressable dynamic display and high-security optical encryption.However,the frame-rate of the dynamic extraction of the information reconstruction process in OAM holography is physically determined by the switching speed of the incident OAM states,which is currently below 30 Hz limited by refreshing rate of the phase-modulation spatial light modulator(SLM).Here,based on a cross convolution with the spatial frequency of the OAM-multiplexing hologram,the spatial frequencies of an elaborately-designed amplitude distribution,namely amplitude decoding key,has been adopted for the extraction of three-dimensional holographic information encoded in a specific OAM information channel.We experimentally demonstrated a dynamic extraction frame rate of 100 Hz from an OAM multiplexing hologram with 10 information channels indicated by individual OAM values from-50 to 50.The new concept of cross convolution theorem can even provide the potential of parallel reproduction and distribution of information encoded in many OAM channels at various positions which boosts the capacity of information processing far beyond the traditional decoding methods.Thus,our results provide a holographic paradigm for high-speed 3D information processing,paving an unprecedented way to achieve the high-capacity short-range optical communication system.

基于FPGA的高速大面阵成像系统设计

为了获取高帧频大面阵图像数据,设计了一套基于FPGA结合CMOS图像探测器的成像系统。首先,介绍了国产GSENSE6060图像探测器的特性和设计方法。然后提出了成像系统的供电等硬件设计。最后,重点研究了基于Xilinx公司Virtex-5型FPGA的CMOS图像数据训练算法,保证了数据采集的准确性。试验结果表明,所设计的成像系统在6 144 pixel×6 144 pixel分辨率时,帧频达20 frame/s,图像数据峰值速率16 Gbit/s,且读出噪声优于4e^(-)。目前,系统已经工程应用,其功能、性能满足了项目实际需要。

高帧率超声造影定性特征联合定量参数鉴别前列腺良恶性疾病的应用价值

目的:探讨高帧率超声造影(high frame rate contrast-enhanced ultrasound,H-CEUS)定性特征联合定量参数对前列腺良恶性疾病的鉴别诊断价值。方法:选取2022年02月至2023年01月在我院就诊疑似前列腺癌(prostate cancer,PCa)并进行前列腺穿刺活检的患者60例(共67个病灶),根据病理结果分为良性组和恶性组,穿刺前行经直肠常规超声及H-CEUS,记录前列腺基本情况、造影定性特征并绘制时间强度曲线获得定量分析参数,比较两组间差异;以病理结果为“金标准”绘制受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线,应用Z检验比较H-CEUS定性特征、定量参数单独及联合应用对于前列腺病变良恶性的诊断效能。结果:与良性组相比,恶性组H-CEUS定性特征为供血动脉形态不规则(1/33 vs 11/34)及走形异常(3/33 vs 20/34)、快进(9/33 vs 29/34)、高增强(4/33 vs 25/34)、造影剂分布不均匀(9/33 vs 13/34)的比例较大,差异具有统计学意义(χ2=30.41、18.37、22.96、25.72、8.06,P<0.001、<0.001、<0.001、<0.001、=0.005);定量参数PCa较良性组造影到达时间早[(16.93±3.69)s vs(21.54±3.86)s],峰值强度[(48.8±5.58)dB vs(45.77±4.42)dB]、强度差[4.87(0.87,8.03)vs-0.44(-2.22,2.35)]及强度比[(1.15±0.24)vs(1.01±0.97)]的值较良性大,差异具有统计学意义(t/U=4.24、-2.324、151、-2.535,P<0.001、=0.025、=0.004、=0.015)。ROC曲线示H-CEUS定性及定量联合应用的AUC=0.938,截断值为0.44时诊断效能最佳,约登指数、敏感度、特异度、准确度、阳性预测值及阴性预测值为0.750、89.29%、85.71%、87.75%、89.3%、85.7%。根据净重新分类指数NRI值,联合应用对定性特征及定量参数均为正改善(P<0.05)。结论:H-CEUS应用于前列腺有助于观察造影灌注细节、分析成像特征,对于前列腺良恶性疾病具有较好的鉴别诊断能力,将造影灌注定性特征与定量参数结合的诊断效能优于单独应用。

面向高帧率CMOS图像传感器的12位列级全差分SAR/SS ADC设计

针对高帧率CMOS图像传感器的应用需求,提出一种结合逐次逼近型(Successive Approximation Register,SAR)和单斜坡(Single Slope,SS)结构的混合型模拟数字转换器(Analog to Digital Converter,ADC)。该ADC的分辨率为12位,其中SAR ADC实现高6位量化,SS ADC实现低6位量化。该ADC采用了全差分结构消除采样开关的固定失调并减少非线性误差,同时在SAR ADC中采用了异步逻辑电路进一步缩短转换周期。采用110 nm 1P4M CMOS工艺对该电路进行了设计和版图实现,后仿真结果表明,在20 MHz的时钟下,转换周期仅为3.3μs,无杂散动态范围为77.12 dB,信噪失真比为67.38 dB,有效位数为10.90位。

High Frame Rate Contrast-enhanced Ultrasound Helps Differentiate Malignant and Benign Focal Liver Lesions

Background and Aims:This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of high frame rate contrast-en-hanced ultrasound(H-CEUS)of focal liver lesions(FLLs).Methods:From July 2017 to June 2019,conventional con-trast-enhanced ultrasound(C-CEUS)and H-CEUS were per-formed in 78 patients with 78 nodules.The characteristics of C-CEUS and H-CEUS in malignant and benign groups and the differences between different lesion sizes(1-3 cm,3-5 cm,or>5 cm)of C-CEUS and H-CEUS were examined.The diagnostic performance of C-CEUS and H-CEUS was ana-lyzed.The chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test was used to assess inter-group differences.The receiver operating characteristic curve was plotted to determine the diagnostic performance of C-CEUS and H-CEUS.Results:There were significant differences in the enhancement area,fill-in direc-tion and vascular architecture between C-CEUS and H-CEUS for both benign and malignant lesions(all p=0.000-0.008),but there were no significant differences in washout results(p=0.566 and p=0.684,respectively).For lesions 1-3 cm in size,the enhancement area,fill-in direction,and vascular architecture on C-CEUS and H-CEUS were significantly dif-ferent(all p=0.000),unlike for lesions 3-5 cm or>5 cm in size.For differentiation of malignant from benign FLLs in the 1-3 cm group,H-CEUS showed sensitivity,specific-ity,accuracy,and positive and negative predictive values of 92.86%,95.0%,96.3%,90.48%and 93.75%,respectively,which were higher than those for C-CEUS(75.0%,70.0%,77.78%,66.67%and 72.91%,respectively).Conclusions:H-CEUS provided more vascular information which could help differentiate malignant from benign FLLs,especially for lesions 1-3 cm in size.

数字电影中“超真实”景观的建构与生存论解读

电影艺术是科技发展到一定阶段的产物,随着数字技术的全面介入,电影从生产到传播的各个环节都在发生变化。在今天,越来越多的电影创作者用数字技术开拓电影的表达边界。其中高帧率作为最具代表性的数字技术之一,使观众在银幕上获得了更深刻的沉浸式体验,成为数字电影构建“超真实”景观的主要技术手段。“超真实”景观的视觉神话满足了消费需求,而电影作为艺术的主体性使它依然需要观照人的生存境遇。因此数字技术的引入,使电影的“超真实”传递出一种对技术伦理的思考,以及对人存在的反思和对电影物质性的探索。

一种高帧频大动态范围像素级数字化读出电路设计

与短波和中波器件相比,长波红外探测器具有较大的光电流和暗电流,故需要强大的电荷存储能力。而使用传统的模拟像元读出电路技术会严重受限于电荷存储能力,使得长波探测器的动态范围和信噪比难以提升,从而制约着长波红外成像系统的发展和应用。提出一种像素级数字读出电路技术,通过数字积分克服了传统模拟积分方案电荷存储能力受限的缺陷,实现了探测器的数字信号输出,能够极大提高探测器的动态范围、抗干扰能力和帧频。该技术是提升长波探测器性能的有效途径。基于该技术设计了一款像元间距为30 m的320×256数字读出电路,其输出以低压差分信号(Low Voltage Differential Signal,LVDS)方式传输。仿真结果显示,该电路的最高帧频可达1000 Hz,动态范围大于95 dB。

Design of a very high frame rate camera based on an asynchronous CCD driving method

A very high frame rate camera is designed based on an innovative CCD driving method. The CCD driving method is mainly implemented on frame transfer CCDs. Asynchronous drive timing sequences are applied in the image and storage section of the CCDs. Several rows of the charge in the image section are binned onto the same row in the storage section, and there are the same number of images to be stored in the storage section before they are read out. Based on the new driving method, the frame transfer CCDs can work at a very high frame rate in acquiring burst images though the reading speed remains at a lower level. A very high frame rate camera is designed in this paper. The innovative CCD driving method is mainly of concern. An e2v’s CCD60 is adopted in the camera system, whose full size resolution is 128×128, and the up most frame rate is 1000 Hz in the conventional CCD driving method. By using the presented method, the CCD60 based imager is capable of operating at up to 40000 frames per second （fps） at a recognizable resolution of 128×32. Comparing cameras using traditional binning and region of interest technologies, the frame rate is normally less than 5000 fps while the resolution is only 32×32 left.

高帧频面探测器分布式数据获取软件研究

高帧频面探测器是上海硬X射线自由电子激光装置(Shanghai HIgh repetitioN rate xfel and Extreme light facility,SHINE)上主要成像类实验站的核心探测器,其预计数据通量将达到20 GB·s^(-1)以上。对于几十GB·s^(-1)原始数据流的实时接收和处理,传统单机系统很难应对。本文提出了一种多节点分布式面探测器数据获取和处理软件架构。首先,研究了不同网络库的性能,采用同步传输和CPU线程绑定等方法实现了接近3 GB·s^(-1)的单线程数据接收速率;依据X射线脉冲编号(Bunch ID)进行各模块数据的多节点分发与合并,采用4个节点实现了约23.5 GB·s^(-1)的并行事例重建速率;进一步,对数据刻度和压缩算法进行了实现和测试,结合bitshuffle和LZ4压缩算法,实现了约5.7倍的压缩率。本文验证了多节点分布式的并行数据获取方法的可行性,为后续面探测器高通量数据获取软件的开发打下基础。

视频合成孔径雷达技术发展现状综述

视频合成孔径雷达(video synthetic aperture radar,ViSAR)由于能够连续观测目标区域的变化,在许多领域得到了广泛的应用。首先梳理了国内外ViSAR相关的研究动态,分析了ViSAR高帧率成像以及动目标阴影形成的原理;然后系统地阐述了国内外ViSAR系统及其处理技术的研究进展,对成像算法、运动补偿算法以及动目标检测与跟踪技术等方面的研究进展进行了梳理和总结;最后总结了目前ViSAR相关的发展,并对未来ViSAR技术的潜在研究方向进行了展望。

一种新型高动态范围CMOS图像传感器结构设计

阐述一种新型的高动态范围CMOS图像传感器结构。在新型CMOS图像传感器中,像素包括两个具有不同感光灵敏度的光电二极管以及多个电荷-电压转换增益档位,列电路具有多个模拟电压增益档位。根据该结构和读出方法,对每个像素只进行一次信号电压的读取,可以显著缩短行读出时间,进而提高帧率。

超高清视频技术要素主观评价研究

本文研究了超高清视频技术要素对主观体验的影响,通过主观评价实验量化了分辨率、动态范围、帧率和量化深度等技术要素的提升对观看体验的贡献。实验结果显示,技术要素的提升对改善主观体验有积极作用,其中,4K分辨率、HDR技术、高帧率对主观体验的影响较为显著,2K HDR在某些情况下优于4K SDR。该研究为超高清视频技术的发展提供了参考。

异步Binning高帧频CCD相机的拖尾校正

一种基于异步时序驱动和Binning技术的高帧频成像技术在帧转移CCD相机上得到成功应用。为了抑制该CCD相机成像时产生的拖尾效应,基于该相机的高帧频连续成像原理,理论上分析了图像获取过程中拖尾产生的原因,给出了一套完整的消除拖尾的数值解析算法。该算法充分考虑了图像亮度变化对拖尾形成产生的影响,并对此进行了修正,已在异步Binning CCD相机上进行了实验验证。利用相机以40 000帧每秒的帧频获取4幅连续图像进行实验,实验结果表明,该算法可有效去除每幅图像的拖尾噪声,而且消除拖尾噪声后的图像区域的灰度方差得到明显降低,异步Binning CCD相机的成像质量得以提高。上述结果表明算法适用于高帧频相机的连续成像。

高速高灵敏光纤传输EMCCD相机设计

针对高帧频摄像机灵敏度较低与无法远程实时传输的难题,本文采用EMCCD器件提高其灵敏度,并利用光纤通信与USB技术实现高帧频图像的远程实时传输与记录。文章详细介绍了基于EMCCD器件CCD60建立相机的一种方法。利用CPLD器件产生EMCCD控制时序及视频同步处理控制时序,采用集成器件与分立器件相结合的方式建立EMCCD垂直驱动电路,建立EMCCD工作环境;然后,采用具有CDS功能的集成器件对CCD视频信号进行数字化,获得高帧频数字图像数据;再使用CPLD器件与光传输编解码芯片结合的方式实现高速图像数据的远程实时传输,最后采用USB2.0技术实现高速数据的实时采集。系统像素分辨率128×128,最高帧频可达1000fps,能应用于低照度高速图像获取场合。

高帧率超声成像系统中提高信噪比的一种方法

基于有限衍射波束理论 ,最近人们发展了高帧率 (highframerate ,HFR)超声成像系统 ,同传统的动态聚焦相比 ,此系统通过一次发射事件就可得到一帧图像 ,故可达到极高的帧率。但在实际应用中 ,由于仅发射一次超声波束来成像 ,回波信号较弱 ,易受噪音干扰 ,使成像质量降低。为了提高系统的信噪比 ,采用匹配滤波器来抑制噪音 ,并进行了计算机仿真。结果表明通过匹配滤波器处理 ,系统信噪比有了一定的提高 。

提高高帧率超声成像系统算法效率的研究

在高帧率超声成像算法中 ,对回波信号进行有限衍射波束加权处理占用了成像中大部分计算时间 .论文通过讨论高帧率超声成像系统中有限衍射波加权处理接收信号的物理意义 ,提出了一种提高加权处理算法效率的方法 .计算机仿真结果表明它可以在保持成像质量前提下 。

Fourier变换重建超声图像的研究

基于有限衍射波理论的高帧率 (highframerate,HFR)超声成像系统是通过发射平面波成像的 .由于采用平面波 ,故成像区域为矩形 .为了得到扇形成像 ,提出了一种更一般化的Fourier重建图像的方法 ,它同样基于一次发射就可重建超声图像 .与原HFR方法不同的是发射声场可以是非平面波 .在非平面波声场中进行了计算机仿真 .由于采用了由零阶汉克尔函数所定义的圆柱场 ,获得了具有扇形形状的超声图像 ,仿真结果显示了新方法的有效和更具有一般性的特点 .