Adaptability and Phenotypic Stability of Resistance to Two Viral Diseases and Yield Traits in Cassava

Cassava productivity is hampered by pests and diseases including cassava mosaic disease (CMD) and cassava brown streak disease (CBSD). The main objective of this study was to identify stable superior genotypes that combine disease resistance and high yield. Sixteen cassava genotypes were planted in a randomized complete block design with three replications for six planting seasons (years) at five sites in Tanzania. The genotypes were assessed using the additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) analysis, and highly significant (P < 0.001) effects of genotype, environment, and genotype-by-environment (G*E) interactions were observed for all traits studied. Percent sum of squares (SS) due to environment (12.66% - 85.23%) was the highest followed by G*E (14.12% - 39.56%) for CMD foliar symptoms, root weight and dry matter. On the other hand, % SS due to genotype (52.14% - 69.14%) was highest followed by G*E (26.14% - 35.91%) for CBSD foliar and root symptoms indicating that the environment and G*E greatly influenced trait expression. The most stable genotypes which combined disease resistance and high yield were NDL 2003/31 and NDL 2003/111. The findings of this study will give impetus for the release of new cassava varieties that are not only high yielding but are also dually resistant to both CMD and CBSD in different locations and sites.

Development of high yield and tomato yellow leaf curl virus(TYLCV)resistance using conventional and molecular approaches:A review

Tomato(Solanum lycopersicum L.)belonging to the family Solanaceae is the second most consumed and cultivated vegetable globally.Since the ancient time of its domestication,thousands of cultivated tomato varieties have been developed targeting an array of aspects.Among which breeding for yield and yield-related traits are mostly focused.Cultivated tomato is extremely genetically poor and hence it is a victim for several biotic and abiotic stresses.Among the biotic stresses,the impact of viral diseases is critical all over tomato cultivating areas.Improvement of tomato still largely rely on conventional methods worldwide while molecular approaches,particularly Marker Assisted Selection(MAS)has become popular across the globe as a fast,low cost and precise tool which is essential in present day plant breeding.In this review paper,breeding tomato for high yield and viral disease resistance,particularly to tomato yellow leaf curl virus disease(TYLCVD)using conventional and molecular approaches will be discussed.Lining up of this set of information will be useful to those who are interested in tomato variety development with high yielding and TYLCVD resistance.

Screening of Wheat Cultivars for High Temperature Resistance to Stripe Rust from Wheat Resources in Huanghuai Growth Area

[Objective] The study aimed to screen wheat cultivars with high temperature resistance to stripe rust from the wheat resources in Huanghuai growth area. [Method] Seedlings of 165 wheat cultivars from Huanghuai growth area were identified by wheat stripe rust under high temperature; then the wheat cultivars showing stripe rust at seedling stage were further used to identify the same resistance in field. [Results] 13 cultivars were proved to be stripe rust resistant under high temperature, and the expression stages of stripe rust in the 13 cultivars were revealed. The field identification results confirmed the identification results at seedling stage via inoculation of mixed stripe rust of physiological races. The stripe resistances of wheat cultivars were also proved to be non-race-specific. [Conclusion] Wheat resources in Huanghuai growth area are abundant in wheat cultivars with high temperature resistance to stripe rust.

Improvement of three popular Indian groundnut varieties for foliar disease resistance and high oleic acid using SSR markers and SNP array in marker-assisted backcrossing

Foliar fungal diseases(rust and late leaf spot)incur large yield losses,in addition to the deterioration of fodder quality in groundnut worldwide.High oleic acid has emerged as a key market trait in groundnut,as it increases the shelf life of the produce/products in addition to providing health benefits to consumers.Marker-assisted backcrossing(MABC)is the most successful approach to introgressing or pyramiding one or more traits using traitlinked markers.We used MABC to improve three popular Indian cultivars(GJG 9,GG 20,and GJGHPS 1)for foliar disease resistance(FDR)and high oleic acid content.A total of 22 BC3F4 and 30 BC2F4 introgression lines(ILs)for FDR and 46 BC3F4 and 41 BC2F4 ILs for high oleic acid were developed.Recurrent parent genome analysis using the 58 K Axiom_Arachis array identified several lines showing upto 94%of genome recovery among second and third backcross progenies.Phenotyping of these ILs revealed FDR scores comparable to the resistant parent,GPBD 4,and ILs with high(~80%)oleic acid in addition to high genome recovery.These ILs provide further opportunities for pyramiding FDR and high oleic acid in all three genetic backgrounds as well as for conducting multi-location yield trials for further evaluation and release for cultivation in target regions of India.

Studies on Cotton Breeding Resistant to Fusarium and Verticillium wilt Diseases

Both Fusarium and Verticillium wilts are important soil-borne diseases,which can not be effectively controlled by chemical fungicides.The two diseases,especially Verticillium wilt,have

ASSOCIATION OF INSULIN RESISTANCE AND C-REACTIVE PROTEIN WITH CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE IN PATIENTS WITH NORMAL GLUCOSE TOLERANCE

Objective To examine insulin resistance and high sensitivity C-reactive protein （hsCRP） association with clinical and angiographic severity of coronary artery disease （CAD） in patients with normal glucose tolerance. Methods In 638 consecutive patients with normal glucose tolerance, 221 had atypical chest pain and normal coronary artery （control group）, 279 had stable angina and CAD （SAP group ）, and 138 suffered acute myocardial infarction （ MI group）. The degree of CAD was further divided into borderline lesion （ lumen diameter narrowing 50% - 69% ）, significant 1-, 2- or 3-vessel disease （ luminal diameter narrowing 〉I 70% ）. Fasting serum glucose, insulin and hsCRP levels and lipid profiles were measured, and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance （ HOMA-IR ） was calculated. Multivariate analysis was performed to assess risk factors for 3-vessel disease or acute MI. Results Serum hsCRP, lipoprotein （a） levels, and insulin resistance index （IRI） were higher in AMI group than those in SAP and control groups. Serum hsCRP level and IRI were also higher in 3-vessel disease than those in other groups. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that insulin resistance, cigarette smoking, serum hsCRP, and lipoprotein （a） levels were independent risk factors for acute MI. Lipoprotein （ a ） elevation was an independent risk factor for 3-vessel disease. Conclusion Insulin resistance and high serum hsCRP level were associated with occurrence of acute MI and angiographic severity of coronary disease in patients with normal glucose tolerance.

Resequencing-based QTL mapping for yield and resistance traits reveals great potential of Oryza longistaminata in rice breeding

As a natural genetic reservoir, wild rice contains many favorable alleles and mutations conferring high yield and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, there are few reports describing favorable genes or QTL from the AA genome wild rice O. longistaminata, which is characterized by tall and robust habit and long tassels and anthers and shows high potential for use in cultivated rice improvement. We constructed a stable BC_(2)F_(20) backcross inbred line(BIL) population of 152 lines from the cross of 9311 × O.longistaminat. Some BILs showed large panicles, large seeds, and strong resistance to rice false smut, bacterial leaf blight, rice blast spot, and brown planthopper. Genomic resequencing showed that the 152 BILs covered about 99.6% of the O. longistaminata genome. QTL mapping with 2432 bin markers revealed 13QTL associated with seven yield traits and eight with resistance to brown planthopper and to four diseases. Of these QTL, 12 for grain yield and 11 for pest and disease resistance are novel in Oryza species.A large-panicle NIL1880 line containing QTL qPB8.1 showed a nearly 50% increase in spikelet number and27.5% in grain yield compared to the recurrent parent 9311. These findings support the potential value of O. longistaminata for cultivated rice improvement.

Apoptosis of Pancreatic Beta Cells in Pregnant Insulin-resistant Rats Fed with High-fat Diet

Objective The aim of this study is by observing the number change of islets beta cells in gestational rats exposed to high fat diet, tofurther reveal the mechanism of gestational diabetes mellitus. Methods Female Wistar rats were exposed to high fat diet for five weeks, and then became pregnant. During pregnancy dynamically detected indicators of glucose and fat. Until the third trimester of pregnancy evaluated the sensitivity of insulin and glucose tolerance. After executed rats, selected pancreatic tail tissue and fixed, further slides were stained with insulin antibody by immunohistochemistry to confirm the location of beta cells. Image analysis system determined mean area stained positive cells in each islet, which stood for total number of beta cells. The apoptotic beta cells in islet were detected and quantified by the Tunel technology to calculate apoptosis ratio. Results The level of free fatty acids in rats exposed to high fat diet was significantly higher than the control groups, and insulin resistance was more serious. Compared mean stained positive area among each group, the largest was gestational rats fed high fat diet, and gestational rats was larger than virgin rats, but the difference had no statistical significance. About apoptoticratio of beta cells was higher in diet intervened rats, gestational rats were higher than virgin rats. The same trend happened in the number of positive cells, but discrepancy was not remarkable. Conclusion Based on insulin resistance, apoptosis of pancreatic beta cellsincreased in gestational ratstaking high fat diet, through changing the number of beta cells to down regulate the pancreas endocrine function. That may be the mechanism of gestational mellitus.

Microstructure Recrystallization and Mechanical Properties of a Cold-Rolled TiNbZrTaHf Refractory High-Entropy Alloy

The equiatomic TiNbZrTaHf alloy was successfully rolled at room temperature with the reduction of ~ 85%. The microstructure and tensile properties were investigated after cold working and annealing. It was determined that the recrystallization temperature of the TiNbZrTaHf alloy between 850 and 900 ℃. Complete recrystallization and normal grain growth occurred, the high stability of single phase was maintained after annealing at 1000, 1200, and 1400 ℃. But the precipitated phase appeared after long term annealing, as seen after 500 h at 1000 ℃. After cold working, the tensile strength and the elongation of TiNbZrTaHf were 1137 MPa and 25.1%, respectively. The annealed alloy has a high tensile strength (σ_(b )= 863 MPa) and ductility (ε_(e )= 28.5%). Moreover, the oxidation of TiNbZrTaHf alloy at elevated temperatures has a significant impact on its mechanical properties. The poor oxidation resistance of TiNbZrTaHf can accelerate tensile failure by inducing fractures at grain boundaries.

The Current Breeding Situation and Development Strategies on High-quality Inbred Rice in Guangxi

According to the rice quality,production and resistance of 50 high-quality inbred rice varieties bred and examined and approved in Guangxi during the period 2000-2011,we analyze the current breeding situation and existing problems concerning high-quality inbred rice va- riety in Guangxi: the rice quality has been greatly improved,but the amylose content is still low; a series of scented rice varieties with high quality and high yield have been bred,such as Zhongguangxiang No. 1,Sanxiang 628,Guixiang No. 1,Liufengxiangzhan,Jiafuxiang No. 1, Zhaoxiang No. 1; the production of high-quality inbred rice during the period 2009-2011 was significantly enhanced,annually more than 66 00 kg / ha,but the disease resistance of rice variety bred was generally poor,and disease-resistant breeding stuck in the mud. Henceforth it is necessary to be oriented by the rice market,and take the rice type with long grain,high adhesive strength,medium-low amylose content and low chalkiness degree as the breeding objectives; introduce the existing high-quality variety resources with medium amylose content at home and abroad,then directly use them or innovate upon them as hybrid strain; take the thick-and-long-grain rice type as breeding objectives,and further improve the yield per unit area of high-quality inbred rice by improving the thousand-grain weight; increase capital investment,improve breeding techniques,strengthen disease-resistant and degeneration-resistant breeding,and improve the application of modern biotechnology in the breeding of high-quality inbred rice.

香型优质高产杂交稻新品种野香优669的选育与应用

【目的】选育产量、米质和抗性相协调的香型优质水稻新品种。【方法】利用亲本间的遗传多样性和农艺性状的互补性,以高产、高配合力的父本福恢669与香型、优质、抗病的不育系野香A杂交,结合多生态点抗性鉴定、高温逼熟后品质分析、多年多点品比试验等相结合。【结果】选育出优质、高产、抗病,株叶态协调的杂交稻品种野香优669。2019–2020年参加福建省中稻区域试验,全生育期两年平均139.8 d,比对照II优3301早熟1.1d,产量平均9363 kg·hm^(-2),比对照增产2.24%,未达显著水平。两年稻瘟病抗性鉴定综合评价为抗稻瘟病,稻米品质达部颁一等优质食用稻品种品质标准,2021年通过福建省农作物审定委员会审定(闽审稻20210014)。野香优669聚合了来自双亲的22个有利基因,其中6个为单方携带,16个为双亲均携带。【结论】野香优669产量高、抗性强、品质好、口感佳,在生产上大面积推广应用,是福建省农业主推品种之一。

高产抗病大豆新品种吉育513的选育及栽培技术

为给优质高产大豆品种的研发提供参考和借鉴,吉林省农业科学院大豆研究所2009年以吉育47为母本,以铁97124-1-1为父本,配制杂交组合,采用系谱法选育出高产抗病大豆新品种吉育513。2019—2020年参加国家北方春大豆中晚熟组区域试验,平均产量3248.5 kg·hm^(-2),比对照吉育72增产6.1%。2020年参加生产试验,平均产量3301.5 kg·hm^(-2),比对照吉育72增产12.1%。2021年通过国家农作物品种审定委员会审定,审定编号为国审豆20210032。该品种具有高产、稳产和抗病等优良特性,特别适合在吉林省南中部、辽宁省东部和北部、宁夏回族自治区北部、山西省北部、河北省承德地区以及甘肃省张掖地区进行春季播种。该品种是通过传统育种技术与肥力优化筛选相结合的育种模式选育而成的,这种选育模式将对我国大豆产业的未来发展产生深远而积极的影响,如果优化有机和无机的配施比例,吉育513将更能发挥其高产潜力。

高蛋白抗病大豆品种陇豆6号选育报告

满足国内消费者对大豆及豆制品的需求,缩小我国大豆的产需缺口,培育并推广具有丰产性、广适性和抗病性等特点的大豆品种已成为大豆育种的重中之重。陇豆6号是由甘肃省农业科学院作物研究所以中黄12作母本、邯豆3号作父本,经有性杂交选育而成的大豆新品种。2022—2023年参加甘肃省大豆区域试验,折合平均产量3419.9 kg/hm^(2),较对照品种增产。2023年参加甘肃省生产试验,折合平均产量3196.4 kg/hm^(2),较对照品种陇豆2号增产10.1%。该品种籽粒含粗蛋白达459.7 g/kg、粗脂肪205.4 g/kg。陇豆6号丰产性好,适应性强,抗倒伏,田间长势和落叶性较好,属于高蛋白品种,抗花叶病毒病、中抗灰斑病,适宜在甘肃省大豆中晚熟及晚熟品种类型区种植。

不同葡萄砧木抗寒抗抽干能力比较研究

[目的]气候变化新形势下,进一步筛选适宜西北地区抗寒、抗抽干葡萄砧木品种,可为葡萄免埋土栽培推广提供理论依据和技术支撑。[方法]本文以41Bmgt、Riparia、420Bmgt、101-14、196-17、44-53ma、110R、Rupestris du Lot、SO4、161-490、1103P、5BB、3309、Leon Millt共14种13年生葡萄砧木为试材,通过测定离体一年生枝条累计失水速率,结合田间调查葡萄砧木存活率和离体一年生枝条抽干率,以此来评价不同葡萄砧木品种抗抽干能力;结合前人研究及砧木品种特性,采用高低温交变试验箱模拟低温的方法,设置4(对照)、-15、-20、-25和-30℃一系列温度梯度水平,测定不同葡萄砧木一年生枝条相对电导率、丙二醛、游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖及可溶性蛋白5个生理生化指标,利用隶属函数法进行综合评价不同葡萄砧木的抗寒性。[结果]不同葡萄砧木的抗抽干能力由强到弱依次为:3309>161-490>196-17>Leon Millt>420Bmgt>44-53ma>Riparia>110R>1103P>SO4>101-14>41Bmgt>5BB>Rupestris du Lot;随着处理温度的降低,不同葡萄砧木枝条的抗寒指标总体呈现上升趋势,但不同品种之间存在差异。根据隶属函数的综合分析,结果显示各葡萄砧木的抗寒性由强到弱依次为:SO4>196-17>Leon Millt>5BB>Riparia>44-53ma>420Bmgt>1103P>3309>110R>Rupestris du Lot>101-14>41Bmgt>161-490。[结论]Riparia、196-17、44-53ma和Leon Millt具有较强的抗抽干能力和抗寒性,可作为我国西北地区免埋土葡萄砧木使用。

高产优质抗病玉米新品种达美5号的选育、特性分析及栽培技术

玉米(Zea mays L.)新品种达美5号是十堰市农业科学院和华中农业大学以HZ1711为母本、Q4-2为父本育成的杂交种,2020—2021年2年区域试验平均产量为9950.85 kg/hm^(2),比对照品种华玉11增产8.53%,具有突出的高产稳产、抗逆广适、品质优良、制种产量高的特性,于2022年8月通过湖北省农作物品种审定委员会审定。总结了达美5号的选育过程、特征特性、抗逆性、品质和产量表现,介绍了栽培和制种技术要点,为品种的应用推广提供参考。

高产大果抗寒日本栗新品种‘黄丰’选育研究

该研究为了选育出丰产、大果、优质且抗寒的日本栗新品种,通过引种驯化和育种研究,成功培育出高产大果抗寒日本栗新品种‘黄丰’。该品种产量稳定,嫁接10 a以上平均产量高达6255 kg·hm^(-2),且果实硕大,平均单果质量达27.17 g,加工品质上乘。在抗寒性方面,‘黄丰’能够抵御-30℃的极端低温,并具备抗栗瘿蜂的能力。该品种在辽宁省丹东、大连等日本栗适宜栽培区具有广阔的种植前景。

高油高产抗病大豆新品种邯豆17的选育及栽培技术要点

为了促进高油高产抗病大豆新品种邯豆17的推广应用,本文介绍了其选育经过、主要特征特性、产量和品质表现以及配套栽培要点。邯豆17是邯郸市农业科学院于2007年以邯豆7号为母本,中品03-5179为父本,通过有性杂交利用改良系谱法选育而成的新品种。2018年参加河北省夏播区域试验,平均产量为3194.6 kg·hm^(-2),比对照品种冀豆12增产8.4%,2019年续试,平均产量为3723.6 kg·hm^(-2),比对照增产10.5%,2018-2019年两年区域试验平均产量为3459.1 kg·hm^(-2),比对照增产9.5%。2019年参加同组生产试验,平均产量3422.2 kg·hm^(-2),比对照增产12.8%。2020年邯豆17通过河北省审定,审定编号为冀审豆20200003。该品种抗倒性好,成熟时落叶性好,不裂荚,抗大豆花叶病毒病3号和7号株系,粗蛋白含量为38.66%,粗脂肪含量为21.76%,适宜在河北省中南部区域夏播种植。

硬质相类型对冷喷涂铝基涂层组织与耐磨性的影响

冷喷涂低温固态的材料沉积特性使该方法在热敏感材料高强铝合金的再制造修复方面具有天然优势,然而冷喷涂7系高强铝合金存在结合强度低、硬度和耐磨性能低于同成分基材的难题。对此,主要研究了不同特性硬质颗粒在喷涂粉末中的添加对冷喷涂7050Al合金修复层显微组织、结合强度与摩擦磨损性能的影响规律。以体积分数为30%的脆性Al2O3陶瓷颗粒和韧性的WC-17Co金属陶瓷颗粒为硬质相,在相同参数条件下分别沉积了纯7050Al涂层、7050Al/Al2O3复合涂层与7050Al/WC-17Co复合涂层。采用SEM表征了涂层的横截面组织;依照ASTM C633标准测试了不同硬质相添加对涂层结合强度的影响规律;采用球盘摩擦磨损试验研究了涂层的摩擦磨损行为。结果表明,沉积过程中,脆性的Al2O3颗粒由于不能协调变形,因此与7050Al结合较差且自身会发生碰撞破碎现象;韧性的WC-17Co硬质合金颗粒可以协调变形,因此与7050Al结合较好,且在涂层中含量较Al2O3更高。WC-17Co颗粒在涂层与基材界面处形成的榫卯结构可将7050Al涂层的结合强度由34.5提升到73.2 MPa以上,而Al2O3颗粒的添加对涂层结合强度的影响可以忽略。与7050Al基材相比,WC-17Co硬质合金颗粒的添加可使涂层耐摩擦磨损性能提高8倍以上,而Al2O3颗粒容易剥落的特点使得涂层耐磨性降低50%以上。

适于徐深气田的耐寒耐高温泡排剂

针对徐深气田深度≥3000 m、井温≤150℃、冬季时间长、气温低的特点,以马来酸酐、十六胺、无水亚硫酸钠为原料,通过酰胺化反应和磺化反应两步合成了阴离子表面活性剂棕榈酰胺磺基丁酸二钠(ASB-16A)。将ASB-16A与优选的起泡剂月桂基葡糖苷(APG1214)、防冻剂乙醇、去离子水混合制得耐寒耐高温泡排剂(CYY-1)。评价了CYY-1的泡沫性能、耐高温性能、低温稳定性、与地层水的配伍性,并在徐深气田进行了现场应用。结果表明,CYY-1的最优配方为:10%ASB-16A、10%APG1214、44%乙醇,其余为去离子水。CYY-1的起泡性和稳泡性较好。在80℃下,1.25%CYY-1溶液的初始泡沫高度为150 mm,静置3、5 min的泡沫高度分别为150、75 mm,携液量为1100 mL。在150℃、pH=8.5的弱碱条件下老化24 h,对CYY-1的泡沫性能影响较小。CYY-1的低温稳定性好于常用的低温泡排剂。在-35℃冷冻7 d,CYY-1变浑浊,但仍可在管线中流动,满足装置自动加注要求。CYY-1与地层水的配伍性良好,0.5%~10.0%的溶液在常温下静置48 h后仍澄清透明,可以实施自动化泡排加注。在现场试验2口井,某井日产气量由2.46×10^(4)m^(3)增至3.07×10^(4)m^(3),日产水量由5.77 m^(3)降至3.70 m^(3),实现稳定带水生产。CYY-1适用于井温≤150℃、矿化度≤16 g/L、pH值为8.5的气井的泡沫排水采气。

高海拔寒冷地区混凝土抗冻耐久性研究综述

高海拔寒冷地区具有海拔高、气温低、昼夜温差大等特点,严重威胁混凝土结构安全和正常使用年限。因此,提高混凝土结构的抗冻耐久性、保证结构安全和可靠性是研究高海拔寒冷地区混凝土抗冻耐久性能、施工技术以及评价方法的关键。综合分析了水胶比、外加剂、掺合料对高海拔寒冷地区混凝土宏观力学的影响,混凝土内部微观结构测试方法取得的成就和存在的不足,混凝土微观结构与宏观力学之间的关系,以及高海拔寒冷地区混凝土冻融损伤模型以及数值模拟的研究进展。通过上述分析和总结,以期进一步完善高海拔寒冷地区混凝土抗冻耐久性的理论体系、试验和评估方法,为高海拔寒冷地区混凝土的理论研究和工程应用提供理论基础。