Advances in design theories of high-speed railway ballastless tracks

The design theories of the ballastless track in the world are reviewed in comparison with the innovative research achievements of high-speed railway ballastless track in China.The calculation methods and parameters concerning train load,thermal effect,and foundation deformation of high-speed railway ballastless track,together with the structural design methods are summarized.Finally,some suggestions on the future work are provided.

Aerodynamic design on high-speed trains

Compared with the traditional train,the operational speed of the high-speed train has largely improved,and thedynamicenvironmentofthetrainhaschangedfromoneof mechanical domination to one of aerodynamic domination.The aerodynamic problem has become the key technological challenge of high-speed trains and significantl affects the economy,environment,safety,and comfort.In this paper,the relationships among the aerodynamic design principle,aerodynamic performance indexes,and design variables are firs studied,and the research methods of train aerodynamics are proposed,including numerical simulation,a reducedscale test,and a full-scale test.Technological schemes of train aerodynamics involve the optimization design of the streamlined head and the smooth design of the body surface.Optimization design of the streamlined head includes conception design,project design,numerical simulation,and a reduced-scale test.Smooth design of the body surface is mainly used for the key parts,such as electric-current collecting system,wheel truck compartment,and windshield.The aerodynamic design method established in this paper has been successfully applied to various high-speed trains（CRH380A,CRH380 AM,CRH6,CRH2 G,and the Standard electric multiple unit（EMU）） that have met expected design objectives.The research results can provide an effective guideline for the aerodynamic design of high-speed trains.

VALENCE ELECTRON STRUCTURE OF HIGH PROPERTY HIGH SPEED RESISTANCE STEEL AND ITS COMPOSITION DESIGN

Theempiricalelectrontheory of solidsand molecules( EET) and theimproved TFDtheory wereapplied tocalculatethe phasestructurefactorsand interfaceconjunction factorsofcom mon alloying elementsin high speed impact resistance ( HSIR) steel. According tothese va lenceelectron structure parametersitis deduced thatthe alloying elements of high propertyHSIRsteelshould be Mn, Cr, Ni and Mo. The microscopicstructure ofthesteel with this compositionisthe mixtureof martensite, bainiteand austeniteafter quenching andlow tem peraturetempering.Itspropertiesare:σb = 1750 MPa,σ0 2 = 1460 MPa,δ5 = 12 7 % , AKV(at 40 ℃, cross direction) = 21J, which exceed the requirement of design. For the thick plateof high property HSIRsteel,itissuggestedto add alittleamountof Cu on thebasisofabovecomposition .

Parameters studies for rail wear in high-speed railway turnouts by unreplicated saturated factorial design

Rail wear is one of the main reasons for reducing the service life of high-speed railway turnouts in China. The rail wear characteristics of high-speed railway turnouts are influenced by a large number of input parameters of the complex train-turnout system. To reproduce the actual operation conditions of railway turnouts, random distributions of these inputs need to be considered in rail wear simulation. For a given nominal layout of the high-speed railway turnout, 19 input parameters for rail wear simulation in high-speed railway turnouts are investigated based on orthogonal design of experiment. Three dynamic responses(wheel-rail friction work, normal contact force and size of contact patch) are defined as observed values and the significant factors(direction of passage, axle load, running speed, friction coefficient, and wheel and rail profiles) are determined by two unreplicated saturated factorial design methods, including the half-normal probability plot method and Dong 93 method. As part of the associated rail wear simulation, the influence of the wear models and the local elastic deformation on the rail wear was separately investigated. The calculation results for the wear models are quite different, especially for large creep mode. The local elastic deformation has a large effect on the sliding speed and rail wear and needs to be considered in the rail wear simulation.

The Effects of Design Parameters on the Resistance of High Speed Monohull

The paper puts forward a method of predicting the calm water total resistance of the high speed displacement ship with transom stern.The hull surface is defined by mathematical function and design parameters.The effects of design parameters on the total resistance are discussed.

OPTIMUM DESIGN OF HIGH-SPEED RAILWAY LOCOMOTIVE TRACTION GEAR

On the basis of deep investigation of locomotive traction gears manufactured at home and abroad , a variety of measures are putted forward to improve the driving load-bearing capacity and working life of our country's high-speed locomotive traction gears. The measures include the fol- lowing five aspects : optimally selecting the material and heat treatment process , optimally designing the tooth profile . reasonably choosing the manufacture accuracy and technique , optimally choosing the lubricant and the way of lubrication and seal , improving the dynamic feature of the gearing. In the respect of the tooth profile , a hob with optimal cutter angles is designed to make root thickness on the dangerous section as large as possible and the stress concentration as small as possible. Ad- dendum modification coefficient is optimized to minimize the maximum flash temperature in the course of meshing. Finally . finite element analysis method is used to calculate the deformation and the stress of teeth accurately. And on this basis , optimal profile correction and axial modification have been designed with regard to the start , continuious running and high speed travel of the loco- motive .

Technical Characteristics of the Construction of Qinhuangdao-Shenyang Passenger Special Line and the Inspiration for High-speed Railway

In this article, the features of design and construction of Qinhuangdao Shenyang passenger special line in railroad foundation, tracks, and bridges are described as an emphasis, the reasons for success are analyzed, and the recommendations to tackle the exiting issues are presented as the reference in high speed railway construction.

Damage Tolerance Assessment of a Brake Unit Bracket for High-Speed Railway Welded Bogie Frames

The brake unit bracket of a bogie frame is an important load-carrying component, particularly under emergency start/stop conditions. Conventional infinite/safe life approaches provide an over-conservative recommendation for the allowable strength and lifetime, which hinders the lightweight design of modern railway vehicles. In this study, to ensure the reliability and durability of a brake unit bracket, an attempt was made to integrate the nominal stress method and an advanced damage tolerance method. First, a complex bogie frame was modelled using solid elements instead of plate and beam elements. A hot spot stress region on the bracket was found under an eight-stage load spectrum obtained from the Wuhan–Guangzhou high-speed railway line. Based on the probability of foreign damage, a semi-elliptical surface crack was then assumed for residual life assessment. The results obtained by the cumulative damage and damage tolerance methods show that the brake unit bracket can operate for over 30 years. Moreover, even if a 2-mm depth crack exists, the brake unit bracket can be safely operated for more than 2.27 years, with the hope that the crack can be detected in subsequent maintenance procedures. Finally, an appropriate safety margin was suggested which provides a basis for the life prediction and durability assessment of brake unit brackets of high-speed railways.

Minimum Curve Radii for High-Speed Trains, Including the Gyroscopic Moments of the Wheels

This paper studies the title problem including an analysis of the gyroscopic effects of the wheels of a rail-car travelling at high-speed around a level, horizontal curve. The analysis is based upon the fundamental principles of dynamics. The result is a design formula for the minimum curve radius needed to prevent derailment. Aside from the rail car geometric and physical properties, the minimum curve radius depends upon the square the train speed. An illustrative example shows that the wheel gyroscopic effect is destabilizing and additive to the centrifugal force derailment tendency. From a track design perspective, however, the gyroscopic effect is relatively small compared with the centrifugal force effect.

Study on the shock absorbing technique of high speed railway bridges

Based on the idea of "bearing function separation", a structural member called shock absorber that makes use of its plastic deformation is presented for reducing the seismic response of the bridge. The design criterion for matching material stress, strain and earthquake fortification aim, is also given. The analysis results show that the high speed railway box girder with the absorber in this paper has great reduction effect in seismic response of the bridge piers.

高速列车顶层设计指标分解研究现状与展望

顶层设计指标分解是决定高速列车正向设计周期长短和成功与否的首要环节.首先,在阐述运输能力、安全舒适、绿色环保、经济性等高速列车顶层设计指标的基础上,从系统结构组成、运行边界条件以及大系统耦合作用等角度提出高速列车顶层设计指标分解所面临的技术挑战;然后,论述设计指标分解方法、设计指标分解关联模型和设计指标分解协调策略3个方面研究现状,并分析现有方法的不足与新需求;最后,展望群落生态学在高速列车顶层设计指标分解中的适用性,剖析基于群落生态学的高速列车顶层设计指标分解将会面临的关键问题,并给出相应的解决技术路线,以期为高速列车顶层设计指标分解的深入研究和实践提供参考.

基于多通道数据的高铁司机警觉评估实验设计

高铁司机警觉与行车安全密切相关。为实现司机警觉状态评估,该研究设计了一种基于多通道数据的高铁司机警觉评估实验方案。依托高铁驾驶模拟器,以连续驾驶的方式诱发高铁司机警觉衰退,实验过程中同步采集其脑电、心电、眼动以及简单反应时间和疲劳程度主观量表。基于神经网络、支持向量机等机器学习技术构建司机警觉评估模型技术方案。以司机神经、生理等融合特征为输入,以司机疲劳状态为输出,构建司机警觉评估模型,对提出的实验方案进行探讨,验证提出的实验方案的合理性与可应用性。

绿色视角下的高铁站房腔体植入策略与模拟验证研究

由于体量和形式的特殊性,高铁站房的舒适度问题比一般建筑更为突出,以绿色视角审视其设计具有较大的优化潜力。近年来建筑学界对腔体的关注增多,而高铁站房方案设计中针对性地设置腔体、操作方法等方面的研究尚显不足。立足于方案设计阶段,针对空间特征与现存问题,从宏观层面上构建了对候车环境品质多重导控的腔体层级,探讨了“结构腔”、“功能腔”和“绿景腔”三类腔体的植入方式。构建典型模型并生成研究方案用于量化研究。通过性能模拟技术,验证了腔体植入对室内气流、采光质量有显著提升的效果。腔体植入策略打破了当前高铁站房固定的空间模式,为我国高铁站房的绿色创新提供参考,在实践中具有广泛的应用价值。

轻量化高速列车制动盘材料-结构研究进展

400 km/h高速列车紧急制动的强热负荷,导致制动盘温升高、温度分布梯度大和热衰减强,已超出钢质制动盘能载极限,开发耐高温强耐磨的制动盘材料,同时提升制动盘通风散热能力成为制动技术发展瓶颈。综述高速制动盘材料从高强度铸钢和锻钢、轻量化铝基复合材料至耐高温耐磨碳陶复合材料和表面改性技术发展历程,随着碳陶复合材料的台架试验和表面改性技术的摩擦磨损试验研究的深化,表面改性轻质复合材料是制动盘材料未来发展方向。概述通风制动盘内部散热层散热筋结构形貌优化、摩擦层表面耐磨性能改善的发展现状,内部散热筋由直通道设计逐渐演化为弯曲、支柱以及分形通道,镂空结构能更好地加速空气流动提高散热;表面摩擦层引入打孔或划线,更易于摩擦粉尘的抛离从而稳定摩擦因数,保持制动效果;但复杂通风导流结构和打孔划线增加了制备工艺的难度,提出高速制动盘结构构型设计需要综合材料热力学性能、制备工艺及耐热耐磨需求,形成材料-结构-功能—体化设计理念,为实现更高速的制动盘优化设计提供参考。

高速列车流线型转向架与底部导流板的气动减阻效果研究

为适应高速列车进一步提速的更低气动阻力实际需求,针对CR400AF型高速列车动车转向架和带头型简化车体,应用底部流动导向控制思想,采用附加轻质易造型材料包覆原有部件的理念,开展转向架各部件流线型化和车体底部导流板综合减阻效果的验证试验与数值仿真研究。验证试验选择有无导流板的流线型转向架带简化车体模型,在3种试验速度工况下阻力试验值与仿真值误差均少于10%,验证了数值仿真的可靠性,带导流板试验模型较不带导流板试验模型均有减阻。数值仿真研究运用Realizable k-ε湍流模型,采用切割体笛卡尔网格划分技术,并在边界层内采用棱柱层网格,控制第1层网格的厚度,确保y+值能满足壁面函数要求。经稳态明线运行的仿真模拟网格无关性检验后,探究了流线型动车转向架与导流板组合运用的气动减阻特性及效果。对比了流线型动车转向架与安装导流板前后动车转向架、简化车体以及转向架舱上的阻力变化情况和压力分布变化情况,分析了转向架区域的流场结构变化。数值仿真结果表明:流线型设计的动车转向架相较于原始动车转向架有一定的减阻效果,在400 km/h的运行速度下减阻率达到1.08%。流线型设计动车转向架与导流板组合运用后,转向架区域的流场结构显著改善,总体气动减阻效果明显,总气动阻力减少了5.87%。

高速铁路自复位摇摆桥墩抗震性能分析

基于OpenSEES平台分别建立4跨高速铁路传统简支梁桥和摇摆桥墩简支梁桥系统的有限元模型,并依据摇摆桥墩的基本抗震设防目标,设计摇摆桥墩耗能构件的面积和承载力。在考虑地震动随机性基础上,进行自复位摇摆桥墩在高铁桥梁系统中的抗震性能研究。结果表明:罕遇地震下自复位摇摆耗能装置能够有效降低墩底最大弯矩,减震率达20.26%,进而减少墩身损伤,但碰撞效应使墩底最大轴力放大了74.7%;墩底耗能构件基本进入塑性但未完全被破坏,可实现震后快速修复;摇摆桥墩的最大墩顶位移比传统桥墩增加了66%,但位移组成中可自复位的刚体旋转变形远大于弯曲变形,因此震后残余位移减少了35%;摇摆耗能机制对支座最大变形的减震率达12.3%,使主梁最大变形增大了约49%,但对其残余变形的影响在1 mm内;轨道约束会削弱桥墩摇摆行为,使墩顶最大位移减少了14%,但对墩顶残余位移无明显影响。

高速列车转向架动力学设计指标分解冲突博弈协调方法

为解决传统的高速列车动力学性能多目标优化方法缺乏考虑设计指标之间的相互作用且主观性强、可解释性差、效率低等问题,提出一种基于博弈论的高速列车转向架动力学设计指标分解协调方法。首先,基于灵敏度分析结果建立7个动力学性能设计指标与13个转向架设计参数之间的分解映射,分析了动力学设计指标分解中的冲突关系并提取了冲突要素;然后,将互相冲突的动力学设计指标的分解协调转化为一个博弈过程,确定博弈中的决策结构,构建了博弈主体的效用函数并建立冲突性能的主从博弈协调模型;其次,设计一种基于遗传算法和二次规划联合的Nash均衡求解算法,以Nash均衡作为设计指标分解结果;最后,以高速列车稳定性和曲线通过性能的博弈协调为例验证了博弈协调模型与求解方法的可行性和有效性。研究结果表明:该方法不依赖于人工设置即可快速得到与高速列车实际设计参数相近的结果,并且在该结果下临界速度、脱轨系数、轮重减载率等指标均满足要求。引入博弈论进行动力学性能多目标优化不仅可获得直线稳定性和曲线通过安全性相对均衡的动力学性能,还减少了设计迭代次数,提高了设计效率,且所求取的是数学意义上的Nash均衡,极大地降低了主观性。研究成果可为高速列车悬挂系统设计和动力学性能协调优化提供参考。

锥面分段开孔高速刀柄的设计方法

根据高速刀柄在不同过盈量下的联接性能分析结果与不同转速下的锥面接触应力分布规律,提出了一种锥面分段开孔高速刀柄的设计方法,即对刀柄定位锥面按照锥体素线长度均等分成前、中、后三段,并在各段的中等分处周向均布一组盲孔,通过调控盲孔的数量与尺寸使刀柄锥面达到一定的柔度。文章阐述了盲孔开设参数对锥面接触应力、柔度的影响规律和参数确定原则,给出了以HSK-E50为原型的锥面分段开孔设计案例,采用有限元分析其极限转速和锥面接触应力分布情况。结果表明,锥面分段开孔刀柄与原型刀柄相比,极限转速提高了约10.79%,锥面接触应力分布显著均匀。

速度400 km/h高速列车轴箱轴承技术研究

高速列车轴箱轴承的可靠性和高速性能是保障高速列车运行安全和运行效率的关键因素。依据高速列车轴箱轴承的实际应用工况特征,并结合现有高速列车轴箱轴承的检修统计数据,对比分析了双列圆锥和双列圆柱设计的轴箱轴承技术特点。针对现有某高速列车车型,以满足运营速度400 km/h的技术要求为目标,对双列圆锥轴箱轴承低摩擦优化设计和轴箱系统散热设计优化这两个方面进行研究。其中为了准确评估摩擦功耗,建立了轴承—车辆刚柔耦合动力学模型,并以京津轨道谱和实测车轮不平顺作为输入,计算了轴承的动态载荷。轴承摩擦计算结果表明,在车速400 km/h,X-life设计的双列圆锥轴箱轴承的摩擦发热功耗比原有双列圆锥轴箱轴承大约降低24%;轴箱轴承台架测试显示,在更高的车速下,X-life设计的双列圆锥轴箱轴承运转温度比原有双列圆锥轴箱轴承降低了大概15°C。轴箱系统热仿真计算显示,在相同的热源输入和环境温度和散热条件下,铝合金轴箱体的最高温度相比铸铁轴箱的最高温度降低了约20°C。相关研究结果,可以为运营速度400 km/h高速列车的轴箱系统总体设计提供参考。

高速立式五轴加工中心滑枕结构设计与优化

以高速立式五轴加工中心滑枕为研究对象,阐述了其初始结构设计原理,并基于静动态分析理论,采用有限元分析方法针对其进行静态和模态分析,为了进一步提高其动态特性,利用拓扑优化方法对滑枕结构进行轻量化设计,并对优化前后结构做对比分析。最终优化后的滑枕质量减轻了31%,一阶固有频率增长了22.4%。既提升了机床滑枕部件的动态性能,又实现了滑枕部件的轻量化设计。该方法为该类机床其他关键零部件及至整机优化设计奠定了基础。