Current Sharing Technology in Transmission Conductors of Cold Dielectric High Temperature Superconducting Cables Using Second-generation HTS Wires

冷绝缘高温超导电缆的导电层一般设计为多层结构以满足大电流载流特性，但伴随层数的增加，超导体上的集肤效应会引起电缆输电导体各层电流分布不均匀的问题，从而造成电缆损耗增加和传输性能下降。采用基于动态惯性权重因子的粒子群优化算法，提出了电缆导体层电流层间均流优化的设计方法。应用第2代高温超导材料钇钡铜氧涂层导体，通过建立超导电缆的等效电路模型，考虑电场、磁场等约束因素，对一根1km长，110kV／3kA等级的冷绝缘高温超导电缆进行优化设计，获得了电缆本体结构参数及输电导体层和屏蔽层的电流分布。比较优化前后层电流的结果可知，优化后超导电缆各导体层电流与平均电流相比最大不平衡率小于3．5％，各屏蔽层电流达到均布，较好地实现了电缆各导体层电流均匀分布的优化目标。最后，超导模型样缆载流特性实验也验证了优化设计方法的有效性。

Mitigation of Distributed Generation Impact on Protective Devices in a Distribution Network by Superconducting Fault Current Limiter

Protection of radial distribution networks is widely based on coordinated inverse time overcurrent relays (OCRs) ensuring both effectiveness and selectivity. However, the integration of distributed generation (DG) into an existing distribution network not only inevitably increases fault current levels to levels that may exceed the OCR ratings, but it may also disturb the original overcurrent relay coordination adversely effecting protection selectivity. To analyze the potentially adverse impact of DG on distribution system protective devices with respect to circuit breaker ratings and OCR coordination fault current studies are carried out for common reference test system under the influence of additional DG. The possible advantages of Superconducting Fault Current Limiter (SFCL) as a means to limit the adverse effect of DG on distribution system protection and their effectiveness will be demonstrated. Furthermore, minimum SFCL impedances required to avoid miss-operation of the primary and back-up OCRs are determined. The theoretical analysis will be validated using the IEEE 13-bus distribution test system is used. Both theoretical and simulation results indicate that the proposed application of SFCL is a viable option to effectively mitigate the DG impact on protective devices, thus enhancing the reliability of distribution network interfaced with DG.

Induced current of high temperature superconducting loops by combination of exciting coil and thermal switch

With its commercialization, the second-generation(2G) high temperature superconducting(HTS) RE–Ba–Cu–O(REBCO, RE is rare earth) tape is extensively applied to the superconducting magnets in the high magnetic fields. However,unlike low temperature superconducting(LTS) magnets, the HTS magnet cannot operate in the persistent current mode(PCM) due to the immature superconducting soldering technique. In this paper, an exciting method for two HTS sub-loops,so-called charging and load loops, is proposed by flux pump consisting of exciting coil and controllable thermal switch.Two HTS sub-loops are made of an REBCO tape with two slits. An exciting coil with iron core is located in one sub-loop and is supplied with a triangular waveform current so that magnetic field is generated in another sub-loop. The influence of magnetic flux on induced current in load loop is presented and verified in experiment at 77 K. The relationship between the induced magnetic flux density and the current on the sub-loops having been calibrated, magnetic flux density, and induced current are obtained. The results show that the HTS sub-loops can be excited by a coil with thermal switch and the induced current increases with magnetic flux of exciting coil increasing, which is promising for persistent current operation mode of HTS magnets.

Hybrid Operation of Fault Current Limiter and Thyristor Controlled Braking Resistor

The effectiveness of a combination of fault current limiter and thyristor controlled braking resistor on power system stability enhancement and damping turbine shaft torsional oscillations has been studied. If both devices operate at the same bus, the stabilization control scheme can be carried out continuously and with flexibility. As a result, the fault currents are limited, and the generator disturbances and the turbine shaft torsional oscillations are converged quickly. In this paper, the effectiveness of the combination of both devices has been demonstrated by considering 3LG （three-lines-to-ground） fault in a two-machine infinite bus system. Also, temperature rise effect of both devices with various resistance values and weights has been demonstrated. Simulation results indicate a significant power system stability enhancement and damping turbine shaft torsional oscillations as well as with allowable temperature rise.

Current Limiting Characteristic Analysis of Magnetic-controlled Switcher Type Fault Current Limiter

A novel magnetic-controlled switcher type fault current limiter (FCL) based on the topology of the saturated iron core high temperature superconducting FCL is proposed. The magnetic field distribution of the FCL iron core is analyzed by FEA software ANSYS. The current limiting characteristic is investigated by both 3-D field-circuit coupled simulation and Matlab. The experiments on the 220 V/50 A test model show that the FCL can limit the fault current swiftly and effectively,and the FCL has the advantages of simple and reliable structure, flexible control strategy. The simulation and experimental results prove that the theoretical expectation and current limiting performance is satisfactory for practical use.

A Fault Current Limiting Hybrid DC Circuit Breaker

Due to the low impedance characteristic of the high voltage direct current(HVDC)grid,the fault current rises extremely fast after a DC-side fault occurs,and this phenomenon seriously endangers the safety of the HVDC grid.In order to suppress the rising speed of the fault current and reduce the current interruption requirements of the main breaker(MB),a fault current limiting hybrid DC circuit breaker(FCL-HCB)has been proposed in this paper,and it has the capability of bidirectional fault current limiting and fault current interruption.After the occurrence of the overcurrent in the HVDC grid,the current limiting circuit(CLC)of FCL-HCB is put into operation immediately,and whether the protected line is cut off or resumed to normal operation is decided according to the fault detection result.Compared with the traditional hybrid DC circuit breaker(HCB),the required number of semiconductor switches and the peak value of fault current after fault occurs are greatly reduced by adopting the proposed device.Extensive simulations also verify the effectiveness of the proposed FCL-HCB.

Interruption Characteristics of High-speed Switches in 500 kV Fault Current Limiter with High Coupled Split Reactance

A 500 kV high-voltage AC fault current limiter(FCL)based on a high coupled split reactor(HCSR)is pro-posed by the National key R&D project team.Low impedance under normal conditions and high impedance under short-circuit conditions are accomplished by the cooperation of HCSR and high-speed switches.High-speed switches play an important role in current limiting processes,thus interruption characteristics of the high-speed switch in the 500 kV FCL are studied in this paper.The simulation model of the FCL and the external equivalent power grid are established.The short-circuit current and recovery voltage characteristics of the high-speed switch in FCL are simulated.The results show that maximum DC component of the short-circuit current of the high-speed switch reaches 91%,the maximum peak value is 118 kA,and the longest arcing time is 14.8 ms.There is a discontinuity in the curve of the short-circuit current peak and arcing time as a function of the short-circuit occurrence time;the peak recovery voltage of a single break of the high-speed switch has a maximum value of 87.5 kV under a three-phase ungrounded short-circuit condition,and the rate of rise of recovery voltage is o.22 kV/s.The recovery voltage peak shows a period change with the short-circuit occurrence time,and the period is 10 ms.The effects of the shunt capacitor value and short-circuit ground resistance on the recovery voltage of high-speed switching are also studied.The research can be used for reference by R&D personnel and testersof500kVFCLs.Index Terms-Fault current limiter(FCL),high coupled split reactor(HCSR),high-speed switch,interruption characteristics,short circuit current.

Anomalously High Conductivity of Deformed Metals at the Positive Temperatures

The description of experimentally observed phenomenon of abnormally high electrical conductivity—'superconductivity' (SC) at the room and higher temperatures is represented. The effect was observed in metallic monospirals of small radius curvature with high density and regular distribution of dislocations. Transition into state of SC has been observed experimentally in the range from –50 up to 3000°C at the density of transmitting current up to 2·109 A/cm2. The experimental data confirming the watched phenomenon are represented. The explanations of this phenomenon are being proposed in the framework of the dislocation model.

接头电阻对CORC电缆交流损耗的影响分析

采用第二代高温超导(HTS)带材绕制的CORC电缆具有载流能力高、力学性能好等优点,是制造核聚变磁体的理想电缆之一。然而,当由CORC电缆制造的核聚变磁体闭环运行时,现有的工艺很难保证每根CORC电缆的超导带材的接头电阻完全相同,这会对CORC电缆的交流损耗等电气特性产生重要影响。因此,该文搭建了含接头电阻的CORC电缆的三维有限元模型,分析了接头电阻对CORC电缆交流损耗的影响。结果表明,当CORC电缆传输交流电流时,不均匀的接头电阻将导致CORC电缆三根超导带的电流分布不均匀,进而增加了电缆的总体交流损耗。此外,得到了CORC电缆的交流损耗总是随着接头电阻不均匀程度的增加而增大的分析结果。

基于MOPSO算法的超导限流器结构参数优化

电阻型超导限流器能够快速限制短路电流,因此常与直流断路器结合使用开断直流故障。超导限流器的性能与直流断路器元件参数之间存在复杂耦合关系,在一定直流断路器元件参数下的超导限流器的选型亟需研究。文中首先分析了现有超导限流器电阻的模型,然后仿真了超导限流器与直流断路器结合使用时的短路故障,分析了超导限流器电阻和回路电流的变化规律。仿真结果表明:超导限流器可成功限制故障电流的上升,帮助直流断路器开断故障电流;超导限流器的电阻、温度和电流波形之间存在复杂耦合关系。最后,固定超导带材的截面,通过多目标粒子群算法对超导限流器的长度进行了优化,优化前后的结果表明:当超导带材长度为47 m时,短路电流峰值为1.24 kA,在5.90 ms时产生电流过零点,比优化前超导带材减少了7 m,但短路电流峰值和过零点时间几乎没有变化。

基于电容限流的混合式高压断路器拓扑研究

随着电能传输容量越来越大、传输距离越来越远,高压、超高压直流输电网的“弱阻尼,低惯量”愈发严重。高压直流断路器已成为高压、超高压直流电网的关键器件之一。本研究提出的一种利用电解电容进行限流的混合式高压直流断路器,具备良好的故障电流开断能力,并能够抑制故障电流的快速上升,减少全控开关IGBT数量。首先,介绍基于电解电容进行限流的断路器的电路结构;然后,阐述其阻断故障电流的原理;最后,在仿真平台PSCAD上搭建了仿真模型。仿真结果表明:该断路器能够快速阻断故障电流,抑制电弧。

限流器配置与网架结构优化协同的受端电网短路电流抑制策略

如何有效地抑制短路电流水平已成为受端电网规划和运行中不可忽视的问题。文中量化和构建了计及超导故障限流器(SFCL)配置与网架结构优化的短路电流约束。在此基础上,提出了一种SFCL配置与网架结构优化协同的短路电流抑制模型,采用基于McCormick包络的交流潮流线性化框架,并通过循环结构最小化松弛误差。为有效求解上述模型,将主问题分解为若干子问题,设计了基于嵌套Benders分解算法的求解策略。基于改进的IEEE 39节点系统和河南电网规划系统开展仿真分析,验证了所提策略在经济性和短路电流抑制效果方面的有效性和实用性。

REBCO高温超导多芯带材的制备技术及性能研究进展

二代高温超导稀土钡铜氧(REBCO)带材因其具有优异的临界电流密度、高上临界场、高临界转变温度等优点,已逐渐应用在电力交通、科学仪器、聚变能源等高新技术领域。然而,REBCO高温超导带材具有极大的高宽比(超导带材宽度与厚度的尺寸比),使得其在应用过程中具有较大的交流损耗和较明显的屏蔽电流效应。为避免高宽比造成的影响,将REBCO带材中的超导层采用不同制备技术细分为平行且极窄的“芯丝”,从而将REBCO带材改性为REBCO“多芯带”,目前该领域研究已成为国内外研究者们的关注热点。该文综述了国内外在REBCO带材多芯制备方法与相关性能研究方面的研究进展。基于目前的制备技术,重点综述了商业化带材多芯改性技术(激光切割、机械切割和化学刻蚀)和REBCO多芯带直接成形技术(喷墨打印、机械划痕、两级轮廓衬底)的制备工艺技术对其性能的影响,总结并论述了目前REBCO多芯带材制备技术存在的主要问题及今后的发展方向。

电气火灾监控探测器与保护电器的探讨

梳理国家规范、标准对电气火灾监控系统的设计要求,简述电气火灾监控系统设备组成中各类探测器与电气防火保护电器的功能特性,并提出其各设备组成技术参数的选择方案。

高压交流断路器标准的主要差异分析

本文主要对GB/T 1984—2014与IEC 62271-100:2021的差异进行分析,主要针对文本差异和基本技术参量差异两个方面,其中文本差异主要分析了适用范围和规范性引用文件、使用条件以及术语和定义;基本技术参量差异主要分析了额定绝缘水平、温升限值、TRV参数以及试验参量的容差。通过以上几个方面的分析,加深对标准理解和规范检测认证。

Design aspects of transmission voltage superconducting fault current limiters with YBCO tapes in China

The design progress of superconducting fault current limiter(SFCL)for transmission voltage is presented,with a focus on the results of recent key experiments that have led to a state‐of‐the‐art high‐voltage high‐capacity super‐conducting current limiting techniques:the resistive alternating current(AC)SFCL,saturated iron cores AC SFCL,and resistive direct current(DC)SFCL.The main driving factors for designing SFCL in these projects are the preparation of high‐performance superconducting materials,the development of large‐scale superconducting current limiting winding,system testing,and operation technology.Based on the authors’experience with both AC and DC SFCLs,this paper focuses on the main design aspects of resistive SFCL at transmission voltage.The relationship between the hot spot caused by the inhomogeneity of long superconducting tape and the overall parameter selection is presented.In addition,the thermal calculation based on the current limiting resistance and a real‐time current curve is also proposed for the parameter design of the current limiting winding.

Superconducting fault current limiter(SFCL)for fail-safe DC-DC conversion:From power electronic device to micro grid protection

In DC micro grids and networks,DC-DC power converters having a large number of semiconductor-based power electronic devices are usually adopted to interconnect the renewable sources and flexible loads.Most of the semiconductor-based devices suffer from poor fault withstanding abilities,but conventional power electronic protection schemes have the bottlenecks of the time-delay,self-malfunction and mis-judgement.This paper presents a novel solution using the superconducting fault current limiter(SFCL)to protect a power electronic device and extend the usage to a micro grid.This SFCL is actually a self-triggering,recoverable,and passive current limiter,which does not involve any additional circuit hardware and software.Experimental investigations and simulation analyses clarify the feasibility of using this superconductor-based protection scheme to implement the self-acting fail-safe protection of DC-DC converters.Further system-level simulations explore the SFCL to suppress the over-current and stabilize the bus voltage of a photovoltaic based DC micro grid,particularly facing millisecond-level transients and faults.Our experimental and theoretical investigations lay some technical bases to establish a superconductor-semiconductor-coupled interdisciplinary application from the view from the applied superconductivity,to power electronics,and to micro grids.

一种新型限流型高压直流断路器拓扑

随着柔性直流输电技术的不断成熟,直流输电变得越发普及,而高压直流断路器作为直流输电系统的关键部分,其重要性不言而喻。针对现有高压直流断路器存在故障时短路电流大、分断速度慢、避雷器吸收能量过高等问题,提出了一种具有限流能力的新型高压直流断路器拓扑,该拓扑在传统直流断路器换流支路基础上增加了H型桥限流部分,利用平波电抗器与限流部分共同限流,可以显著降低故障时电流的上升速率与峰值。文中详细说明了新型拓扑的基本工作原理,对故障分断过程进行理论分析并给出相关参数的影响关系及选取依据,通过搭建基于Pscad/Emtdc仿真软件的新型限流型断路器模型,与已有限流型断路器方案相比,避雷器能量吸收降低了62.8%,故障分断时间减少了0.8 ms,并具有良好的可靠性与经济性,仿真结果验证了所提新型限流型直流断路器拓扑可适用于当前柔性直流电网。

一种基于自适应电压限值的换相失败抑制策略

为有效抑制高压直流输电系统在不同故障程度下的换相失败,提出了一种基于自适应电压限值的改进低压限流控制器(voltage dependent current order limiter,VDCOL)设计方案。首先,详细分析了包含传统VDCOL的直流输电系统在换相失败及恢复期间的运行特性,并提出VDCOL曲线在不同时间段下应具备的动态性能。然后,引入直流电流这一反映故障特性的时变电气量优化传统VDCOL的直流电压上下限值,从而在不同时间段自适应改变电流指令启动电压阈值与电压-电流指令变化趋势,以满足输电系统换相失败及恢复期间的有功与无功需求。同时考虑到VDCOL电压上下限值的过度变化会恶化系统运行特性,对其范围的设置进行了解析和合理选取。最后,在PSCAD/EMTDC中对所提方法进行仿真测试。结果表明,所提出的改进控制策略能在一定程度上抑制直流输电系统的连续换相失败,同时有效地改善换相失败各阶段直流输电系统的运行特性。

含限流电抗器的环形直流微电网暂态对地高频电压保护方法

直流线路保护是直流微电网技术发展的关键,限流电抗器为直流故障保护算法的设计提供了便利。针对含限流电抗器的环形直流微电网,利用限流电抗器的故障暂态高频电压特性,提出一种基于限流电抗器两端对地高频电压的保护方法。该方法利用故障后线路两侧限流电抗器两端对地高频电压的差异性识别区内外故障,对于线路背侧阻抗呈容性将导致保护无法正确动作的情况,通过选择合适的频率能够很好地解决。仿真结果表明,该保护方法可快速、准确地判断故障线路和故障极,灵敏度与可靠性高,阈值易设定且无须相邻线路保护配合,对双端数据同步要求较低。该方法在不同的故障场景和运行方式下均能可靠进行故障识别和故障选极,并且耐受过渡电阻能力较强。