该文初步建立了青岛奥帆赛高分辨率数值模式系统(包括预报模式和释用模式)。预报模式基于Weather Research &Forecast(WRF)模式V3.0,模式设计为网格数60×50×38,水平分辨率500m。在IBM小型机上用8个线程作15 h预报所需机...该文初步建立了青岛奥帆赛高分辨率数值模式系统(包括预报模式和释用模式)。预报模式基于Weather Research &Forecast(WRF)模式V3.0,模式设计为网格数60×50×38,水平分辨率500m。在IBM小型机上用8个线程作15 h预报所需机时约为1 h 20 min,可满足实时业务预报需要。利用高分辨率边界层模式和城市小区尺度模式对该预报结果进行了动力释用(水平分辨率分别为100 m和10 m)。该模式系统于2008年夏季进行了实时运行试验,模式产品在北京奥运气象服务中心青岛分中心使用。结果表明:该模式系统有较强的稳定性和实用性,对城市热岛、海陆风、地形及建筑物影响等局地环流特征有较好的模拟效果。数值试验分析表明:城市化引起城市热岛效应,增大了海陆温差,使海风加强;城市建筑物拖曳作用使风速减小,从而使海风推进速度减缓;精细下垫面资料的引入对海风等局地环流高分辨率数值模拟至关重要。展开更多
The Hong Kong Observatory （HKO） has been developing a suite of nowcasting systems to support op- erations of the forecasting center and to provide a variety of nowcasting services for the general public and speciali...The Hong Kong Observatory （HKO） has been developing a suite of nowcasting systems to support op- erations of the forecasting center and to provide a variety of nowcasting services for the general public and specialized users. The core system is named the Short-range Warnings of Intense Rainstorm of Localized Systems （SWIRLS）, which is a radar-based nowcasting system mainly for the automatic tracking of the movement of radar echoes and the short-range Quantitative Precipitation Forecast （QPF）. The differential, integral （or variational）, and object-oriented tracking algorithms were developed and integrated into the nowcasting suite. In order to predict severe weather associated with intense thunderstorms, such as high gust, hail, and lightning, SWIRLS was enhanced to SWIRLS-II by introduction of a number of physical models, especially the icing physics as well as the thermodynamics of the atmosphere. SWIRLS-Ⅱ was further enhanced with non-hydrostatic, high resolution numerical models for extending the forecast range up to 6h ahead. Meanwhile, SWIRLS was also modified for providing nowcasting services for aviation community and specialized users. To take into account the rapid development of lightning events, ensemble nowcasting techniques such as time-lagged and weighted average ensemble approaches were also adopted in the nowcasting system. Apart from operational uses in Hong Kong, SWIRLS/SWIRLS-Ⅱ was also exported to other places to participate in several international events such as the WMO/WWRP Forecast Demon- stration Project （FDP） during the Beijing 2008 Olympics Games and the Shanghai Expo 2010. Meanwhile, SWIRLS has also been transferred to various regional meteorological organizations for establishing their nowcasting infrastructure. This paper summarizes the history and the technologies of SWIRLS/SWIRLS-Ⅱ and its variants and the associated nowcasting applications and services provided by the HKO since the mid 1990s.展开更多
文摘该文初步建立了青岛奥帆赛高分辨率数值模式系统(包括预报模式和释用模式)。预报模式基于Weather Research &Forecast(WRF)模式V3.0,模式设计为网格数60×50×38,水平分辨率500m。在IBM小型机上用8个线程作15 h预报所需机时约为1 h 20 min,可满足实时业务预报需要。利用高分辨率边界层模式和城市小区尺度模式对该预报结果进行了动力释用(水平分辨率分别为100 m和10 m)。该模式系统于2008年夏季进行了实时运行试验,模式产品在北京奥运气象服务中心青岛分中心使用。结果表明:该模式系统有较强的稳定性和实用性,对城市热岛、海陆风、地形及建筑物影响等局地环流特征有较好的模拟效果。数值试验分析表明:城市化引起城市热岛效应,增大了海陆温差,使海风加强;城市建筑物拖曳作用使风速减小,从而使海风推进速度减缓;精细下垫面资料的引入对海风等局地环流高分辨率数值模拟至关重要。
文摘The Hong Kong Observatory （HKO） has been developing a suite of nowcasting systems to support op- erations of the forecasting center and to provide a variety of nowcasting services for the general public and specialized users. The core system is named the Short-range Warnings of Intense Rainstorm of Localized Systems （SWIRLS）, which is a radar-based nowcasting system mainly for the automatic tracking of the movement of radar echoes and the short-range Quantitative Precipitation Forecast （QPF）. The differential, integral （or variational）, and object-oriented tracking algorithms were developed and integrated into the nowcasting suite. In order to predict severe weather associated with intense thunderstorms, such as high gust, hail, and lightning, SWIRLS was enhanced to SWIRLS-II by introduction of a number of physical models, especially the icing physics as well as the thermodynamics of the atmosphere. SWIRLS-Ⅱ was further enhanced with non-hydrostatic, high resolution numerical models for extending the forecast range up to 6h ahead. Meanwhile, SWIRLS was also modified for providing nowcasting services for aviation community and specialized users. To take into account the rapid development of lightning events, ensemble nowcasting techniques such as time-lagged and weighted average ensemble approaches were also adopted in the nowcasting system. Apart from operational uses in Hong Kong, SWIRLS/SWIRLS-Ⅱ was also exported to other places to participate in several international events such as the WMO/WWRP Forecast Demon- stration Project （FDP） during the Beijing 2008 Olympics Games and the Shanghai Expo 2010. Meanwhile, SWIRLS has also been transferred to various regional meteorological organizations for establishing their nowcasting infrastructure. This paper summarizes the history and the technologies of SWIRLS/SWIRLS-Ⅱ and its variants and the associated nowcasting applications and services provided by the HKO since the mid 1990s.
