Effects of water and nitrogen rate on grain-filling characteristics under high-low seedbed cultivation in winter wheat

A high-efficiency mode of high-low seedbed cultivation(HLSC)has been listed as the main agricultural technology to increase land utilization ratio and grain yield in Shandong Province,China.However,limited information is available on the optimized water and nitrogen management for yield formation,especially the grain-filling process,under HLSC mode.A three-year field experiment with four nitrogen rates and three irrigation rates of HLSC was conducted to reveal the response of grain-filling parameters,grain weight percentage of spike weight(GPS),spike moisture content(SMC),and winter wheat yield to water and nitrogen rates.The four nitrogen rates were N1(360 kg ha^(-1) pure N),N2(300 kg ha^(-1) pure N),N3(240 kg ha^(-1) pure N),and N4(180 kg ha^(-1) pure N),respectively,and the three irrigation quotas were W1(120 mm),W2(90 mm),and W3(60 mm),respectively.Results showed that the determinate growth function generally performed well in simulating the temporal dynamics of grain weight(0.989<R^(2)<0.999,where R2 is the determination coefficient).The occurrence time of maximum filling rate(T_(max))and active grain-filling period(AGP)increased with the increase in the water or nitrogen rate,whereas the average grain-filling rate(G_(mean))had a decreasing trend.The final 1,000-grain weight(FTGW)increased and then decreased with the increase in the nitrogen rates and increased with the increase in the irrigation rates.The GPS and SMC had a highly significant quadratic polynomial relationship with grain weight and days after anthesis.Nitrogen,irrigation,and year significantly affected the T_(max),AGP,G_(mean),and FTGW.Particularly,the AGP and FTGW were insignificantly different between high seedbed(HLSC-H)and low seedbed(HLSC-L)across the water and nitrogen levels.Moreover,the moderate water and nitrogen supply was more beneficial for grain yield,as well as for spike number and grain number per hectare.The principal component analysis indicated that combining 240-300 kg N ha^(-1) and 90^(-1)20 mm irrigation quota could improve grain-filling efficiency and yield for the HLSC-cultivated winter wheat.

High Yield Cultivation and Pest Control Technology of Cashew

In order to enhance the yield and quality of cashew,it is essential to implement high-yield cultivation techniques effectively throughout the production process.Additionally,pest control measures should be employed to provide technical support for the industrialized development of cashew.

Cultivation Techniques for High-yield Corn in a Karst Area of Southwest Guizhou

The cultivation techniques for high-yield corn in a karst area of southwest Guizhou were elaborated in this research from the respects of choosing farmland, preparing farmland, picking good seeds, timely sowing, rational close planting, im-proving the quality of planting, mulching, scientific fertilization, field management, timely harvest, etc. we hoped to provide a reference for the realization of high-effi-ciency corn planting in mountain areas.

Breeding of National Authorized New Wheat Variety Shannong 116 and Supporting Cultivation Technical Measures for High Yield, High Quality and High Efficiency

Shannong 116 is a strong gluten,high yield and multi-resistance wheat variety bred by Shandong Agricultural University,which was approved by the State in 2021 and by Shandong Province in 2022.Shannong 116 combines the excellent characteristics of the female parent(strong gluten,disease resistance and early maturity)and the male parent(high yield,water saving and lodging resistance),with a plant height of 76.9 cm,compact plant type,orderly spike layer and good maturity performance,which is suitable for large-scale promotion and market order planting in Huanghuai wheat area.In this paper,the characteristics of Shannong 116 are analyzed,and cultivation technical measures for high yield,high quality and high efficiency are put forward,in order to provide a technical support for the popularization and application of the variety.

Key Technology for Liquid Spawn Production and Green and High-yield Cultivation of Pleurotus eryngii

[Objectives]Pleurotus eryngii is currently the second largest edible fungus variety cultivated in China,and it mainly adopts the bag cultivation mode.This study aims to effectively solve the problems of high cost of solid spawn,long spawn production cycle,low application level of green and high-yield cultivation technology and equipment,and unstable output and quality in the factory production process and to further promote industrial upgrading.[Methods]Since June,2018,a series of research and technical optimizations had been carried out by a technical research team consisting of personnels from Vegetable Office of Guannan County,Institute of Edible Fungi of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Jiangsu Xiangru Biotechnology Co.,Ltd.,around the production of liquid spawn,introduction of excellent varieties of P.eryngii,medium pretreatment,autoclaving,clean room inoculation,digital cultivation,harvesting,packaging,etc.[Results]The key technology of industrial production,liquid spawn production and green and high-yield cultivation of P.eryngii are summarized.[Conclusions]The economic benefit of liquid spawn of P.eryngii is extremely considerable compared with liquid spawns such as branch spawn.

The response of roots and the rhizosphere environment to integrative cultivation practices in paddy rice

Integrative cultivation practices(ICPs)are essential for enhancing cereal yield and resource use efficiency.However,the effects of ICP on the rhizosphere environment and roots of paddy rice are still poorly understood.In this study,four rice varieties were produced in the field.Each variety was treated with six different cultivation techniques,including zero nitrogen application(0 N),local farmers’practice(LFP),nitrogen reduction(NR),and three progressive ICP techniques comprised of enhanced fertilizer N practice and increased plant density(ICP1),a treatment similar to ICP1 but with alternate wetting and moderate drying instead of continuous flooding(ICP2),and the same practices as ICP2 with the application of organic fertilizer(ICP3).The ICPs had greater grain production and nitrogen use efficiency than the other three methods.Root length,dry weight,root diameter,activity of root oxidation,root bleeding rate,zeatin and zeatin riboside compositions,and total organic acids in root exudates were elevated with the introduction of the successive cultivation practices.ICPs enhanced nitrate nitrogen,the activities of urease and invertase,and the diversity of microbes(bacteria)in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil,while reducing the ammonium nitrogen content.The nutrient contents(ammonium nitrogen,total nitrogen,total potassium,total phosphorus,nitrate,and available phosphorus)and urease activity in rhizosphere soil were reduced in all treatments in comparison with the non-rhizosphere soil,but the invertase activity and bacterial diversity were greater.The main root morphology and physiology,and the ammonium nitrogen contents in rhizosphere soil at the primary stages were closely correlated with grain yield and internal nitrogen use efficiency.These findings suggest that the coordinated enhancement of the root system and the environment of the rhizosphere under integrative cultivation approaches may lead to higher rice production.

Rice Cultivation under Film Mulching Can Improve Soil Environment and Be Beneficial for Rice Production in China

Rice cultivation under film mulching is an integrated management technology that can conserve water, increase soil temperature, improve yield, and enhance water and nitrogen use efficiencies. Despite these advantages, the system does have its drawbacks, such as soil organic matter reduction and microplastic pollution, which impede the widespread adoption of film mulching cultivation in China. Nonetheless, the advent of degradable film, controlled-release fertilizer, organic fertilizer, and film mulching machinery is promoting the development of rice film mulching cultivation. This review outlines the impact of rice cultivation under film mulching on soil moisture, soil temperature, soil fertility, greenhouse gas emissions, weed control, and disease and pest management. It also elucidates the mechanism of changes in rice growth, yield and quality, water use efficiency, and nitrogen use efficiency. This paper incorporates a review of published research articles and discusses some uncertainties and shortcomings associated with rice cultivation under film mulching. Consequently, prospective research directions for the technology of rice film mulching cultivation are outlined, and recommendations for future research into rice cultivation under film mulching are proposed.

Studies on the Relationship Between Grain-yield and Climatic Ecological Factors in Summer Corn Under Super-high-yielding Cultivation Conditions

Cultivation experiments on super-high-yield (^12000kg/ha) of summer corn (Zea mays L.) were conducted in Laizhou, Shangdong Province, from 1986 to 1997, and in Wenxian, Henan Province, from 1996 to 1997. The results showed that requirements of accumulated temperature and hours of sunshine for super-high-yield of summer corn could be met in normal years in the areas of the Huanghuaihai Plain. Amount of precipitation influenced the yield most strongly in indirect way among all the meteorological factors, and the relationship between them displayed significant negative correlation (r= - 0.5418). The regression equation between yield and amount of precipitation at seedling stage and grain filling stage both reached significant level, and the partial regression coefficients were - 4.8735 and - 13.7415, respectively. Further research revealed that the key climatic-ecological factors influencing yield were as fellows: the average temperature in the third and the ninth Xun (note: a Xun indicates ten days and the accounting of Xun was from the corresponding sowing date), the hours of sunshine in the sixth and the eighth Xun, the amount of precipitation in the sixth, the seventh and the second Xun. Results obtained by analyzing yield components of summer corn showed that grain numbers per ear (GN/E) made greater contribution to super-high-yield than kernel weight (KW) and the numbers of ears did. The key factors influencing GN/E were the amount of precipitation in the sixth and the eighth Xun and the hours of sunshine in the sixth Xun, with the correlation coefficients of -0.6074, 0.5793 and 0.5854, respectively.

Key Points for High-yield Cultivation Management of Pseudostellaria heterophylla in Weihai Area

[Objectives] To explore the scientific cultivation mode of Pseudostellaria heterophylla in Shandong Province. [Methods] According to the ecological characteristics of P. heterophylla, the cultivation techniques and management points of P. heterophylla in Weihai are summarized. [Results] The scientific cultivation techniques and management points of P. heterophylla are introduced from the aspects of land selection, land preparation, seed selection, seedling nursing, timely sowing and transplanting, field management and disease and pest control. [Conclusions] This study will provide theoretical guidance for the high-quality, high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation of P. heterophylla in Shandong area.

Cultivation Techniques for High-quality and High-yield Spring Peanut in East Henan Province

Groundnut,also known as peanut,has high economic and medicinal value. A member of the legume crops,it is rich in various nutrients and is one of the main oil crops for processing high-quality edible oil. Compared with other cash crops,planting peanuts can bring greater economic benefits to farmers. In this paper,we summarized techniques of cultivating spring peanut in open fields for years,and explored the problems and difficulties in the cultivation management process,in order to provide technical guidance for the farmers to carry out high-yield spring peanut production.

High-Yielding Cultivation Techniques of Summer Corn

The high-yielding cultivation practice for summer corn were expounded, pointing out the points for attention in land selection before sowing, basal dressing, fine breed selection, sowing and seedling management.

Study on Key Techniques for High-quality and High-yield Cultivation of Ganoderma lucidum Spore Powder

Comparative test of 4 Ganoderma lucidum varieties from different sources showed that the mycelium of Chizhi 1 grew fast with thick and dense hyphae,round and solid cap,and high spore powder yield.Chizhi 1 was proved to be an excellent variety because of its strong resistance and high spore powder yield.Different cultivation materials were chosen and combined to form 3 cultivation formulations.The results showed that Formulation(3),in which basswood was soaked in nutrient solution for 24 h,presented fast mycelial growth and high spore powder output,and therefore was proved to be a high-yield formulation of Ganoderma lucidum spore powder.

High-yield and High-efficiency Standardized Cultivation Technique for Wheat Interplanting with Peanuts

Through wheat interplanting with peanuts,it is able to make full use of the light and heat resources in the growing season to achieve high yield of both wheat and peanuts in two seasons of one year.Wheat interplanting with peanuts is one of the main cultivation methods of wheat and oil crop double cropping system,and has very broad development prospects in the Huang-Huai-Hai region.This paper summarized high-yield the high-efficiency and standardized cultivation techniques for wheat interplanting with peanuts,including crop rotation,proper deep ploughing,balanced fertilization,rational matching of fine varieties,interplanting at suitable time,sowing according to certain specification,and enhancing the field management.This can be used as reference for high-yield and high-efficiency standardized cultivation technique for wheat interplanting with peanuts.

High-yield Cultivation Techniques of Stevia rebaudiana(Bertoni) Hemsl. in Gannan Area of Jiangxi Province

In order to expand the production of Stevia rebaudiana( Bertoni) Hemsl.,the main points of high-yield cultivation techniques of a two-year-old stevia cultivar Shoutian No. 3 in Gannan area of Jiangxi Province were summarized: cutting and transplanting in early spring; fine management,applying more basic and additional fertilizers and retaining stubbles two times in summer,retaining roots for seeding in late autumn,and mulching membrane for safe overwintering in winter. This study will provide practical guidance for the planting of S. rebaudiana in Ganzhou,Jiangxi Province.

Effects of Different Cultivation Methods on Growth, Yield and Quality of Cassava

The research explored effects of cultivation methods on growth, yield and quality of cassava. The results showed that the mulching treatment by direct seed- ing, the mulching treatment by transplanting, and the exposed treatment by trans- planting performed excellently in bringing seedling stage forward, improving germina- tion rate, yield and quality. For example, seedling emergence stages were 36, 31 and 31 d earlier; germination rates improved by 19.24%, 14.29% and 14.29%; yields grew by 41.98%, 26.72% and 11.45%; starch contents increased by 3.50%, 2.10% and 1.40%, respectively. Therefore, cassava in the mulching treatment by direct seeding is characterized by earlier seedling emergence stage, high germination rate, high yield and quality.

Effects of Cultivation Methods on Yield Formation and Photosynthetic Characteristics of Zhuliangyou 4024 and H You 159 as Doublecropping Rice

To explore the high-yield cultivation methods of Zhuliangyou 4024 and H You 159 when planted as double-cropping rice, the effects of two cultivation meth- ods, i.e., seedling broadcasting and transplanting, were studied on SPAD value, photosynthetic rate, grain yield and yield components. The results showed that the seedling broadcasting cultivation was conducive to Zhuliangyou 4024 and H You 159 to obtain higher yield. The higher chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate and their slower decrease of flag leaf after full heading of the seedling broadcasting cultivation were thought to be the physiological basis of high yield.

Effects of Main Cultivation Factors on Rapeseed Oil Yield

[Objective] This study aimed to analyze the influence of six cultivation fac- tors： sowing date, plant density, nitrogen fertilizer amount, phosphate fertilizer amount, potash fertilizer amount and boron fertilizer amount on seed oil yield of Brassica napus. [Method] Statistical analysis was carried out based on the data from previous studies and our work. [Result] Oil yield shared a negative correlation with sowing date, a parabolic relationship with plant density mostly, parabolic rela- tionships with amount of applied nitrogen fertilizer and amount of applied boron fer- tilizer, straight-line relationships with amount of applied phosphate fertilizer and amount of applied potash fertilizer. The average amount of applied nitrogen fertilizer required to obtain the highest oil yield was 185.18 kg/hm2 for high-oil rape varieties （with oil content above 44.00%）, and under this condition, the average oil yield of low-oil rape varieties （with oil content below 42.00%） was 1 247.84 kg/hm2, while that of high-oil rape varieties was 1 442.60 kg/hm2, which was 15.61% more than the former. The average amount of applied nitrogen fertilizer required to obtain the highest oil yield for lower-oil rape varieties was 286.28 kg/hm2, and under this con- dition, the average oil yield of the low-oil rape varieties was 1 350.57 kg/hm2, while that of the high-oil varieties was 6.81% higher than it. There was a significant neg- ative correlation between rapeseed oil yield and the amount of applied nitrogen fer- tilizer to obtain the highest oil yield （0.980 0）. The optimum amount of applied ni- trogen, phosphate, potash and boron fertilizer were 187.5-195, 187.5-195, 105-120, 135-150 and 15-22.5 kg/hm2 for high-oil B. napus varieties. [Conclusion] This study determined the influence of sowing date, plant density and amount of applied nitro- gen fertilizer on oil yield of B. napus, and proposed an optimum cultivation pattern for high-oil varieties.

Optimizing integrative cultivation management improves grain quality while increasing yield and nitrogen use efficiency in rice

A major challenge in rice(Oryza sativa L.)production is to cope with increasing grain yield and fertilizer use efficiency without compromising grain quality.This study was designed to determine if optimizing integrative cultivation management in rice could improve grain quality while increase yield and nitrogen use efficiency(NUE).An indica-japonica hybrid rice cultivar and a japonica rice cultivar were grown in the field,with five cultivation managements including no N application(0 N),local farmer's practice(LFP),and three optimizi ng in teg rati ve cultivati on managements,reducing N rate and increasi ng plant density(ND),ND+alternate wetting and moderate soil drying irrigation(NDW),and NDW+applying rapeseed cake fertilizer(NDWR).The results showed that the optimizi ng integrative cultivati on man ageme nts could not only in crease grain yield,but also enhance NUE compared to LFP.Compared to LFP,NDWR sign ifica ntly in creased brow n,milled,head milled rice rate,ratio of the kern el le ngth to breadth and breakdown value of starch,whereas decreased amylose content,gel consiste ncy,prolamin con tent,setback value,perce ntage of chalky kern els,and chalki ness.The three optimizing in tegrative cultivation managements increased con tents of total protei ns,albumin and glutelin,activities of the key enzymes involved in the sucrose-starch con version in grains,root oxidati on activity,and malic and succinic acid concentrations in root exudates during the grain-filling period.The results suggested that optimizing integrative cultivation managements could improve grain quality meanwhile increase grain yield and NUE by enhancing physiological activities of rice plants.

A Preliminary Study on Dynamics and Models of N,P,K Absorption for High-Yield Cotton

The field experiments were carried out to investigate the dynamics and models of N, P and K absorption for the cotton plants with a lint of 3 000 kg ha-1 in Xinjiang. The main results were as follows: The contents of N, P2O5, K2O in cotton leaves, stems, squares and bolls decreased obviously with the time over the whole growth duration and the falling extent was greater in high-yield cotton than in CK. Contents of N in leaves, squares and bolls, in particular in the leaves of fruit-bearing shoot was higher in high-yield cotton than in CK. Contents of P2O5 in squares and bolls and that of K2O in stems were higher in high-yield cotton than in CK during the whole growing period. The accumulations of N, P2O5 and K2O in the cotton plants could be described with a logistic curve equation. There was the fastest nutrient uptake at about 90 d for N, 92 d for P2O5 and 85 d for K2O after emergence, respectively. Total nutrient accumulation of N, P2O5 and K2O was 385.8, 244. 7 and 340.3 kg ha-1, respectively. Approximately 12. 5 kg N, 8. 0 kg P2O5 and 11.1 kg K2O were needed for producing 100 kg lint with the leaves and stems under the super high yield condition of 3 000 kg ha-1 in Xinjiang.

Effects of Once Fenlong Cultivation on Soil Properties and Rice Yield and Quality for 7 Consecutive Years

[Objective] The objective of this study was to explore the long-term effect of Fenlong cultivation for one time. [Method] The physical and chemical properties of soil and rice yield and quality were investigated and determined by measuring the soil at the depth of 23 cm in the paddy field with Fenlong cultivation and 16 cm of control （conventional farming） for 7 years. [Result] Compared with the control, the average yield of early rice of the Fenlong cultivation increased by 1 972.5 kg/hm2 of the first year, an increase of 23.87%, and milled rice and protein increased by 15.95% and 14.61%, while the increase rates of organic matter, available nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium per hectare were 74.58%, 67.01%, 104.41% and 129.62%, respectively. In the 7th year after Fenlong cultivation, the yield increased by 234 kg/hm2 from the control, an increase of 3.21%, and milled rice and protein increased by 0.5% and 0.14%, while the increase rates of organic matter, available phosphorus and available potassium per hectare were 745.8%, 62.635 and 73.37%, respectively, and the increase rates of total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium were 46.03%, 50.58% and 36.65%, respectively. During the 7 years after Fenlong cultivation, the yield increased by 3.21-23.87%, and its average net income per season increased by 1 843.61 Yuan/hm2 with a gain of 18.03%. [Conclusion] At the 7th year after Fenlong cultivation, the paddy field still had the furrow remain at a depth of 22 cm, which was 46.67% thicker than the traditional one. The yield and quality of paddy rice increased for 7 consecutive vears showed that Fenlon.q cultivation was highly feasible for paddy field.