6.5 wt%Si high silicon steel sheets prepared by composite electrodeposition in magnetic field

A new preparation method of near-net-shape 6.5 wt% Si high silicon steel sheets was proposed by combining composite electrodeposition(CED) and diffusion annealing under magnetic field. The obtained sheets were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometry, analytical balance and a silicon steel material measurement system. The results show that the surface morphology,the elemental distribution, the cathode current efficiency and the silicon content of coatings were obviously influenced by the micro and macro magnetohydrodynamics(MHD) flows under magnetic field.With the effect of magnetic field, the silicon particles content of coatings showed an increasing trend and the diffusion process showed that an approximately uniform 6.5 wt% silicon steel sheet has been successfully obtained. The magnetism measurement showed that the high silicon steel sheet has the lower iron loss, and the iron loss further decreased under magnetic field. The new method proposed in this article,which is more environmentally friendly and low energy consumption, is feasible to prepare high silicon steel sheets.

Characterization of Microstructure and Texture in Grain-Oriented High Silicon Steel by Strip Casting

Grain-oriented 4.5 wt% Si and 6.5 wt% Si steels were produced by strip casting, warm rolling, cold rolling, primary annealing, and secondary annealing. Goss grains were sufficiently developed and covered the entire surface of the secondary recrystallized sheets. The microstructure and texture was characterized by OM, EBSD, TEM, and XRD. It was observed that after rolling at 700 ℃, the 6.5 wt% Si steel exhibited a considerable degree of shear bands, whereas the 4.5 wt% Si steel indicated their rare presence. After primary annealing, completely equiaxed grains showing strong y-fiber texture were presented in both alloys. By comparison, the 6.5 wt% Si steel showed smaller grain size and few favorable Goss grains. Additionally, a higher density of fine precipitates were exhibited in the 6.5 wt% Si steel, leading to a ~ 30-s delay in primary recrystallization. During secondary annealing, abnormal grain growth of the 6.5 wt% Si steel occurred at higher temperature compared to the 4.5 wt% Si steel, and the final grain size of the 6.5 wt% Si steel was greater. The magnetic induction B8 of the 4.5 wt% Si and the 6.5 wt% Si steels was 1.75 and 1.76 T, respectively, and the high- frequency core losses were significantly improved in comparison with the non-oriented high silicon steel.

Preparing High Silicon Steel by Sintering Fe-6.5%Si Powder Compacts in Static Magnetic Field

In this research,sintering Fe-6.5wt%Si Compact specimen in static magnetic field is proposed for preparing high silicon steel.It is found that the densifications of the compacts are affected remarkably by superimposing magnetic field.The density of the compacts can be increased when the MFD is higher than 0.2 T.The highest relative density of the samples is 97.2%.The magnetic property of silicon steel could be improved when superimpose static magnetic field in sintering process,the permeability of the compact are two times of that without magnetic field,and the magnetic property parallel to the direction of the magnetic field was evidently higher than that in perpendicular direction.

Punchability and Punching Fracture Behavior of High Silicon Steel Sheets

The 0.2-0.3mm thick cold-rolled sheets and annealed sheets of high silicon steel were produced by rolling process,then punching tests were carried out at room temperature to 150℃.The punchability and punching fracture behavior were investigated by means of scanning electron microscope（SEM）and electron back-scattered diffraction（EBSD）.It is found that cold-rolled sheets of high silicon steel show good punchability under the condition of 0.01 mm punch-die clearance and at the temperature of 100℃;the punchability of annealed sheets with fine grain size is better than that of annealed sheets with coarse grain size;the punching temperature of 150℃is suitable for annealed high silicon steel sheets especially with coarse grain size on account of punching edge quality.The major cleavage planes of annealed high silicon steel sheets are{100}crystallographic planes on which brittle fracture occurs at low temperatures.The cleavage systems include{100}〈110〉and{100}〈100〉,and cleavage fracture is completed by one or both of them.The punchability of high silicon steel sheets is related with punching temperature,grain size and ordering degree.Reducing ordering degree,increasing punching temperature,as well as refining grain size can improve the ductility and punchability of high silicon steel sheets.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of a new type of austempered boron alloyed high silicon cast steel

In the present paper, a new type of austempered boron alloyed high silicon cast steel has been developed, and its microstructures and mechanical properties at different temperatures were investigated. The experimental results indicate that the boron alloyed high silicon cast steel comprises a dendritic matrix and interdendritic eutectic borides in as-cast condition. The dendritic matrix is made up of pearlite, ferrite, and the interdendritic eutectic boride is with a chemical formula of M2B （M represents Fe, Cr, Mn or Mo） which is much like that of carbide in high chromium white cast iron. Pure ausferrite structure that consists of bainitic ferrite and retained austenite can be obtained in the matrix by austempering treatment to the cast steel. No carbides precipitate in the ausferrite structure and the morphology of borides remains almost unchanged after austempering treatments. Secondary boride particles precipitate during the course of austenitizing. The hardness and tensile strength of the austempered cast steel decrease with the increase of the austempering temperature, from 250℃ to 400 ℃. The impact toughness is 4-11 J.cm^-2 at room temperature and the impact fracture fractogragh indicates that the fracture is caused by the brittle fracture of the borides.

Pulsed Nd:YAG laser cladding of high silicon content coating on low silicon steel

A pulsed Nd：YAG （yttrium aluminum garnet） laser-based technique was employed to clad low silicon steel with preplaced Si and Fe mixed powders for high Si content. The surface morphology, microstructural evolution, phase composition, and Si distribution, within the obtained cladding coatings, were characterized by optical microscopy （OM）, field emission scanning electron microscopy （FE-SEM）, with associated energy dispersive spectroscopy （EDS）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, and X-ray diffraction （XRD）. The microhardness was also measured along the depth direction of the specimens, A crack- and pore-free cladding coating through excellent metallurgical bonding with the substrate was successfully prepared on low silicon steel by means of optimized single-track and multi-track laser cladding. The phases of the coating are a-Fe, T-Fe, and FeSi. The high microhardness of the lasercladding zone is considered as an increase in Si content and as the refined microstructure produced by the laser treatment. The Si contents of the cladding coatings were about 5.8wt% in the single-track cladding and 6.5wt% in the multi-track cladding, respectively.

Development of top high-grade non-grain-oriented silicon steels at Baosteel

The development, production and application of top high-grade non-grain-oriented （NGO） silicon steels at Baosteel were introduced in this paper. Top high grades refer to the highest grades in the intemational silicon steel product standard and above. B35A230 and B50A250 were developed at Baosteel in 2009 and have been used in inverter compressors for air-conditioners, small transformers and big hydropower generators in the Three Gorges project. Small- batch production of B35A210 and B50A230, which exceed the highest grades listed in the intemational silicon steel product standard,began in 2010. That was a breakthrough in the silicon steel making history in China. Presently,Baosteel＇ s high- grade NGO products have passed the strict qualifications of the three major electric power equipment manufacturers in China and the leading international power equipment suppliers like ALSTOM, GE, SIEMENS, VESTAS, etc. These products are characterized by low iron loss, low anisotropy, good punchability and a high lamination factor. They have been used in the 770 MW hydropower generator at Xiluodu Power Station in the three gorges area, 1 000 MW thermal power generators and 2.5 MW wind power generators.

Recent progress of high silicon electrical steels

This paper summarized recent progress of high silicon grain-oriented and non-oriented electrical steels. Technical development in composition adjustment, inclusion control and process optimization was introduced, and future development trend was explored. In addition, a brief introduction was provided to technical progress of high silicon thingauge strips with a Si content of 6.5%.

In-situ SEM observation on fracture behavior of austempered silicon alloyed steel

Crack initiation, propagation and microfracture processes of austempered high silicon cast steel have been investigated by using an in-situ tensile stage installed inside a scanning electron microscope chamber. It is revealed that micro cracks always nucleate at the yielding near imperfections and the boundary of matrix-inclusions due to the stress concentration. There are four types of crack propagations in the matrix: crack propagates along the boundary of two clusters of bainitic ferrite; crack propagates along the boundary of ferrite-austenite in bainitic ferrite laths; crack propagates into bainitic ferrite laths; crack nucleates and propagates in the high carbon brittle plate shape martensite which is transformed from some blocky retained austenite due to plastic deformation. Based on the observation and analysis of microfracture processes, a schematic diagram of the crack nucleation and propagation process of high silicon cast steel is proposed.

硅含量对9Cr-1.5W钢在550℃下蠕变性能的影响

在550℃下对硅质量分数分别为0.34%,0.60%,0.90%的9Cr-1.5W钢进行拉伸试验以及不同应力下的蠕变试验,研究了硅含量对试验钢高温拉伸性能和蠕变性能的影响。结果表明:随着硅含量的增加,试验钢在550℃下的屈服强度和抗拉强度均降低,但断后伸长率增大,应变硬化指数先升后降,含质量分数0.60%硅的试验钢具有最大的应变硬化指数;含质量分数0.60%硅的试验钢在不同应力下均具有较长的蠕变时间,表现出最佳的高温蠕变性能,应力指数最小,最小蠕变速率对外加应力敏感性最低;试验钢的蠕变行为均受位错攀移控制。

低温高速永磁电机硅钢片铁心电磁性能变化机理研究

由于低温泵用高速电机工作在低温环境中,探究低温环境对构件材料性能的影响、低温条件对电机特性的作用机理以及形成统一的选材原则已经成为该类电机亟待解决的问题。采用实验法在常温(25℃)和低温(-196℃)条件下对不同系列的冷轧无取向硅钢片的电磁性能进行了研究,分析了低温环境与频率对硅钢片电磁性能的影响情况。基于实测数据并采用有限元法计算了电机定子铁耗,得到了电机采用不同系列硅钢片的定子铁耗分布以及变化情况。为了探究低温环境下采用不同系列硅钢片时电机定子铁耗变化幅度不同的原因,采用低温冲击法对硅钢片的矫顽力进行测量,验证了有限元计算所得规律的正确性。探明低温条件对硅钢片电磁性能的影响机理,提出低温高速高频电机铁心材料的选材建议,为低温工作环境下低温电机铁心材料选材提供理论借鉴与参考。

温轧温度对6.5%Si高硅钢再结晶过程中组织及织构演变的影响

在不同温轧温度下制备了6.5%Si高硅钢薄板,然后进行900℃保温不同时间的再结晶退火。通过OM、EBSD研究了温轧温度对6.5%Si高硅钢薄板再结晶过程中组织、织构的演变规律及其磁性能的影响。结果表明:当温轧温度较低时,再结晶退火后晶粒尺寸更小且组织均匀较差。低温轧制有利于形成高密度的晶内剪切带,而这些剪切带将促进再结晶晶粒的形核和长大,最终再结晶退火板中具有较高强度的η织构而提高磁感应强度,但此时晶粒尺寸相对较小且组织均匀性较差,使得铁损更高。

Cu对含Ce高强高效无取向硅钢磁性能的影响

无取向硅钢作为新能源汽车电机系统的核心部件材料,要求其磁性能和力学性能同时优异,但两者往往不能兼顾。如何获得强度和磁性能的良好匹配是高性能无取向硅钢需要解决的关键问题之一。对此,本工作通过Cu、Ce合金化研制了高强高效无取向硅钢样品,但是,目前Cu在硅钢中的作用尤其是对磁性能的影响机理尚不十分明确。因此,本工作采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、背散射电子衍射和透射电镜等方法研究了Cu对含Ce高强高效无取向硅钢磁性能的影响及机理。结果表明,适量Cu的添加在显著提高强度的情况下同时降低高频铁损,较多Cu的添加使磁感降低、铁损升高。这主要是因为,适量的Cu以富Cu相析出,具有尺寸小、分布分散等特点,一方面促使再结晶的发生,提高晶粒均匀性,并且高温再结晶退火过程中Cu以固溶形式存在不会明显阻碍晶粒长大,对磁性能有利;另一方面促使有利织构的产生,抑制不利织构出现,提高磁感,从而在一定程度上抵消富Cu析出相阻碍磁畴转动对磁性能的不利影响。Cu含量较高时,富Cu析出相不仅尺寸较大,而且形态呈长条状或短棒状,恶化了磁性能。

喷嘴尺寸对Fe-6.5 %Si高硅钢薄带组织和性能的影响

研究了快速凝固单辊甩带过程中喷嘴尺寸(Φ2 mm、Φ1.5 mm、Φ1 mm和Φ0.7 mm)对Fe-6.5%Si高硅钢薄带组织和性能的影响。结果表明,随着喷嘴尺寸的减少,有序相减少,薄带的连续长度明显提高,而薄带的厚度和宽度减小,晶粒尺寸减小,显微硬度也随之减小。薄带饱和磁化强度(M s)随着喷嘴尺寸的减小逐渐变小,而矫顽力(H c)逐渐变大,但磁性能总体变化不大。在Φ1 mm喷嘴下制得的高硅钢薄带质量较好。

粉末冶金Fe-6.5wt.%Si高硅钢的热变形行为及组织演化

采用物理模拟手段研究了不同变形条件下粉末冶金Fe-6.5wt.%Si高硅钢的热变形行为,并利用金相显微镜(OM)和电子背散射衍射(EBSD)技术分析了合金热变形过程中的组织演化。结果表明:基于Zener-Holloman参数和线性拟合方法建立的本构方程能够很好地预测合金的高温变形行为;基于动态材料模型构建的热加工图能够为合金的热变形提供适宜的工艺窗口;粉末冶金Fe-6.5wt.%Si高硅钢在高温变形时的主要软化机制为动态再结晶和动态回复。变形温度的升高和应变速率的降低有利于合金的再结晶形核和长大。变形后铁素体相形成<100>//ND和<111>//ND丝织构,且随着变形温度升高,<111>//ND织构增强。

“双碳”背景下新能源汽车电机用软磁材料发展趋势与应用现状

大力发展电动汽车产业进而促进节能环保,是实现双碳目标的一个重要举措。新能源汽车驱动电机在半导体和永磁材料的基础上,很难通过结构优化突破效能瓶颈。随着多学科交叉融合和跨行业协调发展,新型软磁材料的应用将是带动电机技术创新的重要手段。针对驱动电机对软磁材料的性能需求,介绍了晶粒取向硅钢、极薄无取向硅钢、高强硅钢及非晶合金4种在电机中极具应用潜力的软磁材料,并对其应用在电机中的性能表现进行了分析。结合驱动电机发展对软磁材料的需求,总结了新能源汽车电机利用软磁材料的发展和应用趋势。

高牌号无取向硅钢生产流程中织构控制研究现状

在节能减排的背景之下,水电、风电和核电等清洁能源行业得到了快速发展。高牌号无取向硅钢是上述发电机组应用最普遍的铁芯材料。因此,开发低铁损和高磁感的高牌号无取向硅钢是清洁能源产业高质量发展的前提条件。织构是影响高牌号无取向硅钢磁感和铁损的主要因素之一,受到生产工艺的影响。然而,高牌号无取向硅钢工艺流程长,影响织构控制的工艺因素众多。为了满足高牌号无取向硅钢在低铁损时实现高磁感,在产品加工时应尽量避免对磁性能不利的{111}织构的形成,促进对其有利的{100}和{110}织构形成。本文首先介绍了高牌号无取向硅钢的工艺流程,对比了国内外钢铁企业产品的磁性能(P_(15/50)和B_(50))。其次,阐述了高牌号无取向硅钢在炼钢、热轧、常化、冷轧和成品退火过程中促进有利织构形成的影响因素。最后,归纳出能促进高牌号无取向硅钢有利织构形成的生产工艺,并对织构控制的发展方向提出了建议。

高硅钢不同脱氧工艺下精炼渣系控制

针对“转炉→RH精炼→连铸”工艺流程生产的高硅钢精炼渣精准控制的难题,借助FactSage7.2商业热力学计算软件,计算了两种不同脱氧工艺下合理的精炼渣系控制范围。采用A脱氧工艺(铝脱氧硅合金化工艺)时,合理精炼渣系控制范围为氧化钙含量为53%~55%,二氧化硅含量在15%~18%,三氧化二铝含量为25%~30%,氧化镁含量为3%~5%,碱度为3~5;采用B脱氧工艺(硅脱氧铝合金化工艺)时,合理的精炼渣系的主要成分范围为:氧化钙含量为53%~56%,二氧化硅含量为12%~17%,三氧化二铝含量为25%~30%,氧化镁含量为3%~5%,碱度为3~4.5。采用工业两种对不同脱氧工艺精炼渣系吸附夹杂能力进行分析,结果表明B脱氧工艺下夹杂物数量、尺寸分布方面均优于A脱氧工艺。

加工方式对含Cu高强度无取向硅钢力学和磁性能的影响

采用光学显微镜、电子背散射衍射、万能拉伸试验机和磁性能测量仪等研究了线切割和激光切割两种加工方式对含Cu高强度无取向硅钢组织及力学、磁性能的影响。结果表明:激光切割会使试样加工边缘晶粒粗化,而线切割则会细化加工边缘晶粒,并且影响区域均约为0.21 mm。此外,在线切割加工试样边缘还观察到应力集中现象。由于加工方式对试样晶粒尺寸及应力状态的影响,导致线切割加工试样加工边缘区域硬度值高于激光切割试样,并且抗拉强度与屈服强度均高于激光切割试样。同时,线切割加工试样磁感略低于激光切割试样,铁损显著高于激光切割试样。

轧制速度对二十辊轧机轧制硅钢薄带的影响分析

重点讨论了轧制速度在二十辊可逆冷轧机轧制生产硅钢薄带时对带钢表面质量和生产效率的影响:改变轧制速度可以在不改变预设压下率的情况下对带钢产品进行厚度微调,适宜的轧制速度可以使产品的厚度精度更高;适宜的轧制速度可以减少带材表面缺陷和不均匀性,提高硅钢带材的表面质量。在大量生产实验中,通过改变轧制速度,研究了轧后带材的厚度精度和表面质量。结果表明,通过选择合适的轧制速度可以在不影响成品带材质量的情况下有效提高硅钢薄带的生产效率。该研究针对森吉米尔二十辊可逆冷轧机的设备特点和轧制速度对硅钢生产的影响进行了深入探讨,为优化冷轧硅钢带材生产工艺提供了重要参考价值。