Expression of Genes Affecting Skin Coloration and Sugar Accumulation in Apple Fruits at Ripening Stages in High Temperatures

High temperature is one of the most important environmental factors that affect the successful cultivation of apple (Malus × domestica Borkh). The expression of genes related with anthocyanin synthesis and sugar accumulation by high temperature treatment was investigated in the fruits of “Fuji” apple at different developmental stages in different temperature conditions through real- time PCR. In the initial ripening stages in fruits, there was high expression of genes associated with fruit ripening, flavonoid compound accumulation, and coloration in high temperatures. Expression of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, chalcone synthase, flavone 3-hydrogenase, and malate dehydrogenase genes increased gradually in initial ripening stages, while sharply reduced at 24 hr after treatment. In addition, there was no significant difference in the expression of all temperature treatments in late ripening stages. In the further work, investigation of expression levels of various genes could be conducted in the level of transcriptomes from fruits at the early stages to get meaningful information of ripening metabolism in apples in high temperatures.

Screening of New High Quality and High Yield Sweet Potato Varieties in Zaozhuang of Shandong Province

[Objectives]To compare the growth period,dry matter content and yield of 12 different sweet potato varieties,so as to screen out new sweet potato varieties with high yield,high quality and high dry matter content suitable for cultivation in Zaozhuang of Shandong Province.[Methods]Field random arrangement,three replicates,and field observation were adopted,and data were surveyed and summarized.[Results]There were significant differences in the maturity period between varieties.Longshu 9,Hongxiangjiao,Sushu 8,Yanshu 25,and Yanshu 0747 in the fresh eating group were mature earlier,and Yuzi 7 was mature later;Xushu 32 in the starch group was mature earlier,while Xushu 22(ck),Shangshu 19,Jishu 25,and Jishu 98 had moderate maturity period,and Jixu 23 was mature later.The difference in the yield between the fresh eating group and the starch group reached a very significant level.In the fresh eating group,Yanshu 25 had the highest yield,followed by Longshu 9,and then Yanshu 0747;in the starch group,Jishu 98 had the highest yield,followed by Shangshu 19,and then Jixu 23.Besides,there were significant differences in the dry matter content between varieties.In the fresh eating group,Yuzi 7 had the highest dry matter content(30.4%),followed by Yanshu 25(28.1%),and then Yanshu 0747(28.1%);in the starch group,Xushu 32 had the highest dry matter content(33.6%),followed by Jishu 25(32%),and then Jishu 98(31.5%).[Conclusions]Combining the maturity period,yield,dry matter content,appearance,taste and unique ecological conditions in Zaozhuang area,the varieties suitable for cultivation in Zaozhuang area were screened:in the fresh eating group,it was Yanshu 25 and Longshu 9;in the starch group,it was Jishu 98,Shangshu 19,and Jixu 23.

Growth traits and nitrogen assimilation-associated physiological parameters of wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) under low and high N conditions

In this study, 14 wheat cultivars with contrasting yield and N use efficiency （NUE） were used to investigate the agronomic and NUE-related traits, and the N assimilation-associated enzyme activities under low and high N conditions. Under deficient-N, the cultivars with high N uptake efficiency （UpE） and high N utilization efficiency （UtE） exhibited higher plant biomass, yields, and N contents than those with medium and low NUEs. The high UpE cultivars accumulated more N than other NUE type cultivars. Under sufficient-N, the tested cultivars showed similar patterns in biomass, yield, and N content to those under deficient-N, but the varietal variations in above traits were smaller. In addition, the high UpE cultivars displayed much more of root biomass and larger of root length, surface area, and volume than other NUE type cultivars, indicating that the root morphological traits under N deprivation are closely associated with the plant biomass through its improvement of the N acquisition. The high UtE cultivars showed higher activities of nitrate reductase （NR）, nitrite reductase （NIR）, and gluta- mine synthetase （GS） at stages of seediling, heading and filling than other NUE type cultivars under both low and high N conditions. Moreover, the high UpE and UtE cultivars also displayed higher photosynthetic rate under deficient-N than the medium and low NUE cultivars. Together, our results indicated that the tested wheat cultivars possess dramatically genetic variations in biomass, yield, and NUE. The root morphological traits and the N assimilation enzymatic acitivities play critical roles in regulating N accumulation and internal N translocation under the N-starvation stress, respectively. They can be used as morphological and biochemical references for evaluation of UpE and UtE in wheat.

Changes in Some Physiological Characteristics After Full Heading Stage in Flag Leaves of Super High-Yielding Inbred Rice

In a field experiment, rice cultivar Shanyou 63 was used as a check cultivar to investigate the changes in activity of peroxidase and contents of malondialdehyde and soluble protein after full heading stage in flag leaves of two super high-yielding inbred rice, including Shengtai 1 and Yuxiangyouzhan. The results showed that the peroxidase activities and soluble protein contents in the leaves of the three cultivars tended to increase gradually to peak values and thereafter descended during stage after full heading. Moreover, both the peroxidase activities and soluble protein contents of Shengtai 1 and Yuxiangyouzhan peaked at 8 days after full heading, which was compared with that of Shanyou 63 at 4 days later. Meanwhile, the malondialdehyde contents in the leaves of the three cultivars increased gradually after full heading stage. In addition, activities of peroxidase and contents of malondialdehyde and soluble protein in different cultivars were various at the same time. In general, for Shengtai 1 and Yuxiangyouzhan, the peroxidase activities and soluble protein contents were higher than those of Shanyou 63, whereas the malondialdehyde contents were lower compared with that of Shanyou 63. And these features could make the senescence of leaf become later and slower and photosynthetic product was more in Shengtai 1 and Yuxiangyouzhan than that in Shanyou 63.

Effects of External Chemical Regulation on Bt Transgenic Cotton Plants under Combined Stress of High Temperature and Water Deficit

[Objective] The study aimed to find a possible way to combat or alleviate the negative effects caused by high temperature and water deficit at the growth stage of peak boll-setting.[Method] With Bt transgenic cotton GK22 as the test cultivar,a potted experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of the regulation of external substances(the water solutions of pix,urea and their mixture) on the physiological parameters,insecticidal protein content,yield and yield component of cotton plants in artificial climate chambers treated with high temperature and water deficit.[Result] The application of external pix,urea or their mixture was effective in stabilizing the physiological parameters of cotton plants,insecticidal protein content,yield and yield components.Compared with the exclusive application of pix and urea,the mixture of pix and urea played the most effective role in stabilizing the content of chlorophyll,soluble sugar and insecticidal protein,alleviating the increase of the content of free amino acids and proline,and increasing boll number per plant,boll weight and seed cotton yield.[Conclusion] The water solutions of pix,urea or their mixtures can be used to combat or alleviate the stress of high temperature and water deficit if they are sprayed onto cotton plants prior to stress occurrence.

Synthesis and Characterization of Carborane Bisphenol Resol Phenolic Resins with Ultrahigh Char Yield

Two carborane-containing resol phenolic resins（P1 and P2） with high boron content were synthesized via the reaction of carborane bisphenols（1 and 2） with formaldehyde in the presence of alkaline. HRMS results indicate that P1 is mainly composed of hydroxymethylated o-carborane bisphenols, the Mw of which was restrained around 500 due to the strong steric hindrance of o-carborane bisphenol. In contrast, the molecular weight of P2 was well regulated under various reaction conditions. The obtained resins were characterized with spectroscopic techniques including FTIR, 1H-NMR, ^13C-NMR, and 11B-NMR, which gave satisfactory results. TGA studies show that P2 shows char yield of 88.9% and 92.9% at 900 ℃ under nitrogen and air respectively. The imported carborane cage endows phenolic resin with ultrahigh char yield. Particularly, the char yield of the obtained carborane-containing phenolic resin under air is higher than that under nitrogen. FTIR and XRD confirm that the carborane cage could react with oxygen to form B2O3 at elevated temperatures, which postpones the thermal decomposition of phenolic resin and accounts for the high char yield.

植物根系特征与根区土壤水分高通量监测管道机器人研制

研究水分胁迫下的根系特征对于节水农业的发展具有重大意义。针对现有根系观测与土壤水分监测方法难以满足野外条件下根系和根区水分的同步、原位、高通量监测的不足,该研究研制了一种基于STM32芯片的管道机器人系统。系统由管道机器人、数据基站与PVC透明管道组成,通过在土壤中埋设管道机器人系统,控制机器人搭载的微距相机与土壤水分传感器在巡航时拍摄根系图像,并获取土壤水分数据。由根系图像识别分割与提取程序对图像进行畸变校正与根系识别,获取管道方向上植株的根系面积、长度与密度等特征参数。实验室条件下进行相机拍摄效果、图像畸变校正、识别与分割误差及里程轮测距误差测试,以及土壤水分传感器标定试验。测试结果表明:1)管道机器人能够清晰地拍摄到根系图像,图像畸变校正效果较好,单个像素点长度和面积分别为44μm和0.002 mm^(2),单张根系图像的拍摄范围为14.17 mm×10.60 mm;2)土壤水分传感器输出电压与土壤体积含水率之间呈现良好线性关系,决定系数R^(2)为0.990;3)自主巡航定位准确度较高,平均相对误差为1.47%。在田间条件下进行的根系生长动态监测、根系信息提取、土壤水分监测与电池续航试验表明:1)管道机器人系统能够在田间环境下高通量地拍摄根系图像,监测根系的生长动态,并进一步提取出根系长度、面积、根面积密度等特征参数;2)根区土壤水分监测较为准确,测量结果与烘干法结果平均相对误差为2.23%;3)在系统初始满电量状态下,管道机器人系统独立运行时长不少于7 d,最大巡航监测距离约为48 m。本文研制的管道机器人系统可在田间条件下实现根系特征以及根区土壤水分的原位、高通量测量,为节水灌溉与根系生长研究提供技术支持。

高油高产抗病大豆新品种邯豆17的选育及栽培技术要点

为了促进高油高产抗病大豆新品种邯豆17的推广应用,本文介绍了其选育经过、主要特征特性、产量和品质表现以及配套栽培要点。邯豆17是邯郸市农业科学院于2007年以邯豆7号为母本,中品03-5179为父本,通过有性杂交利用改良系谱法选育而成的新品种。2018年参加河北省夏播区域试验,平均产量为3194.6 kg·hm^(-2),比对照品种冀豆12增产8.4%,2019年续试,平均产量为3723.6 kg·hm^(-2),比对照增产10.5%,2018-2019年两年区域试验平均产量为3459.1 kg·hm^(-2),比对照增产9.5%。2019年参加同组生产试验,平均产量3422.2 kg·hm^(-2),比对照增产12.8%。2020年邯豆17通过河北省审定,审定编号为冀审豆20200003。该品种抗倒性好,成熟时落叶性好,不裂荚,抗大豆花叶病毒病3号和7号株系,粗蛋白含量为38.66%,粗脂肪含量为21.76%,适宜在河北省中南部区域夏播种植。

“双高”糖料蔗基地小型泵站供电电源方案设计

广西优质高产高糖糖料蔗基地建设需要配套建设大量的水利灌溉泵站,而泵站供电电源设计方案及相关电气设备选型直接关系到泵站建设投资及后续运行维护费用。通过分析对比小型泵站供电电源10kV高压侧接入方式、电力变压器型式及接线组别选择、高压侧开关选用方案,提出了相应的设计优选建议。

崇左市甘蔗主要品种应用现状分析与建议

为全面地了解崇左蔗区的甘蔗主要品种应用现状,为产业工作者制定相关政策、开展相关研究等提供参考,研究分析了崇左市甘蔗主产县(区)的近6个榨季甘蔗生产情况。研究结果表明,新品种、新技术的示范引导以及相关政策的实施,取得了较好的成效;崇左市蔗区种植面积保持稳定,桂糖42号等高产高糖良种的应用程度进一步提升,提高了蔗农和制糖企业的效益,但也存在品种结构多元化不足、脱毒种苗应用较少、机收水平低等问题。建议继续加强支持甘蔗产业稳定发展,加强区域性新品种的选育与推广、良种繁育基地建设、脱毒种苗的生产以及良种繁育技术的研发应用;开展针对性配套栽培技术的研发以重点提升蔗区主栽品种的生产表现,进一步发挥良种效应;加强适应不同地形地貌收割机械的研发、宜机收品种的选育与推广,多途径措施提升蔗区机收水平。

高蛋白高产大豆新品种吉育2517的选育研究

高蛋白高产大豆新品种吉育2517是由吉林省农业科学院大豆研究所以吉育257为母本、金源71为父本配制杂交组合,采用单粒传法经多年鉴定选育而成。2020—2021年参加吉林省大豆科企联合体中早熟组区域试验平均产量2950.4 kg·hm^(-2),较对照品种合交02-69平均增产5.1%。2022年参加生产试验,平均产量3183.9 kg·hm^(-2),较对照品种合交02-69平均增产3.7%。该品种丰产性和稳产性较好,蛋白质含量两年平均为43.13%,属高蛋白品种。2023年通过吉林省农作物品种审定委员会审定。同时对吉育2517适宜的栽培模式进行了探索,并在2022—2023年进行良种良法配套生产示范,两年平均产量3041.9 kg·hm^(-2),较对照增产6.6%。

高密度直播油菜不同类型叶片功能探究

合理密植是确保油菜产量和效益的核心,但过度密植则加重倒伏,难以实现密植再高产。叶片是油菜干物质累积的重要光合器官,但高密度条件下,不同类型叶片对油菜产量及抗倒性的影响尚不明确。本试验以中双11号为材料,设置2个种植密度(D3:4.5×10^(5)株hm^(-2)、D5:7.5×10^(5)株hm^(-2))、4个剪叶处理(CK:不剪叶、LP:剪去一半长柄叶、SP:剪去一半短柄叶、SL:剪去一半无柄叶),探究油菜3种不同类型的叶片对高密度直播油菜产量及抗倒性的影响,为协调高密度油菜源库关系、高产和倒伏矛盾提供理论依据。结果表明:同一密度下,油菜3种不同类型叶片占比均为短柄叶>长柄叶>无柄叶,当密度由D3增加至D5,短柄叶减少约2片,占比由50.6%下降至46.7%。2个密度下,剪叶均降低单株角果数,导致单株产量和实收产量的降低,且以SP处理对产量的影响最大。随着密度增加,SP处理下,单株产量下降幅度由19.61%增加至37.67%,实收产量下降幅度由13.65%增加至22.03%。不同剪叶处理,倒伏指数均增加,且SP处理显著增加了上部和下部的倒伏指数,与其他处理相比抗倒性最弱。此外,单株根系表面积、体积随着密度增加而下降,LP、SP处理下根系表面积和体积均显著下降,以LP处理影响最大。基于相关性分析结果,在D3密度下,剪去短柄叶减少了单株角果数,D5密度下,剪去短柄叶减少了单株角果数和每角果粒数,使产量显著下降、抗倒性下降;剪去长柄叶导致根系表面积、体积显著下降,不利于产量形成。

高活性高含量微生物复合配方肥在蔬菜上的应用效果

采用微生物保护剂包裹菌剂后添加至高养分复合肥的生产技术生产高活性高含量微生物复合配方肥,通过田间试验,研究其对辣椒(Capsicum annuum L.)、番茄(Solanum lycopersicum L.)生长发育、养分吸收及品质的影响。结果表明,在养分含量为40%的条件下造粒后,微生物有效活菌数可达7.21×10^(9)CFU/g,储存半年后存活率为91.67%;高活性高含量微生物复合配方肥可以显著促进蔬菜生长,提高果实品质和产量。与蔬菜专用配方肥和常规施肥相比,高活性高含量微生物复合配方肥施用于辣椒分别增产8.09%和14.14%,施用于番茄分别增产11.00%和14.44%。综上,添加保护剂的高活性高含量微生物复合配方肥可以有效提高蔬菜果实的品质,增产增收,提高农户经济收益。

Type 2 Diabetes—Hard to Select a Healthy Choice

Introduction: The use of foods containing high levels of sugar is increasing all the time. This is a risk factor for increased incidence of type 2 diabetes. There are few studies that have investigated the availability of low-sugar müsli products in grocery stores. Purpose: The study aims to identify which types of müsli contain high respectively low levels of sugar, and which brands are involved. Methods: The material consists of both qualitative interviews and observations from five grocery stores: City Gross, Hemköp, Ica Maxi, Stora Coop and Willy’s in Helsingborg, Sweden. The qualitative interviews had a semi-structured character and were recorded. The interviews took approx. 20 minutes and a textual analysis was conducted of the results. Data from observation was analyzed based on brand, nutritional composition and flavors, and also, where low sugar products were placed on store shelves. Results: The grocery stores provided together brands from AXA, Coop, Finax, Frebaco, Garant, ICA, Risenta, Saltå Kvarn och Urtekram, in total 24 müsli products. Of these products, 19 were high in sugar. The observation reveals that müsli products with high sugar content (17 - 29 g per 100 g müsli) are more prominently displayed than those with low sugar content. From the interviews with the store managers, it became clear that it would be valuable to highlight healthy müsli products on the shelves. However, central bureaucracy puts obstacles to such measures. Discussion: The study emphasizes the need for increased visibility of low-sugar products and proposes solutions such as negotiating with responsible person at the head office in Stockholm. Several reviews have shown that if the grocery store raises the prices of unhealthy food, the consumer is willing to purchase healthier müsli and other products. Conclusion: This study shows the need for grocery stores to upgrade healthy müsli products along with advertising to be able to influence customer’s shopping habits. Also, further research is needed how type 2 diabetes is affected by high intakes of food products with high sugar content.

云蔗081609在德宏蔗区的引进推广应用

云蔗081609于2012年引入德宏州,为进一步探讨该品种在德宏蔗区推广应用潜力,通过多年多点试验示范种植和甘蔗生产调研,总结云蔗081609在德宏蔗区的推广应用概况、种植经验及经济效益。结果表明,该品种表现为早熟(11月甘蔗蔗糖分为14.02%)、高糖(全期平均甘蔗蔗糖分为16.20%)、高产(114 t/hm^(2)),生势好、株型直立、抗倒伏,宿根丰产稳产;品质好,重力纯度高,纤维分适中,还原糖低等优良性状,具有良好的推广应用前景。2017年该品种在德宏州小面积种植示范,2018年在德宏州蔗区推广应用;2024年种植推广面积达19941 hm^(2),2019~2024年累计推广面积40273 hm^(2),产生了较大的经济效益、社会效益、生态效益,具有良好的推广应用前景,成为德宏州蔗区早熟种主推品种之一。

经典名方清金化痰汤基准样品HPLC指纹图谱及量值传递研究

基于建立的高效液相色谱(HPLC)指纹图谱结合多指标成分含量的测定方法,研究了清金化痰汤(QJHTD)的量值传递规律。制备15批QJHTD基准样品,建立其HPLC指纹图谱并进行相似度评价,确定共有峰;对QJHTD基准样品中4种指标性成分(栀子苷、芒果苷、黄芩苷、甘草酸)进行含量测定,分析饮片-基准样品的量值传递规律。结果表明,15批QJHTD基准样品指纹图谱的相似度均大于0.98。标定了26个共有峰,并对各共有峰进行药材归属。指标性成分栀子苷、芒果苷、黄芩苷、甘草酸的含量分别为44.60~76.82mg·g^(-1)、98.04~145.25 mg·g^(-1)、46.82~75.64 mg·g^(-1)、81.60~126.63 mg·g^(-1),转移率分别为32.91%~62.42%、21.78%~35.93%、29.98%~57.12%、27.51%~49.34%。15批QJHTD基准样品的出膏率为16.98%~25.19%,平均出膏转移率为67.19%。结合指纹图谱、多成分含量测定以及出膏率,研究经典名方QJHTD基准样品的量值传递规律,可为后续制剂质量控制提供参考。

呼伦贝尔地区甜菜高产高效栽培技术分析

甜菜是我国主要的糖料作物之一,对我国农业经济的发展有着重要作用。甜菜种植是一种高投入、高产出的现代化农业经营方式,单纯地提高单产而忽视含糖率的种植方式已经不再适应市场需求,只有既高产又高糖才能得到可观的种植收益。该文对呼伦贝尔地区甜菜种植技术进行了分析和探讨,包括品种选择、播种、田间管理及收获等主要技术要点。

水稻高产氮高效型品种的根系形态生理特征

选用低产氮低效型、高产氮中效型和高产氮高效型具有代表性的6个粳稻品种,在各自最适氮素水平下,研究了根系形态生理特征的差异。结果表明,较之低产类型品种,高产类型品种在根干重、根体积、根系总吸收表面积、活跃吸收表面积、根系α-NA氧化量及根系伤流强度等方面在各个生育时期均存在着明显的优势,说明生产力的提高伴随着根系形态特征的改善和生理活性的加强。同为高生产力类型品种,因氮利用率的差异根系形态生理特征表现不同。较之高产氮中效类型,高产氮高效型水稻的群体根干重、群体根体积、群体根系伤流强度和根系总吸收表面积均有所降低,而单茎根干重、单茎根体积、单茎根系伤流强度、活跃吸收表面积比及根系α-NA氧化量却有显著或极显著提高。表明适当控制高生产力水稻的群体生长量,促进群体和个体协调发展,着力提高抽穗后单茎根系质量,将是水稻高产和氮高效协调统一的可靠途径。

超高产春玉米的根系特征

以西辽河平原地区广泛种植的春玉米品种金山27为试材,以当地普通高产栽培模式为对照,研究了超高产栽培下春玉米的根系特征。结果表明,超高产春玉米深层根系占总根重比例较大,最大根幅下移,下层土壤根条数增加,且随土层深度增加与对照的差异增大。单株根重随生育进程呈先升后降的变化趋势,吐丝期达到最大且与对照的差异达到显著水平。各生育时期0~20cm土层根重所占比例明显低于对照,40cm以下各土层根重所占比例均高于对照。冠根比生育前期与对照接近,生育后期低于对照。根系活力变化随生育进程呈单峰型变化曲线,在吐丝期达到最大。超高产栽培下各生育时期根系活力随土层深度增加均呈单峰型变化曲线,而对照在不同生育时期有较大的差异。SOD和POD活性在吐丝期和乳熟期各土层超高产栽培均高于对照,而MDA含量低于对照。深松土和优化施肥改善了根系环境条件和养分供应水平,在高密度种植下促进了下层根系的发生,并保持较高的生理活性,为超高产的实现奠定了基础。

不同栽培密度对甜高粱产量和含糖量的影响

甜高粱是人类开发生物质能的重点。近年来对甜高粱品种的研究较多,对配套的栽培技术研究较少,使品种的增产作用没能充分发挥。通过甜高粱不同品种及不同栽培密度对产量和含糖量的影响研究,阐明甜高粱不同品种的产量和含糖量有极显著差异;同一品种不同栽培密度间的产量差异极显著,含糖量差异不显著;品种与不同栽培密度互作间的产量和含糖量差异显著,但互作效应对含糖量的影响较低。同时阐明,龙甜6和龙甜2产量高,含糖量高,在生产上采用的最佳栽培密度为67500株/hm2。