An Experimental Study on High Temperature and Low Oxygen Air Combustion

High temperature preheated and diluted air combustion has been confirmed as the technology, mainly applied to industrial furnaces and kilns, to realize higher thermal efficiency and lower emissions. The purpose of this study was to investigate fundamental aspects of the above-mentioned combustion experimentally and to compare with those in ordinary hydrocarbon combustion with room temperature air. The test items were exhaust gas components of CO, NOx, flame shape and radical components of CH, OH and C2,which were measured with gas analyser, camera and ICCD(Intensified Charged - Coupled Device) camera. Many Phenomena as results appeared in combustion with the oxidizer, low oxygen concentration and extremely high temperature air, such as expansion of the flammable limits, increased flame propagation speed, it looked so strange as compared with those in existing combustion technology. We confirmed that such extraordinary phenomena were believable through the hot-test experiment.

Numerical Simulation of High Temperature Air Combustion Flames Properties

High temperature air combustion (HTAC) is an attractive technology of saving energy and controlling environment. The mathematical models of turbulent jet flame under the highly preheated air combustion condition are conducted in the paper. The mixture fraction/probability density function model is employed. The results show that the maximum flame temperature is decreased, the temperature in the HTAC furnace is more uniform than that in the conventional furnace, and the NO x emission is low. The numerical results are partially validated by some experimental measurements.

Numerical simulation of high temperature air combustion in aluminum hydroxide gas suspension calcinations

The high temperature air combustion(HiTAC) process in gas suspension calcinations(GSC) was studied by using a CFD software FLUENT that can simulate the three-dimensional physical model of GSC with the k-epsilon turbulent viscous model, PDF non-premixed combustion species model, P1 radiation model, thermal and prompt NO pollution model. The simulation vividly describes the distributions of the temperature, velocity and consistency fields. Finally, the optimal operation conditions and igniter configuration of particular fuel combustion are obtained by analyzing and comparing the simulation results. And the emission quantity of NOx, CO and CO2 deduced from computation can play a role as reference. These optimal and estimated values are beneficial to practical operation.

Effect of yttrium and manganese addition on catalytic soot combustion activity and anti-high-temperature stability of CeO_(2) catalyst

In order to analyze the influence of the addition of yttrium and manganese on the soot combustion performance and high temperature stability of CeO_(2) catalyst,a series of Y/Mn-modified CeO_(2) catalysts were prepared.The effects of structural properties,textural properties,oxygen vacancies,Ce^(3+),surface adsorbed oxygen species,reduction properties and desorption properties of oxygen species on the activity were analyzed by various characterization methods.The results of the activity test show that the addition of manganese is beneficial to enhancement of the activity,while the addition of yttrium increases the amount of reactive oxygen species,but decreases the activity.After aging at 700℃,the activity of the CeMn catalyst decreases most sharply,while the catalytic activity of the CeY catalyst can be maintained to a certain extent.Interestingly,the addition of yttrium and manganese at the same time can stabilize the activity.The fundamental reason is that yttrium and manganese move to the surface of the solid solution after aging,which increases the reduction performance of the catalyst,thus contributing to the increase of activity.Although the activity of CeYMn catalyst decreases after aging at 800℃,it is still higher than that of other catalysts aged at 700℃.

Applicable scope of oxygen-reduced air flooding and the limit of oxygen content

The mechanisms of oxygen-reduced air flooding(ORAF)and the explosion limit and the corrosion control approaches were studied based on the pilots of oxygen-reduced air flooding(ORAF)in the Dagang,Changqing and Daqing oil fields in China.On the foundation of indoor investigations and pilots,the explosion limits,oxygen reduction limits and corrosion control approaches were clarified.When the temperature of reservoir is equal to and higher than 120℃,there is a violent reaction between oxygen and crude oil,that means the effect of low temperature oxidation would be fully taken use of to enhance oil recovery by air flooding directly;nitrogen dominated immiscible flooding with oxygen-reduced air should be applied in cases where reservoir temperature is below 120℃ with little oxygen consumption and little heat generated.The oxygen-reduced air flooding is suitable for 3 types of reservoirs:low permeability reservoir,water flooding development reservoir of high water-cut and high temperature and high salinity reservoir.In the process of development,in order to ensure safety,the oxygen reduction limits should be controlled fewer than 10%,while oxygen-reduced air can obviously reduce the corrosion rate of pipes;The surface pipelines and injection wells don’t need to consider about oxygen corrosion with no water,special materials and structure of pipe or corrosion inhibitor can be applied to the surface pipelines and injection wellbores with water.Air/oxygen-reduced air is a low-cost displacement medium and it could be applied in many special conditions of low permeability reservoir for energy supplement,huff and puff and displacement,that means oxygen-reduced air flooding has become the most potential strategic technology in 20 years.

MILD粉体燃烧技术研究进展与关键问题分析

MILD燃烧是一种在中度或极度低氧环境下发生的温和燃烧模式,兼具高燃烧热利用率和极低NOx排放的优势,国际燃烧领域认为它是拥有巨大应用潜力的清洁燃烧技术之一。自1990年左右开展相关研究以来,对于实现气体燃料的MILD燃烧的相关技术已相对成熟,而关于煤粉和生物质等固体燃料的MILD燃烧机制和实现条件的研究仍相对缺乏。基于高动量氧化剂射流来实现内部再循环,不再需要外部高温预热来建立MILD燃烧,极大拓宽了MILD燃烧的应用范围。从颗粒弥散、受热、着火、燃烧、污染物等方面概述了MILD粉体燃料燃烧的基础特性,由于颗粒的不均匀弥散和反应,煤粉等碳基固体燃料的MILD燃烧进程较气体燃料更复杂。高速射流MILD燃烧在增加点火延迟的同时也扩展了点火区和反应区,需要对燃烧各阶段的特征和机理开展系统研究。介绍了固体燃料MILD燃烧理论设计和装备研发领域所取得的研究成果,建议通过高精度数值模拟,改进现有燃煤锅炉燃烧器、调节工艺参数以匹配MILD燃烧模式,增加焦炭颗粒的停留时间以提高燃烬率,提高燃烧稳定性并抑制包括细颗粒物在内的各类污染物排放。基于互联能源系统的整体方法,推进MILD燃烧与各类新型燃烧技术的耦合研究,尤其加强煤粉、生物质与氢、氨等可燃气体共燃特性研究,助力能源转型。探究粉体MILD燃烧中的湍流两相流特征、湍流相间传热作用以及湍流-化学耦合作用是加深对粉体MILD燃烧理解的关键,涉及多变量分析和高精度模拟,是未来研究的重点和难点。

Numerical Simulation on Pulverized Coal Combustion and NO_x Emissions in High Temperature Air from Circulating Fluidized Bed

High temperature air combustion is a prospecting technology in energy saving and pollutants reduction. Numerical simulation on pulverized coal combustion and NOx emissions in high temperature air from circulating fluidized bed was presented. The down-fired combustor, taken as the calculation domain, has the diameter of 220 mm and the height of 3000 mm. 2 cases with air staging combustion are simulated. Compared the simulation results with experimental data, there is a good agreement. It is found that the combustion model and NOx formation model are applicable to simulate the pulverized coal combustion and NOx emissions in high temperature air from circulating fluidized bed. The results show that there is a uniform temperature profile along the axis of the down-fired combustor. The NOx emissions are lower than those of ordinary pulverized coal combustion, and the NOx emissions are 390 mg/m3 and 352 mg/m3 in Case 1 and Case 2, respectively. At the range of 300-600 mm below the nozzle, the NO concentration decreases, mainly resulting from some homogeneous reactions and heterogeneous reaction. NO concentration has a little increase at the position of 800 mm below the nozzle as the tertiary air supplied to the combustor at the position of 600 mm below the nozzle.

Investigation on Combustion Characteristics and NO Formation of Methane with Swirling and Non-Swirling High Temperature Air

Combustion characteristics of methane jet flames in an industrial burner working in high temperature combustion regime were investigated experimentally and numerically to clarify the effects of swirling high temperature air on combustion.Speziale-Sarkar-Gatski(SSG) Reynolds stress model,Eddy-Dissipation Model(EDM),Discrete Ordinates Method(DTM) combined with Weighted-Sum-of-Grey Gases Model(WSGG) were employed for the numerical simulation.Both Thermal-NO and Prompt-NO mechanism were considered to evaluate the NO formation.Temperature distribution,NO emissions by experiment and computation in swirling and non-swirling patterns show combustion characteristics of methane jet flames are totally different.Non-swirling high temperature air made high NO formation while significant NO prohibition were achieved by swirling high temperature air.Furthermore,velocity fields,dimensionless major species mole fraction distributions and Thermal-NO molar reaction rate profiles by computation interpret an inner exhaust gas recirculation formed in the combustion zone in swirling case.

某700 MW锅炉水冷壁高温腐蚀原因分析及其防治措施

针对某电厂700 MW对冲式燃烧锅炉水冷壁腐蚀严重问题,对该锅炉高温腐蚀产生的原因进行了分析。在现场割取了腐蚀的水冷壁管,对其腐蚀垢层进行了X射线衍射(XRD)、能量色散X射线谱(EDS)和扫描电镜(SEM)分析,结果发现腐蚀产物中主要含有ZnS、FeS、Fe_(7)S_(8)、Fe_(3)O_(4)和α-FeOOH,推定此炉主要为硫化物型高温腐蚀,并制定了该锅炉的防治措施。

Xe^(23+)离子束轰击低温工况下的无氧铜表面解吸性能研究

强流重离子加速器运行时产生动态真空效应引起束流寿命缩短,需安装无氧铜束流准直器来降低该效应。为探究无氧铜材料在离子束轰击下的解吸性能,本工作设计并研制了满足低温工况的解吸率测试装置,在兰州重离子加速器国家实验室利用Xe^(23+)离子束完成了无氧铜温度在4.2 K、20 K、77 K和300 K,以及束流能量为0.58 MeV/u、0.96 MeV/u和1.3 MeV/u的在束试验。结果表明,离子束轰击无氧铜表面时解吸出最多的分子为H_(2),其次分别为H2O、CO、CO_(2)、Ar和O_(2);当温度为4.2 K、束流能量为0.58 MeV/u时无氧铜解吸出H2的比例为87.74%。在同一能量下,随着无氧铜表面温度的升高,解吸率呈增加趋势,能量为0.58 MeV/u时,4.2 K下无氧铜的解吸率仅为25 mol/ion,小于300 K时的600 mol/ion,表明温度越高其解吸产额越大。在同一温度下,随着束流能量的升高无氧铜表面解吸率增加,但增加趋势逐渐减缓,解吸产额趋向饱和。

高速低温喷涂气固作用行为及喷涂系统研究进展

高速低温喷涂是利用固相或含固相的低温粉末在高速度、高动能作用下碰撞基体表面沉积的喷涂方法,具有氧化轻微、结合牢固、组织致密、综合力学性能优异等潜在优势,在高性能金属或金属基复合材料涂层制备、增材制造和零件损伤修复等领域获得广泛关注。以粉末低温高速碰撞沉积过程为主线,凝练现有冷喷涂和低温超音速火焰喷涂两种具体工艺的共性特征,阐明喷涂气流与粉末颗粒的气固两相交互作用规律,分析出合理调控颗粒温度和速度是改善沉积体性能的关键。其次分析高速低温喷涂设备系统的构成,详细讨论各核心部件的结构设计策略及对气固流动行为的影响,总结出通过调整工艺参数与喷枪结构,可以实现颗粒温度和速度的按需控制。最后,对高速低温喷涂工艺及设备系统发展目前尚存的关键问题进行展望。总结如何通过喷涂参数与装置设计,最终达成调控沉积体性能的目的,有助于深入理解高速低温喷涂的沉积机理,对研制高性能的喷涂设备系统具有参考意义。

火焰合成Pt修饰CuO氧载体低温化学链燃烧特性

采用火焰喷雾热解方法(FSP)合成了Pt修饰CuO纳米氧载体材料(FSP-Pt/CuO),首先通过XRD、SEM等表征手段分析了Pt/CuO的结构和组成;通过热重分析仪、化学吸附仪对比研究了FSP合成的CuO、Pt/CuO以及商用CuO纳米颗粒的化学链燃烧反应性能.结果表明,FSP-Pt/CuO氧载体材料与H_(2)、CO、CH_(4)的还原反应温度能够分别降低到200℃、105℃、290℃以下.进一步考察了H_(2)、O_(2)不同浓度对Pt/CuO氧载体还原、氧化特性的影响,并测试了Pt/CuO氧载体的低温化学链燃烧循环稳定性.最后通过Pt/CuO氧载体颗粒表面的氢溢流原理对低温化学链燃烧过程进行了模型机理解释.

高温升燃烧室热声耦合特性研究

为建立燃烧室热声不稳定性预测和分析方法,以某高温升单管燃烧室试验件为研究对象,构建了试验系统低阶热声网络(LOTAN)模型。基于试验数据,利用优化的方法获得了各工况下的火焰传递函数(FTF),并利用Kriging模型拟合出了增益与迟滞时间对工况参数的响应模型。利用拟合出的FTF响应模型分析了油气比和进气速度对燃烧室热声稳定性的影响。研究结果表明:通过优化得到的FTF能够较准确反映各工况下的非稳态热释放特性,导入LOTAN中计算得到的结果与试验结果吻合较好,最大误差约3.32%;油气比的改变会引起不稳定模态的转变,油气比或进气速度升高时,系统特征频率也随之升高。

玉果油田果8区块减氧空气驱低温氧化对采收率的影响

注减氧空气是低渗透油藏有效的开发手段,减氧空气可在地层条件下与原油发生低温氧化反应,提高采收率。针对玉果油田果8区块目前减氧空气驱提高采收率机理认识不完善的问题,采用等温氧化实验和长岩心驱替实验探究原油氧化过程和生成物质对提高采收率的影响。等温氧化实验结果表明,稀油的低温氧化过程产生了沉积物质,随着温度升高,氧化程度明显提高,89℃时原油氧化生成重质组分沉积量为1.25×10^(-3)g/g,100℃时为3.43×10^(-3)g/g,120℃时为5.02×10^(-3)g/g。长岩心驱替实验结果表明,不同氧化温度下重质组分沉降对采收率存在影响,随着温度升高,气窜时机变晚,波及效果变好,最终采收率有所提高,温度为89℃、100℃和120℃时的最终采收率分别为52.77%、58.89%和65.23%。

电子控制模块对高原环境适应性的研究

针对高原环境下数码电子雷管作用可靠性较差的问题,利用52 kPa、-40~15℃的低气压、高低温循环试验研究了低气压、高低温循环条件对A(钽电容)、B(电解电容)、C(电解电容)、D(钽电容)及E(钽电容)5种类型电子控制模块的影响;测试了5种发火电容在发火流程各阶段电压的变化;通过铅板法测试了5种电子雷管在经历低气压、高低温循环试验后的发火威力。结果显示:52 kPa、-40~15℃的低气压、高低温循环条件对A、B、D、E模块没有影响,C模块出现电容充电不满情况;对雷管威力没有影响。

1000 MW双切圆锅炉高温腐蚀原因分析

针对某1000 MW双切圆锅炉局部水冷壁发生严重高温腐蚀问题,通过冷态空气动力场试验进行风量测量及风门挡板特性测试,并结合水冷壁近壁区还原性气体浓度测试验证,确定原因为:在较大的DCS数据偏差误导下,使得运行时挡板开度不合理,导致局部区域缺氧燃烧严重,造成该区域发生严重的高温腐蚀。调整运行方式后,较大程度上缓解了该区域缺氧燃烧的情况,发生水冷壁高温腐蚀的可能性大幅降低。

煤在贫氧条件下升温过程中的自由基反应研究

针对煤体低温氧化引发煤自燃灾害的问题,通过电子自旋共振波谱仪测定了煤样在不同氧气浓度下升温过程中自由基浓度、g因子和线宽的变化,研究了煤样在贫氧条件下的自由基反应特征。实验结果表明,氧化初始阶段3种煤样原生自由基浓度的相对大小为无烟煤>烟煤>褐煤,而通过计算得出在0%、10%和21%氧气浓度下自由基浓度增长率相对大小为褐煤>烟煤>无烟煤,这表明褐煤在贫氧条件下的自由基反应更剧烈。3种煤样的g因子随温度的升高而增大,且相同温度下g因子与氧气浓度呈正比,与煤样的变质程度呈反比。在氧化过程中,褐煤的线宽高于烟煤和无烟煤,但褐煤线宽的降低幅度小于烟煤和无烟煤,3种煤样的线宽受氧气浓度的影响均较小。实验得到不同变质程度煤在贫氧条件下的自由基反应特征,对研究煤自燃的自由基反应机理具有重要意义。

深井酸性浸水煤层风干氧化自然发火特性分析

为探究深井酸性浸水煤层风干氧化自然发火的特性,选取陕西省某矿煤样,利用氧化模拟试验系统,对预氧化及浸水风干煤样和原煤样进行程序升温试验,对比分析了两者的耗氧量以及CO、CO 2、CH 4的产生量,进而分析这几种不同情况下煤样的氧化自燃特性。结果表明,酸性条件下浸水风干的煤样耗氧量最小,说明该煤样在氧浓度低时容易发生氧化自燃;酸性条件下浸水风干的煤样CO、CO 2、CH 4的产生量最大,说明该煤样发生氧化自燃的危险性越大。总之,当煤体处于高地温、弱酸性浸水风干条件下发生煤体氧化自燃的危险性最大,研究结论可为矿井高产高效和安全生产提供一定的指导。

一种高温氧指数测定仪

高温氧指数测定仪(high temperature oxygen index tester)是一种用于评估被测材料在高温热辐射条件下燃烧性能的测定仪器。它的工作原理是计算被测材料在高温环境中维持基本的燃烧所需的极限氧浓度来确定被测材料的氧指数。高温氧指数测定仪是对传统氧指数测定设备的升级和补充,可以极大的丰富被测材料的应用领域和使用范围,在阻燃材料、消防工程领域和五金制品材料具有较高的使用意义。

The Experimental Study on Regenerative Heat Transfer in High Temperature Air Combustion

For the purpose of decomposing the processing gases CF4 from semiconductor manufacturers, ceramic honeycomb regenerative burner system is suggested by using the principle of HTAC. A simulated high temperature air combustion furnace has been used to determine the features of HTAC flames and the results of the decomposition of CF4. The preheat air temperature of it is above 900℃. The exhaust gas released into the atmosphere is lower than 150℃. Moreover, the efficiency of recovery of waste heat is higher than 80%, the NOx level in exhaust gas is less than 198 mg/m3 and the distribution of temperature in the furnace is nearly uniform. The factors influencing on heat transfer, temperature profile in chamber and NOX emission were discussed. Also some CF4 can be decomposed in this system.