The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, which is widely referred to as “COVID-19”, has been infecting more than 5.5 million over 144 countries. A vaccine is considered to be the mo...The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, which is widely referred to as “COVID-19”, has been infecting more than 5.5 million over 144 countries. A vaccine is considered to be the most awaiting intervention and hundreds of global R&D institutions engaged in unprecedented speed to develop the vaccine. The availability of COVID-19 vaccines may not translate into its uptake. Although governments will provide the vaccines, their uptake is voluntary. <strong>Objective:</strong> This study was carried out to evaluate the level of acceptance of COVID-19 vaccine and it’s determinants among high risk groups for severe COVID-19 infection living in Mogadishu Somalia.<strong> Methods:</strong> The study was cross-sectional, descriptive analysis conducted to obtain reliable information about the acceptance of COVID-19 vaccine and it is determinants among high-risk groups living in Mogadishu, Somalia. The calculated sample size was 404 using Cochran’s formula = Z<sup>2</sup>p(1 <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span></span> p)/d<sup>2</sup> and addition of 5% non-respondent rate. According to PESS population estimate in 2020, there are 17 districts. We grouped them into 2 strata and through simple random sampling one district was selected from each strata. After randomly selecting the two districts, three sub districts were randomly selected from each and then every second house (1, 3, 5) in the main roads will be selected. If target population were not found in the second selected house, the next house will be taken until sample size is obtained. <strong>Results:</strong> 59.4% of respondents were willing to accept and take vaccination while 40.6% of them were not accepting the vaccination. Being afraid of the side effect was the most common reason for not accepting the vaccine <strong>Conclusion: </strong>More than one third of respondents (40.6%) were not willing to accept the vaccination, knowledge towards COVID-19 was strongly associated with acceptance level of COVID-19 vaccine. <strong>Recommendation:</strong> Multi-sector organized awareness campaigns involving FMH as well as local authorities and civil society to enhance level of knowledge of community towards COVID-19.展开更多
Hepatitis C virus(HCV) is an emerging infection worldwide and the numbers of persons infected are increasing every year. Poor blood transfusion methods along with unsafe injection practices are potential sources for t...Hepatitis C virus(HCV) is an emerging infection worldwide and the numbers of persons infected are increasing every year. Poor blood transfusion methods along with unsafe injection practices are potential sources for the rapid spread of infection. Early detection of HCV is the need of the hour especially in high riskgroup population as these individuals are severely immunocompromised. Enzyme Immunoassays are the most common detection techniques but they provide no evidence of active viremia or identification of infected individuals in the antibody-negative phase and their efficacy is limited in individuals within high risk group population. Molecular virological techniques have an important role in detecting active infection with utmost specificity and sensitivity. Technologies for assessment of HCV antibody and RNA levels have improved remarkably, as well as our understanding of how to best use these tests in patient management. This review aims to give an overview of the different serological and molecular methods employed in detecting HCV infection used nowadays. Additionally, the review gives an insight in the new molecular techniques that are being developed to improve the detection techniques particularly in High Risk Group population who are severely immunocompromised.展开更多
Brucellosis is an anthropozoonotic disease with an important public health impact. Although the transmission of <em>Brucella</em> from animals to humans can occur in different epidemiological settings of s...Brucellosis is an anthropozoonotic disease with an important public health impact. Although the transmission of <em>Brucella</em> from animals to humans can occur in different epidemiological settings of sub-Saharan African countries, little data has been published on human brucellosis. This study aimed to detect <em>Brucella</em> antibodies and the risk factors associated to brucellosis among high-risk occupational groups of people in the Noun Division of Cameroon. For this study, a structured questionnaire was used to assess risk factors associated with human brucellosis. Thereafter, blood samples were collected from high-risk occupational groups of people in four villages. Plasma was extracted from each sample and<em> Brucella</em> antibodies were detected using Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (i-ELISA). Of the 273 participants enrolled, the overall seroprevalence of <em>Brucella </em>antibodies was 12.45% with RBPT and 10.26% with i-ELISA test. This seroprevalence was significantly (<em>P</em> = 0.04;<em>X</em><sup>2</sup> = 9.73) higher among livestock herdsmen (15.8%), slaughterhouse workers (9.8%), butchers (4.8%), participants having no educational level (14.3%) and those experiencing above 5 years of risky activity (15%). Raw milk consumption (OR: 4.8;<em>P</em> = 0.001), no formal education (OR: 6.4;<em>P</em> = 0.03) and assistance of animal during parturition (OR: 7.2;<em>P</em> < 0.0001) appeared as factors that may increase the risk of <em>Brucella</em> infections. The detection of <em>Brucella </em>antibodies indicates the risk of human brucellosis in some groups of people of the Noun division. Consuming unpasteurized milk, participating in parturition and lacking knowledge on brucellosis appeared as risk factors associated with human brucellosis in western Cameroon. It raises the need of developing and implementing control measures for human and animal brucellosis.展开更多
文摘The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, which is widely referred to as “COVID-19”, has been infecting more than 5.5 million over 144 countries. A vaccine is considered to be the most awaiting intervention and hundreds of global R&D institutions engaged in unprecedented speed to develop the vaccine. The availability of COVID-19 vaccines may not translate into its uptake. Although governments will provide the vaccines, their uptake is voluntary. <strong>Objective:</strong> This study was carried out to evaluate the level of acceptance of COVID-19 vaccine and it’s determinants among high risk groups for severe COVID-19 infection living in Mogadishu Somalia.<strong> Methods:</strong> The study was cross-sectional, descriptive analysis conducted to obtain reliable information about the acceptance of COVID-19 vaccine and it is determinants among high-risk groups living in Mogadishu, Somalia. The calculated sample size was 404 using Cochran’s formula = Z<sup>2</sup>p(1 <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">−</span></span> p)/d<sup>2</sup> and addition of 5% non-respondent rate. According to PESS population estimate in 2020, there are 17 districts. We grouped them into 2 strata and through simple random sampling one district was selected from each strata. After randomly selecting the two districts, three sub districts were randomly selected from each and then every second house (1, 3, 5) in the main roads will be selected. If target population were not found in the second selected house, the next house will be taken until sample size is obtained. <strong>Results:</strong> 59.4% of respondents were willing to accept and take vaccination while 40.6% of them were not accepting the vaccination. Being afraid of the side effect was the most common reason for not accepting the vaccine <strong>Conclusion: </strong>More than one third of respondents (40.6%) were not willing to accept the vaccination, knowledge towards COVID-19 was strongly associated with acceptance level of COVID-19 vaccine. <strong>Recommendation:</strong> Multi-sector organized awareness campaigns involving FMH as well as local authorities and civil society to enhance level of knowledge of community towards COVID-19.
文摘Hepatitis C virus(HCV) is an emerging infection worldwide and the numbers of persons infected are increasing every year. Poor blood transfusion methods along with unsafe injection practices are potential sources for the rapid spread of infection. Early detection of HCV is the need of the hour especially in high riskgroup population as these individuals are severely immunocompromised. Enzyme Immunoassays are the most common detection techniques but they provide no evidence of active viremia or identification of infected individuals in the antibody-negative phase and their efficacy is limited in individuals within high risk group population. Molecular virological techniques have an important role in detecting active infection with utmost specificity and sensitivity. Technologies for assessment of HCV antibody and RNA levels have improved remarkably, as well as our understanding of how to best use these tests in patient management. This review aims to give an overview of the different serological and molecular methods employed in detecting HCV infection used nowadays. Additionally, the review gives an insight in the new molecular techniques that are being developed to improve the detection techniques particularly in High Risk Group population who are severely immunocompromised.
文摘Brucellosis is an anthropozoonotic disease with an important public health impact. Although the transmission of <em>Brucella</em> from animals to humans can occur in different epidemiological settings of sub-Saharan African countries, little data has been published on human brucellosis. This study aimed to detect <em>Brucella</em> antibodies and the risk factors associated to brucellosis among high-risk occupational groups of people in the Noun Division of Cameroon. For this study, a structured questionnaire was used to assess risk factors associated with human brucellosis. Thereafter, blood samples were collected from high-risk occupational groups of people in four villages. Plasma was extracted from each sample and<em> Brucella</em> antibodies were detected using Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (i-ELISA). Of the 273 participants enrolled, the overall seroprevalence of <em>Brucella </em>antibodies was 12.45% with RBPT and 10.26% with i-ELISA test. This seroprevalence was significantly (<em>P</em> = 0.04;<em>X</em><sup>2</sup> = 9.73) higher among livestock herdsmen (15.8%), slaughterhouse workers (9.8%), butchers (4.8%), participants having no educational level (14.3%) and those experiencing above 5 years of risky activity (15%). Raw milk consumption (OR: 4.8;<em>P</em> = 0.001), no formal education (OR: 6.4;<em>P</em> = 0.03) and assistance of animal during parturition (OR: 7.2;<em>P</em> < 0.0001) appeared as factors that may increase the risk of <em>Brucella</em> infections. The detection of <em>Brucella </em>antibodies indicates the risk of human brucellosis in some groups of people of the Noun division. Consuming unpasteurized milk, participating in parturition and lacking knowledge on brucellosis appeared as risk factors associated with human brucellosis in western Cameroon. It raises the need of developing and implementing control measures for human and animal brucellosis.
