Fretting Wear Characteristics of Nuclear Fuel Cladding in High-Temperature Pressurized Water

In pressurized water reactor(PWR),fretting wear is one of the main causes of fuel assembly failure.Moreover,the operation condition of cladding is complex and harsh.A unique fretting damage test equipment was developed and tested to simulate the fretting damage evolution process of cladding in the PWR environment.It can simulate the fretting wear experiment of PWR under different temperatures(maximum temperature is 350℃),displacement amplitude,vibration frequency,and normal force.The fretting wear behavior of Zr-4 alloy under different temperature environments was tested.In addition,the evolution of wear scar morphology,profile,and wear volume was studied using an optical microscope(OM),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and a 3D white light interferometer.Results show that higher water temperature evidently decreased the cladding wear volume,the wear mechanism of Zr-4 cladding changed from abrasive wear to adhesive wear and the formation of an oxide layer on the wear scar reduced the wear volume and maximum wear depth.

Fretting wear and friction oxidation behavior of 0Cr20Ni32AlTi alloy at high temperature

The fretting wear behavior of 0Cr20Ni32AlTi alloy was investigated with crossed cylinder contact under 80 N at 300 and 400 °C.Wear scar and debris were analyzed systematically by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.The results show that the friction logs are mixed fretting regime and gross slip regime with the magnitudes of displacement of 10 and 20 μm,respectively.Severe wear and friction oxidation occur on the material surface.A large number of granular debris produced in the fretting process can be easily congregated and adhered at the contact zone after repeated crushes.The resultant of friction oxidation is mainly composed of Fe3O4,Fe2O3,Cr2O3 and NiO.Temperature and friction are the major factors affecting the oxidation reaction rate.The fretting friction effect can enhance the oxidation reaction activity of surface atoms of 0Cr20Ni32AlTi alloy and reduce the oxidation activation energy.As result,the oxidation reaction rate is accelerated.

High-temperature frictional wear behavior of MCrAlY-based coatings deposited by atmosphere plasma spraying

Al2O3-r2O03/NiCoCrAIYTa coatings were prepared via atmosphere plasma spraying （APS）. The microstructure and phase com- position of the coatings were analyzed by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, laser confocal scanning microsco- py （LSCM）, and transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. The dry frictional wear behavior of the coatings at 500℃ in static air was inves- tigated and compared with that of 0Cr25Ni20 steel. The results show that the coatings comprise the slatted layers of oxide phases, unmelted particles, and pores. The hot abrasive resistance of the coatings is enhanced compared to that of 0Cr25Ni20, and their mass loss is approxi- mately one-fifteenth that of 0Cr25Ni20 steel. The main wear failure mechanisms of the coatings are abrasive wear, fatigue wear, and adhe- sive wear.

Effect of Al content on high temperature erosion properties of arc-sprayed FeMnCrAl/Cr_3C_2 coatings

Three types of FeMnCrAl/Cr3C2 coatings with different AI content were deposited on 20# steel substrates by the high velocity arc spraying （HVAS） process. Surface microstructures of the coatings were analyzed by optical microscopy （OM） and X-ray diffractometry （XRD）. High temperature erosion （HTE） tests were performed in an erosion tester at different impact angles. The surface morphologies of the eroded coatings were observed on a field emission scanning electron microscope（FE-SEM）. The laminated structure is found on all the prepared coatings with the porosity and oxide fraction in the coatings decreasing with the Al content from 0 to 15% （mass fraction）. Sample FA3 with 15% Al, possessing the lowest porosity and oxide fraction, has the best HTE resistance, which demonstrates that Al addition can improve the HTE resistance of the coatings. The erosion rate of sample FA1 exhibits a maximum value at 90° impact angle. The maximum erosion rates of both FA2 and FA3 samples appear in the range of 60°-90° impact angles. Erosion loss of the coatings occurs through brittle breaking, cutting and fatigue spalling.

Microstructure and abrasion wear behavior of Ni-based laser cladding alloy layer at high temperature

Ni-based alloy coating on 21-4-N heat-resistant steel was prepared using CO2 laser, and the high-temperature abrasion wear was tested. The microstructure of this cladding layer and its abrasion wear behavior at high temperature by changing compositions and temperatures were investigated by means of optical microscope and scanning electron microscope. Among the three compositions of cladding layer, i.e. Ni21+20%WC+0.5%CeO2, Ni25+20%WC+0.5%CeO2 and Ni60+20%WC+0.5%CeO2, the experimental results show that Ni21+20%WC+ 0.5%CeO2 cladding layer is made up of finer grains, and presents the best abrasion wear behavior at high temperature. The wear pattern of laser cladding layer is mainly grain abrasion at lower temperature, and it would be changed to adhesive abrasion and oxide abrasion at higher temperature.

High temperature sliding wear behaviors of ion plating TiN composite coating with ion nitriding as interlayer on hot work die steel

High temperature sliding wear behaviors of ion plating TiN composite coating with ion nitriding interlayer on 3Cr2W8V hot work die steel substrate during 500～700 ℃ were investigated. Phase structure was analyzed by XRD and adhesion strength of TiN coating was measured by scratch test. The worn morphologies and wear mechanism of TiN composite coating were observed and analyzed by using SEM. The results showed that both adhesion strength and hardness of TiN composite coating with ion nitriding interlayer are higher than those of single TiN coating. Ion nitriding interlayer provides a stronger support for TiN coating. With increasing temperature, the wear rates and friction coefficient of all tested coatings increase. The wear resistance of TiN composite coating is better than that of single TiN coating. The wear mechanisms of TiN composite coating are mainly adhesion transfer wear and abrasive wear. The adhesion transfer wear becomes more severe as the test temperature increases. [

Friction and Wear Properties of TiAl and Ti_2AlN/TiAl Composites at High Temperature

The high-temperature friction and wear properties of TiAl alloys and Ti2AlN/TiAl composites （TTC） in contact with nickel-based superalloy were studied. The results showed that, at 800 and 1 000 ℃, the coefficient of the friction （COF） decreased with the increase of sliding velocity and the wear loss of the TTC decreased with the increase of volume fraction of Ti2AlN. The wear mechanisms of the pairs are adhesive wear and the wear debris mainly comes from the contacting nickel-based superalloy. The intergranular fracture and the cracking of the phase boundary in the lamellar structure are the wear mode of TiAl alloy. The wear mode of TTC is phase boundary fracture and adhesive spalling. The abrasive resistance of TTC is slightly higher than that of TiAl alloy.

Effect of La_2O_3 on microstructure and high-temperature wear property of hot-press sintering FeAl intermetallic compound

FeAl intermetallic compound with different contents of rare earth oxide La2O3 addition was prepared by hot pressing the mechanically alloyed powders.Effect of La2O3 on microstructure and high-temperature wear property of the sintered FeAl samples was investigated in this paper.The results showed that 1 wt.% La2O3 addition could refine the microstructure and increase the density of the FeAl intermetallic compound,and correspondingly improved the high-temperature wear resistance.SEM and EDS analyses of the wo...

Effect of Ni content on the wear behavior of Al-Si-Cu-Mg-Ni/SiC particles composites

In recent years,the addition of Ni has been widely acknowledged to be capable of enhancing the mechanical properties of Al-Si alloys.However,the effect of Ni on the wear behaviors of Al-Si alloys and Al matrix composites,particularly at elevated temperat-ures,remains an understudied area.In this study,Al-Si-Cu-Mg-Ni/20wt%SiC particles(SiCp)composites with varying Ni contents were prepared by using a semisolid stir casting method.The effect of Ni content on the dry sliding wear behavior of the prepared compos-ites was investigated through sliding tests at 25 and 350℃.Results indicated that theθ-Al_(2)Cu phase gradually diminished and eventually disappeared as the Ni content increased from 0wt%to 3wt%.This change was accompanied by the formation and increase inδ-Al_(3)CuNi andε-Al_(3)Ni phases in microstructures.The hardness and ultimate tensile strength of the as-cast composites improved,and the wear rates of the composites decreased from 5.29×10^(−4)to 1.94×10^(−4)mm^(3)/(N∙m)at 25℃and from 20.2×10^(−4)to 7×10^(−4)mm^(3)/(N∙m)at 350℃with the increase in Ni content from 0wt%to 2wt%.The enhancement in performance was due to the presence of strengthening network structures and additional Ni-containing phases in the composites.However,the wear rate of the 3Ni composite was approximately two times higher than that of the 2Ni composite due to the fracture and debonding of theε-Al_(3)Ni phase.Abrasive wear,delamination wear,and oxidation wear were the predominant wear mechanisms of the investigated composites at 25℃,whereas delamination wear and oxid-ation wear were dominant during sliding at 350℃.

High Temperature Wear Characteristics of a New Hot Work Die Steel CH95

High temperature wear characteristics of a new hot work die steel CH95 doped with a small amount of rare earth （ Re ） and boron （ B ） have been investigated and compared with those of conventional die steel H11 at a series of temperatures and loads. Worn surfaces of CH95 steel and H11 steel were analyzed with a scanning electron microscope. It is found that high temperature mechanical properties of CH95 steel are much better than those of H11 steel. The oxide layer formed on the worn surface plays an important role in wear resistance at high temperature. When the load is less than 63 N, the surface oxide layer keeps integrated and the effect of load on high temperature wear is small. When the load is higher than 63 N, the supporting ability of matrix to the oxide layer decreases with the increase of load, which results in an increase of wear rate. Compared with H11 steel, the wear resistance of CH95 steel is much better and the worn surface of CH95 steel is smoother. It is easier for CH95 steel to form a compact and integrated surface oxide layer at high temperature than for Hll steel, which protects the worn surface and reduces wear.

The Influence of High Temperature Exposure on the Wear Performance of a Ni Based Alloy PTA Coating

Degradation phenomena like wear and corrosion, may have their effects accelerated as components operate at high temperature. The aim of this work is to make an indirect evaluation of the influence of high temperature exposure on wear behavior of Ni coatings. A Ni-Cr-Mo-W alloy, was deposited with Plasma Transferred Arc (PTA) process. An indirect approach based on the Ahrrenius relationship was used to evaluated long time exposures at high temperatures. To simulate longer exposures at lower temperatures, coatings were exposed to higher temperatures for the same time interval. So coatings were soaked in an air furnace at 650°C, 1000°C and 1200°C. Metal/metal wear behavior was evaluated by pin-on-disc tests. Pins were removed from the coatings by eletrodischarge machining and rubbed against a VC31 quenched and tempered tool steel. Two sets of wear tests were run at 2m/s, for different loads (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0Kg) and for different sliding distances (120, 720, 1080, 1440 and 1800m).Coatings characterization was done by scanning electronic microscopy and Vickers microhardness. Results showed as temperature is increased, coatings wear performance is altered, and this is associated with microstructural changes.

Tribological behaviour of AZ71E alloy at high temperatures

Tribological behaviour of the die-cast AZ71E magnesium alloy was investigated in an applied load range of 10-50 N at high temperatures under dry sliding conditions using a pin-on-disc wear testing machine. The results indicate that the wear rate increases with the increase of applied load and sliding distance, whereas the friction coefficient decreases with the increase of applied load. Scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy studies on the worn surfaces and sub-surfaces show that the predominant wear mechanism is abrasion at low applied loads. The mild delamination wear accompanying with adhesion wear is the predominant wear mechanism under high applied loads at 150 ℃, whereas the severe delamination and melting wear are the predominant wear mechanisms under high applied load at 200 ℃. An investigation of the microstructure, thermal stability and tensile properties at high temperatures, using the optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, shows that the dominant secondary phase in AZ71E alloy, Al11Ce3, leads to the improvement in the tensile and elongation properties of alloy at high temperatures, which results in the improvement in the anti wear performance.

High-temperature tribological properties of Ni-P alloy coatings deposited by electro-brush plating

High-temperature tribological properties of Ni-P alloy coatings processed by electro-brush plating on 20CrMo steel have been investigated. A baU-on-disc configuration was employed and 4 mm diameter Si3N4 balls were used as static counterpart. All the wear tests were carried out at 450℃ for 180 rain without lubricants. The electro-brush plating Ni-P coating is amorphous in as-deposited condition, and it becomes polycrystalline with the formation of Ni and Ni3P after heat treatment at 450℃for 1 h. The friction coefficient of the Ni-P coating is just 50% of that of the 20CrMo steel at the friction temperature of 450℃. A mild adhesive wear mechanism was found for the electro-brush plating Ni-P coating tested at 450℃, whereas for the 20CrMo steel at the same temperature a mixed adhesive and abrasive wear mechanism was observed.

Tribological property and high temperature oxidation behavior of Ni-based alloy

Ni-Cr based alloys were prepared by hot-pressing the mixture of strengthening phases Mo, Al, Ti, and lubricant phase MoS2. The hardness, tribological properties as well as the high temperature oxidation properties were evaluated, The results show that the strengthening phases can improve the mechanical properties of Ni-Cr based alloy obviously, and the wear and friction properties of Ni-based alloy with strengthening phase can be improved. Its friction coefficient and wear rate rubbed with Al2O3 ceramic disk are about 0.4 and 10 -14m3/（N·m）, respectively, and the oxidation process is mainly affected by Cr2O3.

Tribological Properties of SiC/Cu Composite at High Temperature

SiC/Cu composites were prepared by hot pressing. The high temperature tribological properties of the composites were investigated. XRD, SEM techniques were carried out to characterize the samples. It is found that the friction coefficient of SiC/Cu composites increases with the increasing SiC content. The SiC reinforcement particles are worn down other than removed by pulling out during the wear test. Oxidation of Cu debris leads to the smooth contacting surface. Ring crack is formed under the cyclic wear test. The crack propagates through the damaged matrix and along the brittle interface between SiC particles and Cu matrix.

Numerical simulation of temperature field in laser-arc hybrid welding of wear-resistant steel

Using ABAQUS software and cylindrical ellipsoid and body heat sources with a peak-heat-flux- attenuation function, a finite element model of the temperature field in the laser-arc hybrid welding of 4.5-mm BW300TP wear-resistant steel is proposed. The proposed model considers convection, radiation, molten pool flow, and heat conduction effect on temperature. A comparison of the simulation and actual welding test results confirms the reliability of the model. This welding heat-process model can provide the cooling rate at any position in the heat affected zone （HAZ） and can be used as a reference for the analysis of material properties and for process optimization.

铣削高温合金GH3039刀具寿命预测及磨损机理

为揭示高温合金GH3039铣削参数对刀具寿命的影响规律,采用正交试验法对其进行铣削试验,运用多元回归法建立刀具寿命预测模型,分析铣削参数对刀具寿命的影响规律,通过观测铣刀后刀面的磨损情况,探究不同主轴转速下铣刀的磨损机理。结果表明:主轴转速对刀具寿命的影响程度最大,最小为轴向切深;当主轴转速为750 r/min时,铣刀磨损区域主要以黏结磨损和磨粒磨损为主;当铣削速度为950 r/min时,氧化磨损与扩散磨损开始增强;当铣削速度为1 180 r/min时,磨粒磨损与黏结磨损开始减弱甚至消失,氧化磨损与扩散磨损占据主导地位。

32Cr3Mo1V表面激光熔覆TiC/钴基高温合金组织和性能研究

针对铝热轧辊套表面因高温摩擦磨损失效的问题,采用同轴送粉式激光熔覆在32Cr3Mo1V表面制备不同质量分数(0%、5%、10%、15%)TiC/Co-08高温耐磨熔覆涂层。分析了该熔覆层的显微组织形貌、相组成及微区成分;测试了显微硬度、高温摩擦磨损性能。结果表明,Co-08涂层主要由γ-Co及晶间碳化物组成,其磨损形式为氧化磨损和磨粒磨损。TiC添加量为5%时,晶间组织碳化物含量减少,涂层中Fe元素含量升高,涂层显微硬度降低,摩擦系数有所升高,磨损形式为粘着磨损和磨粒磨损。TiC含量≥10%时,晶间碳化物含量升高,涂层中析出细小的TiC颗粒,有效提高了涂层的显微硬度,其摩擦系数也明显降低,磨损机制主要为氧化磨损及轻微的磨粒磨损。当TiC添加量为5%时,涂层显微组织变得粗大且显微硬度及高温耐磨性均降低。随着TiC含量的继续增加,涂层中重新析出小尺寸TiC增强体,且晶间碳化物含量也有所上升,其显微硬度及高温耐磨性也随TiC含量的增加而升高。在TiC含量≥10%时,TiC/Co-08复合涂层具有良好的高温耐磨性。

枪管用环保镀层摩擦行为研究

传统枪管内膛表面采用的六价铬镀层,高温耐磨性好,但对环境污染严重。为开发环保镀层,采用超景深三维显微镜、扫描电子显微镜表征了室温和高温(400℃)摩擦磨损试样,对比分析了六价铬、三价铬、钴-镍和镍-钨四种电镀层的磨损特征。研究结果表明:在500℃定性回火后,三价铬、镍-钨、六价铬和钴-镍镀层硬度依次递减,与六价铬层相比,三价铬层脆性大,镍-钨和钴-镍镀层韧性高;室温下与H62黄铜对摩后,六价铬和三价铬镀层摩擦程度较轻,钴-镍和镍-钨镀层呈现明显粘着特征,二者摩擦系数高于两种铬层;400℃下与08Al钢对摩后,六价铬呈粘着磨损特征,摩擦程度较大;三价铬层摩擦系数相对较高;镍-钨镀层呈磨粒磨损特征,摩擦系数与六价铬接近,摩擦程度相对较轻。

电连接器高温振动失效仿真研究

应用Ansys软件对电连接器整体模型在高温振动环境下的动态响应进行仿真,深入分析接触件尾部线缆质量、温度、分离力、应力松弛等指标对微动幅值的影响。基于仿真得出原设计在高温振动中会发生失效的结论,优化设计接触正压力和尾部线缆质量。结合仿真分析结果和计算,得到电连接器在指定高温振动条件下不发生失效的设计指标范围,即分离力应尽量接近上限值2.5 N,每个接触件尾部线缆质量应尽量控制在1.2 g以内。通过试验验证了仿真和优化的正确性,研究结果可为电连接器抗高温振动提供设计与优化思路。