Design and Verification of an Auxiliary System for High Vacuum Die Casting

Vacuum die casting is the optimal method to produce high quality aluminum alloy components.At present,there are still very few systematic studies on vacuum die casting theory and equipment design.On the basis of the existing theories of the vacuum die casting pumping and venting systems,a simplified model is established in this research.The model has an aggregate unit consisted of ＂vacuum pump ＋ buffer tank＂ and a cylindrical container（including the shot sleeve,cavity and exhaust channel）.The theoretical analysis is carried out between the cavity pressure and the pumping time under different volume models.An auxiliary system for high vacuum die casting is designed based on the above analysis.This system is composed of a vacuum control machine and a new vacuum stop valve.The machine has a human-computer control mode with ＂programmable logic controller（PLC） ＋ touch screen＂ and a real-time monitoring function of vacuum degree for buffer tank and die cavity.The vacuum stop valve with the ＂compressed gas ＋ piston rod ＋ labyrinth groove＂ structure can realize the function of whole-process vacuum venting.The new system shows great advantages on vacuuming the cavity with a much faster speed by making tests on an existing die casting mold and a 250 t die casting machine.A die cavity pressure less than 10 kPa can be reached within 0.8 s in the experiment and the porosity of castings can be greatly decreased.The systematic studies on vacuum die casting theory and equipment have a great guiding significance for high vacuum die casting,and can also be applied to other high vacuum forming in related theoretical and practical research.

CSRm Ultra-High Vacuum System

The new accelerator project （ HIRFL-CSR ） constructed at the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou （HIRFL） is approaching completion. It is a multipurpose cooler-storage-ring system, consisting of a maim ring （CSRm）, an experimental ring （CSRe） and two transfer beam lines. The UHV system of CSRm is the most representative subsystem in the project. To minimize the beam loss due to charge exchange of the heavy ions with the residual gas molecules, the pressure of the CSRm vacuum system should reach 3.5 × 10^-9 Pa （N2 equivalent） and the pressure of 8 × 10^-10 Pa is expected for very heavy ion such as uranium to make its lifetime longer than 50 s in the ring. Now, the vacuum system of CSRm has been completed and a pressure less than 5 × 10^-10 Pa has been obtained. In this paper the layout of the CSRm vacuum system, the vacuum equipment in CSRm, the treatment method for the CSRm vacuum chambers, and the installation and operation of the system will be reported.

Best Magnetic Condition to Generate Hollow Cathode Glow Plasma in High Vacuum

Based on magnetron hollow cathode discharge, the magnetic condition of glow plasma generation in high vacuum, including both direction and magnitude of the applied mag- netic field, is theoretically derived and experimentally evaluated in this paper. Single particle orbital theory is introduced to discuss the possibilities to generate glow plasma at gas pressure under 10-2 Pa when the magnetic field direction is parallel or perpendicular or oblique to the electric field direction. A quantitative estimation criterion of magnetic induction intensity is also proposed in theory. The comparison with experiments suggests that glow plasma in high vacuum will form more easily in oblique magnetic field condition and that the criterion is accurate enough to estimate magnetic induction intensity at a certain gas pressure.

Simulation of α-Al grain formation in high vacuum die-casting Al-Si-Mg alloys with multi-component quantitative cellular automaton method

Al-Si-Mg alloys are the most commonly used material in high vacuum die-casting(HVDC),in which the morphology and distribution ofα-Al grains have important effect on mechanical properties.A multi-component quantitative cellular automaton(CA)model was developed to simulate the microstructure and microsegregation of HVDC Al-Si-Mg alloys with different Si contents(7%and 10%)and cooling rates during solidification.The grain number and average grain size with electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD)analysis were used to verify the simulation.The relationship between grain size and nucleation order as well as nuclei density was investigated and discussed.It is found that the growth of grains will be restrained in the location with higher nuclei density.The influence of composition and cooling rate on the solute transport reveals that for AlSi7Mg0.3 alloy the concentration of solute Mg in liquid is higher at the beginning of eutectic solidification.The comparison between simulation and experiment results shows that externally solidified crystals(ESCs)have a significant effect for samples with high cooling rate and narrow solidification interval.

High Quality SiGe Layer Deposited by a New Ultrahigh Vacuum Chemical Vapor Deposition System

An ultrahigh vacuum chemical vapor deposition (UHV/CVD) system is developed and the details of its construction and operation are reported. Using high purity SiH4 and GeH4 reactant gases, the Si0.82Ge0.18 layer is deposited at 550℃. With the measurements by double crystal X-ray diffraction (DCXRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Rutherford backscattering spectroscppy (RBS) techniques, it is shown that the crystalline quality of the SiGe layer is good, and the underlying SiGe/Si heterointerface is sharply defined.

Thin relaxed SiGe layer grown on Ar^+ ion implanted Si substrate by ultra-high vacuum chemical vapor deposition

Thin strain-relaxed Si0.81Ge0.19 films (95 nm) on the Ar+ ion implanted Si substrates with different ener- gies (30 keV,40 keV and 60 keV) at the same implanted dose (3×1015cm-2) were grown by ultra high vacuum chemi- cal vapor deposition (UHVCVD). Rutherford backscattering/ion channeling (RBS/C),Raman spectra as well as atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to characterize these SiGe films. Investigations by RBS/C demonstrate that these thin Si0.81Ge0.19 films were epitaxially grown on the Ar+ ion implanted Si substrates,although there existed lots of crystal defects. The relaxation extent of Si0.81Ge0.19 films on the Ar+ implanted Si substrates is larger than that in the unimplanted case,which were verified by Raman spectra. Considering the relaxation extent of strain,surface roughness and crystal defects in these SiGe films,the thin relaxed SiGe film on the 30 keV Ar+ implanted Si substrate is optimal.

Study on Tribology Performance of Different Lubricant Additives under Atmospheric Pressure and High Vacuum Conditions

By using PAO-10 as the base oil, the tribological behavior of 11 additives under high vacuum condition was evaluated. By adopting some surface analytical instruments, such as scanning electron microscopy(SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS), the tribological mechanisms of these additives were studied. In air, O_2 can react with metal to form metal oxide that can protect the surfaces of rubbing pair during the tribological tests. According to the theory of the competitive adsorption, the function of some active elements is weakened. In a vacuum environment, the additives contributed more to the lubrication performance. The sulfur-containing additives could react with Fe to produce Fe Sx and "M—C" bonds("M" represents metal). They both had contributions to the lubrication. As for the phosphorus-containing additives, they only generated the phosphates during the tests. When the sulfur and phosphorus-containing additives were applied, the generated phosphates and Fe Sx had the primary contribution to the lubrication performance during the tests.

Effects of water vapor in high vacuum chamber on the properties of HfO_2 films

The influence of water vapor content in high vacuum chamber during the coating process on physical properties of HfO2 films was investigated. Coatings were deposited on BK7 substrates by electron beam evaporation and photoelectric maximum control method. An in situ residual gas analyzer （RGA） was used to monitor the residual gas composition in the vacuum chamber. The optical properties, microstructure, absorption and laser-induced damage threshold （LIDT） of the samples were characterized by Lambda 900 spectrophotometer, X-ray diffraction （XRD）, surface thermal lensing （STL） technique and 1064-nm Qswitched pulsed laser at a pulse duration of 12 ns respectively. It was found that a cold trap is an effective equipment to suppress water vapor in the vacuum chamber during the pumping process, and the coatings deposited in the vacuum atmosphere with relatively low water vapor composition show higher refractive index and smaller grain size. Meanwhile, the higher LIDT value is corresponding to lower absorbance.

Numerical Simulation of High-Current Vacuum Arc with Consideration of Anode Vapor

A high-current vacuum arc （HCVA） with the consideration of anode vapor is modeled and simulated. First, from the HCVA column model, the heat flux density to the anode is obtained, which is put into the anode activity model, and the parameter distributions （such as the vapor temperature and velocity） of anode vapor are obtained from the simulation results of the anode activity model. Then, by iterating and calculating the HCVA column model and anode activity model, the interaction between the HCVA column and the anode vapor is simulated and analyzed. In the simulation, the distribution of the axial magnetic field （AMF） generated by the electrode system is calculated by software ANSYS. The simulation results show that the influence of anode vapor on the parameter distributions in the arc column is significant. The simulation results are also compared with the vacuum arc photograph.

Effect of vacuum on porosity and mechanical properties of high-pressure die-cast pure copper

Pure copper tensile bars were produced by conventional die casting(HPDC) and vacuum-assist die casting(VADC) processes. Porosity and mechanical properties were investigated by using optical microscopy(OM), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS), X-ray computed tomography(XCT) and tensile tester. Results show that porosities including gas porosity and shrinkage porosity could be observed in copper castings. Since the application of vacuum could reduce filling related gas entrapment and facilitate solidification due to the increased heat transfer between metal and die, both number and size of the entrapped gases, as well as shrinkage porosities were significantly reduced in vacuum-assist die castings of pure copper. The porosity fraction decreased from 2.243% to 0.875% compared with that of the conventional die casting. Besides, mechanical properties were improved significantly, i.e., by 15% for ultimate tensile strength and three times for elongation.

Flexible Furnace Concepts for Vacuum Heat Treatment Combined with High-pressure Gas Quenching

IN the past five years the process combination of vacuum hardening, respectively vacuum carburizing with high-pressure gas quenching was successfully introduced to the market, especially in the manufacture of gears. In the meantime furnace concepts for various applications are available to the industry. In the following report three plant varieties are introduced, which differ in process flexibility and throughput. This report also explains criteria for the selection of a furnace in view of the existing application requirements. Besides this a short introduction is given into the vacuum carburizing process and the high-pressure gas quenching technology.

The jointing stress analysis of one-shot seal-off high-voltage vacuum interrupters

The free shrinkage of ceramic or metal is restricted due to solidification of the solder. Hence the shrinkage stress arises and the jointing strength is reduced during the brazing of high-voltage vacuum interrupters （HVVIs）. The solder bound contour was gained by solved energy bound equation. The finite element model of weld beads was established with Surface Evolver software. Then the stress in two different cooling techniques （ natural cooling and force cooling） was calculated with ANSYS. Comparing the stress, a better cooling technique was selected for HVVIs. Its cooling time is shortened by 3 hours while the jointing stress doesn＇ t increase and the tensile strength of ceramic to metal seal is not decreased. The stress-rupture tests have validated the calculated results. More important, a method is found, by which the brazing technique could be improved in advance instead of blind experiments.

Vacuum Infusion Molding Process Part 1:VIMP Based on a High-Permeable Medium

The visualization experiments were carried out to investigate the permeability of the high permeable medium (HPM) and the roles of the peel ply and the HPM in the mold filling.The influence of process parameters on mold filling is discussed.Furthermore,the whole vacuum infusion molding process (VIMP) procedure is introduced in detail taking the manufacture of a model boat for example.

Preparation of high-purity bismuth by sulphur deleadization in vacuum distillation

The feasibility of separation of impurities in refined bismuth and sulphur deleadization with vacuum distillation was studied theoretically. Experimental studies on sulphur deleadization were carried out under vacuum. The influences of amount of sulphur, distillation temperature, vacuum degree and distillation time on deleadization were investigated and an optimal technical condition was achieved. The content of lead in refined bismuth can be decreased from 30 μg/g to 0.21 μg/g, which has reached the level of “5N” high-purity bismuth. Other impurities in refined bismuth can be also removed effectively under certain conditions.

Mold Filling Analysis in Vacuum Infusion Molding Process Based on a High-Permeable Medium

The objective of this paper is to understand the flow mechanism through visualization experiments and discuss theinfluence of process parameters on mold filling process. A 2D leakage flow model is developed to simulate the moldingprocess, and the simulation results show good agreement with experiments.

Cutting and Welding of High-Strength Steels Using Non-Vacuum Electron Beam as a Universal Tool for Material Processing

Using a non-vacuum electron beam, a two-step process chain for plate materials is a feasible possibility. Cutting and welding can be performed in subsequent steps on the same machine for a highly productive process chain. The electron beam is a tool with high energy conversion efficiency, which is largely independent of the type of metal. Its high power density qualifies the non-vacuum electron beam as an outstanding energy source for the well-known NVEB welding as well as for high-speed cutting. Welding is possible with or without filler wire or shielding gas, depending on the application. The NVEB-cutting process employs a co-moving cutting head with a sliding seal for extremely high cutting speeds producing high quality edges. Due to direct removal of fumes and dust, NVEBC with local suction is an exceptionally clean and fast process. The NVEB welding process is possible directly after cutting, without further edge preparation. The potential directions of development of non-vacuum electron beam technologies are discussed. An exemplary two-step process chain using high-strength steel is presented to highlight possible application in industries such as general steel construction, automotive, shipbuilding, railway vehicle or crane construction. An analysis of the mechanical properties of the resulting weld seam is presented.

Vacuum Outgassing Behavior of Carbon Nanotube Cathode with High-Intensity Pulsed Electron Emission

Experimental investigations on the vacuum outgassing of a carbon nanotube （CNT） cathode with high-intensity pulsed electron emission on a 2 MeV linear induction accelerator injector are presented. Under the 1.60 MV diode voltage, the CNT cathode could provide 1.67 kA electron beam with the amount of outgassing of about 0.51 Pa.L. It is found that the amount of outgassing, which determines the cathode emission current, depends on the diode voltage and the vacuum.

High-Resolution Infrared-Vacuum Ultraviolet Photoion and Pulsed Field Ionization-Photoelectron Methods for Spectroscopic Studies of Neutrals and Cations

我们由扫描一个单个模式的频率显示出那红外线(红外)使兴趣的分子的种类激动的光参量的振荡器( IR-OPO )激光并且修理真空的频率紫外( VUV )激光到 photoionize IR 激动的种类，多碱的 neutrals 的高分辨率的红外系列能与高敏感被获得。这个 IR-VUV-photoion (IR-VUV-PI ) 方法基于 VUV 光电游离探查，并且这样，允许中立红外吸收器的鉴定的事实，为 isotopemers，激进分子，和簇的红外光谱学大小使它适用，它通常作为掺杂的样品存在。用单个模式 IR-OPO 激光完成的高度解决的 IR-VUV-PI 大小使 CH3X 的单个 rovibrational 状态的选择可能(X = Br 并且我) ，为搏动 VUV 的地电离光电子(VUV-PFI-PE ) 的 C2H4，和 C3H4 大小，为这些多碱的分子导致 rovibrationally 解决的光电子系列。采用高分辨率的 IR-OPO 激光获得的 IR-VUV-PI 和 IR-VUV-PFI-PE 系列的 signal-to-noise 比率比那些显著地高的这些实验表演用低分辨率的 IR-OPO 激光在以前的 IR-VUV-PI 和 IR-VUV-PFI-PE 研究观察了。在由使用 IR-VUV 激光和分子的横梁的在同一直线上的安排的 IR-VUV-PI 和 IR-VUV-PFI-PE 大小的敏感的进一步的改进被讨论。

On the Cosmic Evolution of the Quantum Vacuum Using Two Variable G Models and Winterberg’s Thesis

We work within a Winterberg framework where space, i.e., the vacuum, consists of a two component superfluid/super-solid made up of a vast assembly (sea) of positive and negative mass Planck particles, called planckions. These material particles interact indirectly, and have very strong restoring forces keeping them a finite distance apart from each other within their respective species. Because of their mass compensating effect, the vacuum appears massless, charge-less, without pressure, net energy density or entropy. In addition, we consider two varying G models, where G, is Newton’s constant, and G-1, increases with an increase in cosmological time. We argue that there are at least two competing models for the quantum vacuum within such a framework. The first follows a strict extension of Winterberg’s model. This leads to nonsensible results, if G increases, going back in cosmological time, as the length scale inherent in such a model will not scale properly. The second model introduces a different length scale, which does scale properly, but keeps the mass of the Planck particle as, ± the Planck mass. Moreover we establish a connection between ordinary matter, dark matter, and dark energy, where all three mass densities within the Friedman equation must be interpreted as residual vacuum energies, which only surface, once aggregate matter has formed, at relatively low CMB temperatures. The symmetry of the vacuum will be shown to be broken, because of the different scaling laws, beginning with the formation of elementary particles. Much like waves on an ocean where positive and negative planckion mass densities effectively cancel each other out and form a zero vacuum energy density/zero vacuum pressure surface, these positive mass densities are very small perturbations (anomalies) about the mean. This greatly alleviates, i.e., minimizes the cosmological constant problem, a long standing problem associated with the vacuum.

高重复频率猝发多脉冲加载下交联聚苯乙烯真空沿面闪络特性

基于高重复频率强流多脉冲加速器的应用需求,针对交联聚苯乙烯(XLPS)材料在猝发多脉冲下的真空沿面闪络特性开展了实验研究。采用放置于平板电极中的XLPS圆台样品,在脉宽120 ns的单个脉冲和间隔500 ns的三脉冲加载下开展了真空沿面闪络实验,通过对实验平台和实验规范的优化设计,有效提升了实验效率和数据有效性,观测到了样品发生真空沿面闪络前的试样电压顶降现象和前序脉冲闪络对后续脉冲的显著影响,获得了XLPS材料在相应条件下真空沿面闪络的统计数据。在实验基础上,对XLPS材料在高重复频率多脉冲加载下的真空沿面闪络特性进行了分析,为高重复频率多脉冲加速器的绝缘设计提供了实验依据。