Pervaporation performance and characterization of hydrophilic ZSM-5 zeolite membranes for high inorganic acid and inorganic salts

The hydrophilic ZSM-5 zeolite membranes are applied to separate the inorganic acid solutions and inorganic acid/inorganic salt mixtures by pervaporation,and the membrane presents good stability,dehydration,and desalination performance.Influences of inorganic acid type(H_(2)SO_(4),H_(3)PO_(4),HNO_(3),and HCl),H_(2)SO_(4)concentration(1-6 mol·L^(-1)),test temperature(60-90℃)and inorganic acid/inorganic salt type(2 mol·L^(-1)H_(2)SO_(4)and sulfate,2 mol·L^(-1)H3PO4 and phosphate)on the pervaporation performance are investigated in this work.Either for concentrating 3%(mass)H_(2)SO_(4)solution or consecutive dehydrating 20%(mass)H_(2)SO_(4)solution,the hydrophilic ZSM-5 zeolite membrane has a good dehydration performance and stability.Even though the H_(2)SO_(4)concentration and test temperature are increased to 6 M and 90℃,only H_(2)O molecules could pass through the membrane and pH value of the permeation is kept neutral.Besides,the membrane has good dehydration and desalination performance for H_(2)SO_(4)/sulfates and H_(3)PO_(4)/phosphate mixtures,and the rejection of natrium salt,molysite,and magnesium is almost 100%.

Effects of Inorganic Sodium Salt in Soil on Concentration of Zinc Ion in Different Patterns

[Objective] The aim was to study on effects of inorganic sodium salt in soil on concentration of zinc ion in different patterns. [Method] Tessier sequential extraction was used to study on effects of inorganic sodium salts （in different species and different concentrations） on concentration of zinc ion in different patterns. [Result] Different inorganic sodium salts had different effects on zinc form. Content of ex- changeable Zn would reduce if Na2CO3 or Na2SO4 was added and the content would increase if NaCI was added. Content of carbonate zinc, which was significantly influ- enced by Na2SO4, would increase if NaCI or Na2SO4 was added, and would decrease if Na2CO3 was added. For Zn bound to Fe-Mn oxides and organic matters, and residual Zn, the contents would decrease if NaCI or Na2SO4 was added and the decrease showed much more significantly if high concentration sodium salts were added. In addition, content of Zn bound to Fe-Mn oxides decreased if Na2CO3 was added. If low concentration Na2CO3 was added, Zn bound to organic matters and residual would increase in content but would lower if high concentration one was added. [Conclusion] The research provided references for measurement of heavy metal ion content in soil in different places.

Mechanism study of organic antioxidant and inorganic salt on suppressing coal oxidation

The advantages and disadvantages of organic antioxidant and inorganic salt on suppressing coal oxidation were analyzed on the basis of the theory that coal oxidation mechanisms can be attributed to the free radical chain-type reaction mechanism. The inhibition curves on suppressing coal oxidation of the different type and different concentration of organic antioxidant and inorganic salt were given through experimental study and data processing. Then some conclusions can be gained from the experimental study combining with theoretical analysis. First the inhibition mechanism of the organic antioxidant and inorganic salt is different. The former is that the chemical action is the dominant position. It can be called as the chain termination theory because the free radical is captured during coal oxidation. And the later is that the physical effect is the dominant position. It can be called as the decreasing-temperature theory because the liquid membrane which was formed by the inorganic salt can make coal body be the state of wetness and prevent oxygen from coal surface. Second the inhibition effect of the organic antioxidant is higher than the inorganic salt in the later period. But it is lower in the early period.

Interconnected and high cycling stability polypyrrole supercapacitors using cellulose nanocrystals and commonly used inorganic salts as dopants

Polypyrrole(PPy)is wildly used as electrode material in supercapacitors due to its high conductivity,low cost,ease of handling,and ease of fabrication.However,limited capacitance and poor cycling stability hinder its practical application.After developing carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals(CNC-COO^(-))as immobile dopants for PPy to improve its cycling stability,we investigated the effect of different commonly used salts(KCl,NaCl,KBr,and NaClO_(4))as dopants during electrode fabrication by electropolymerization.The film’s capacitance increased from 160.6 to 183.4 F g^(-1)after adding a combination of KCl and NaClO_(4) into the electrodeposition electrolyte.More importantly,the porous and interconnected PPy/CNC-COO^(-)-Cl-(Cl O_(4)^(-))_0.5 electrode film exhibited an excellent capacitance of 125.0 F g^(-1)(0.78 F cm^(-2))at a high current density of 2.0 Ag^(-1)(20 m A cm^(-2),allowing charging in less than 1 min),increasing almost 204%over PPy/CNC-COO-films.A symmetric PPy/CNC-COO^(-)-Cl-(ClO_(4)^(-))_0.5 supercapacitor retained its full capacitance after 5000 cycles,and displayed a high energy density of 5.2 Wh kg^(-1)at a power density of 25.4 W kg^(-1)(34.5μWh cm^(-2) at 1752.3μW cm^(-2)).These results reveal that the porous structure formed by doping with CNC-COO-and inorganic salts opens up more active reaction areas to store charges in PPy-based films as the stiff and ribbon-like CNC-COO-as permanent dopants improve the strength and stability of PPy-based films.Our demonstration provides a simple and practical way to deposit PPy based supercapacitors with high capacitance,fast charging,and excellent cycling stability.

The effect of inorganic salt precipitation on oil recovery during CO2 flooding:A case study of Chang 8 block in Changqing oilfield,NW China

Static experiments and dynamic displacement experiments were conducted to quantitatively determine the amount of precipitate generated by the CO_(2)-formation water reaction at different temperatures,pressures,and scaling ion concentrations during CO_(2) flooding in the Chang 8 block of Changqing Oilfield,the influence of precipitate on the physical properties of reservoirs was investigated,and the corresponding mathematical characterization model was established.The mathematical characterization equation was used to correct the numerical simulation model of E300 module in Eclipse software.The distribution pattern of inorganic salt precipitates during continuous CO_(2) flooding in Chang 8 block was simulated,and the influence of inorganic salt precipitates on oil recovery was predicted.The inorganic salt precipitate generated during CO_(2)-formation water reaction was mainly CaCO_(3),and the pressure difference and scaling ion concentration were proportional to the amount of precipitate generated,while the temperature was inversely proportional to the amount of precipitate.The rate of core porosity change before and after CO_(2) flooding was positively correlated with temperature and flooding pressure difference.The core porosity increase in the CO_(2)-formation water-core reaction experiment was always lower than that of CO_(2)-distilled water-core reaction experiment because of precipitation.The area around the production wells had the most precipitates generated with the injection of CO_(2).The oil field became poor in development because of the widely distributed precipitate and the recovery decreased to 33.45% from 37.64% after 20-year-CO_(2) flooding when considering of precipitation.

Separation of Water from Extra-viscous Oil under Microwave Radiation in the Presence of Inorganic Salts

Removal of water contained in extra-viscous crude oil is quite difficult because of the high viscosity and high resins content of heavy oil.The microwave technology was introduced for the separation of water from high-viscosity crude oil in the presence of sodium acetate.The decrease in zeta-potential of interface and the viscosity of crude oil are responsible for the accelerated separation of water under microwave irradiation.The influences of the concentration of sodium acetate in sample,irradiation pressure,irradiation time and irradiation power on the separation efficiency were investigated.The optimum technological condition for the refining process was determined.Upon treating the sample 1 (with a water concentration of 50%),the water removal rate was 98.44%,when the optimum conditions were identified to be a sodium acetate concentration of 2%,an irradiation pressure of 0.1 MPa,an irradiation time of 2 min,and an irradiation power of 225 W,with the recovery of sodium acetate reaching 97.88%.Upon treating the sample 2 (the concentration of water was 20%),the water removal rate was 93.85%,when the optimum conditions were determined to be a sodium acetate concentration of 3%,an irradiation pressure of 0.1 MPa,an irradiation time of 4 min,and an irradiation power of 375 W,with the recovery of sodium acetate reaching 93.54%.By using this method,the dehydration efficiency was increased rapidly.

Influence of Inorganic Salts on the Adsorption of Cationically Modified Starch to Fibers

The article is focused on the influence of inorganic salts on the adsorption of cationically modified starch to fibers. Results show that low concentrations of inorganic salts usually affect the process of adsorption in a positive way. Adsorption efficiency at higher concentrations, however, depends on the type of inorganic salts as well as the sequence of adding inorganic salts and starch to paper suspension.

Pore Structure of Cement Pastes Mixed with Inorganic Salts

The influence of salts on concrete durability,pore structure of cement pastes with inorganic salts,including CaCl2,NaCl,Na2SO4,NaNO2,Ca(NO3)2 and Ca(NO2)2,was studied through mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP),and hydration degree of each paste was also tested.The results show that porosity of the paste with inorganic salt cured for 3 d or 28 d was related with its hydration degree.For the pore size distribution,the pores smaller than 50 nm in paste with salts cured for 3 d increased;the amount of pores larger than 100 nm increased because of the addition of Ca (NO3)2 at 3 d,but these coarse pores turned into fine pores and reduced significantly at 28 d;coarse pores lager than 1000 nm in cement pastes containing NaCl and Na2SO4 increased.

Effect of inorganic salt on the thermal degradation of nitrocellulose and reaction mechanism of its mixture

In this study,to better understand the reaction mechanism between inorganic salts and nitrocellulose,CaCO_(3) and Li_(2)CO_(3) were evaluated with respect to their effects on the thermal degradation of NC in nitrogen atmosphere using TG/DSC at three different heating rates(2,5,10 K/min).The numerical relationship between activation energy(E)and conversion rate was obtained by FWO and KAS method,and it was discovered that CaCO_(3) could improve the thermal stability of NC.Activation energy values were calculated by Kissinger method,and it was found that NC that contain Li2CO3had the highest activation energy while NC containing CaCO3had the lowest E value.By combining the thermal analysis data with Malek method,the most probable mechanism model of thermal degradation is obtained as Sesták-Berggren model,which expression is f(α)=α^(m)(1-α)^(n).As a result of this study,there are certain guiding principles that can be applied to the pyrolysis reaction model and to the actual production process of nitrocellulose.

Some Inorganic Salts for Production of Sterile Adults of the Red Palm Weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus （Coleoptera： Curculionidae）

Fifteen inorganic salts were evaluated as possible sterilants against the Red Palm Weevil （RPW） Rhvachophorus ferrugineus, by applying the pupal dipping method in a screening program. Results showed that all tested salts adversely affected the adtflt emergence and reduced the egg laying capacity and egg hatchability. Among the tested salts Ca（OH）2. LiC1, CuCl2, ZnSO4, KBr and KI gave various 97%-100% percent sterility at the tested non toxic concentration under different pupal dipping periods. Percentage of sterility increased with the increase of the concentration and the dipping period. All other salts induced degrees oi sterility ranging from 63% to 96%.

Chemotaxis of <i>Meloidogyne incognita</i>in Response to Different Salts

The chemotactic responses of Meloidogyne incognita were studied in salt gradients in an agarose gel. Forty-eight combinations of sodium, copper, cesium, manganese , barium, potassium, ferric or ammonium cations and chloride, nitrate, sulphate, hydrogen-phosphate, bicarbonate, acetic acid, thiocyanic acid and hydroxyl anions were tested at six concentrations from 0.0625 × 10-2 to 2 × 10-2 mol·L-1. M. incognita was repellented to salts that included Cl- and SCN-. Other salts that comprised the same anions had different chemotactic responses, among which M. incognita was repellented to ammonium salts that included Ba(NO3)2, NH4NO3, Mn(NO3)2, and hydrogen-phosphate salts that included KH2PO4, K2HPO4, and bicarbonate salts that included Na2CO3, K2CO3, (NH4)2CO3, KHCO3, and hydroxyl salts that included KOH, NaOH, and organic acid that included C2H4O2, C3H6O3 and C4H6O6. The repellent or attraction properties of different salts having the same cations were not consistent. The order of repellence was SCN- > NO3- > Cl- > OH- > CO32- >H2PO-4 > organic acid >SO42- . The chemotaxis of nematodes to KCl, Ba(NO3)2, NH4NO3, Mn(NO3)2, (NH4)2CO3, CH3COOH and C4H6O6 increased with the increasing concentration, while the concentration of other salts tested did not influence nematode chemotaxis significantly.

Antioxidant responses and salt stress tolerance of Aloe vera irrigated by seawater with different salinity

The variations of antioxidant enzyme activities including superoxide dismutase （SOD： EC 1.15.1.1）, peroxidase （POD： EC 1.11.1.7） and catalase （CAT： EC 1.11.1.6）, lipid peroxidation and major electrolytes in Aloe vera irrigated for three years with seawater having different salinity were studied. The results indicate that POD activity increased significantly at 10% seawater level, whereas decreased at higher seawater levels. The SOD activity decreased with increasing seawater concentration except for treatment with 100% seawater （denoted as T100%） under long-term salt stress. Salinity decreased CAT activity,and increased lipid peroxidation and cell membrane injury. In addition, Ca^2＋ content was high in Aloe irrigated by seawater of low salinity level, but low in Aloe irrigated by seawater of high salinity level. An opposite trend was observed for the effect of seawater on Na^＋ content of plants. K^＋ and Mg^2＋ contents remain relatively stable under various seawater levels, which benefit plant growth.

滨海盐田土壤碳时空分布特征及碳收支

滨海盐田存在土壤盐碱化、瘠薄与有机碳含量低等障碍问题,有关滨海盐田土壤碳方面的系统研究目前依然缺乏典型实例剖析。为了揭示滨海盐田以及用地类型发生转变后土壤的有机碳时空分布特征、影响因素及碳收支,选取江苏省连云港市徐圩新区和青口盐场的土壤为研究对象,采取表层(0~20 cm,2004年和2019年两期数据)土壤及深层(150~200 cm,2004年一期数据)土壤样品,进行了土壤有机碳(SOC)、总碳(TC)及总氮(TN)的测试。结果表明,SOC储量呈增加趋势,碳汇区面积占比69.4%,碳源区占比30.6%,不同用地类型SOC含量与平均固碳速率差异较大。2004年表层SOC含量分布在低、中两个等级区间,2019年SOC含量在中等级分布频率最高。近15年盐田1区(用地类型保持不变)SOC含量增加了0.12%,盐田2区(耕地)SOC含量增加了0.42%,盐田3区(建设用地)SOC含量增加了0.13%。平均固碳速率最高值出现在耕地类型,数值达到了5.83×10^(4)kg·km^(-2)·a^(-1)。盐田1区土壤有机碳的分解主要通过微生物的异氧呼吸途径来实现,有机碳的有氧矿化主要通过真菌与细菌的有氧矿化来实现。滨海盐土具有高含量的SO_(4)^(2-)与Ca~(2+),有机碳的厌氧矿化主要通过SO_(4)^(2-)还原来实现,因此无机碳的增加速率较大,达到3.64 g·m^(-2)·a^(-1)。盐田1区两期数据SOC/TN平均值均为9.9,说明土壤环境稳定。盐田3区SOC/TN稍有下降,推测原因是土壤微生物量及酶活性提高导致SOC的矿化速率增加。在环境问题日益严重和土壤质量趋向恶化的情况下,本文的研究成果为滨海盐田及其土地利用类型转变后的土壤碳循环研究提供了新的基础依据。

无机盐、维生素及生长调节剂对卵孢长根菇菌丝的影响

以卵孢长根菇菌株“Chang-202001”为供试菌株,采用平板培养法,在培养基中加入不同种类和质量浓度的无机盐、维生素和生长调节剂,研究了不同无机盐、维生素和生长调节剂对卵孢长根菇菌丝生长的影响,以期为高质量卵孢长根菇菌种的生产提供参考依据。结果表明:供试无机盐中,适量浓度的磷酸二氢钾、硫酸镁对卵孢长根菇菌丝生长有促进作用,而氯化钠、氯化钾、氯化钙、硫酸锌、硫酸锰、硫酸铜抑制卵孢长根菇菌丝的生长。当磷酸二氢钾质量浓度为2.0 g·L^(-1)时,卵孢长根菇菌丝生长速率最大,为5.06 mm·d^(-1)。供试维生素(维生素B1、维生素B_(2)、维生素B6、维生素C、叶酸和烟酸)在一定范围内均促进卵孢长根菇菌丝的生长,其中当烟酸质量浓度为4 mg·L^(-1)时,卵孢长根菇菌丝生长速率最大,为6.97 mm·d^(-1)。供试生长调节剂中,6-BA、2,4-D、GA_(3)抑制卵孢长根菇菌丝的生长,适量浓度的NAA促进卵孢长根菇菌丝的生长,当NAA浓度为1.0 mg·L^(-1)时,卵孢长根菇菌丝生长速率最大,为5.41 mm·d^(-1)。

保鲜剂对杜鹃切花采后品质的影响

为探究不同保鲜剂对杜鹃切花采后观赏品质的影响,并筛选出杜鹃切花的适合保鲜剂配方,以东洋杜鹃品种‘红元宝’为研究对象,采用不同保鲜剂对其进行瓶插处理,测定不同处理对切花瓶插寿命、鲜质量变化、水分平衡、质膜稳定性等生理指标和观赏品质的影响。结果表明:100~300 mg/L 8-羟基喹啉对‘红元宝’切花的保鲜具有积极作用,可有效延缓花瓣边缘卷曲和萎蔫,促进花径的增大并保持更长的开花时间(18 d),维持切花体内水分平衡,减缓其鲜质量变化及质膜透性的增加。而0.2~0.6 mmol/L硫代硫酸银处理不利于‘红元宝’杜鹃切花采后品质的保持,反而加剧了切花的衰老。经筛选,确定30 g/L蔗糖+200 mg/L 8-羟基喹啉为‘红元宝’杜鹃切花的最适保鲜剂。

马来酸酐与烯丙基磺酸钠共聚物的聚合过程及阻垢性能

为了分析马来酸酐(MA)与烯丙基磺酸钠(SAS)聚合过程的影响因素,在配方和工艺基本不变的情况下,设计了两种变量:中和度和引发剂加量。通过改变其中一个变量,合成了一系列MA/SAS共聚物,采用核磁共振波谱仪和凝胶渗透色谱仪对产物进行了表征。结果表明,MA与SAS共聚活性良好,中和度不超过100%时(相对于MA的物质的量分数),少量引发剂加量(2.4 g过硫酸钠)下就有较高的单体转化率,但仍有6%~8%的单体未聚合。剩余单体的种类和数量与中和度以及引发剂加量息息相关。MA在水溶液中部分水解成了马来酸,尽管马来酸数量较少,但其聚合活性相对较差,导致共聚物的分子量呈双峰分布。添加碱可以中和马来酸,当中和度不超过100%时,马来酸主要变为具有较好聚合活性的马来酸单钠盐,间接促进了MA类单体的聚合;当中和度为200%时,马来酸主要变为马来酸二钠盐,其聚合活性相对较差,严重阻碍了聚合;未中和以及中和度为100%时,需7.0~7.2 g引发剂才能将单体全部转化,而在适当的中和度(约20%)下,用少量引发剂(4.0~4.2 g)就可以获得聚合较完全的共聚物,节约了大约40%的引发剂用量。用较佳条件下合成的MA/SAS共聚物对碳酸钙、磷酸钙和硫酸钙的静态阻垢性能进行了研究,共聚物表现出良好的阻磷酸钙垢和阻硫酸钙垢、较好的阻碳酸钙垢性能,对应的最大阻垢率分别为94.38%、100.00%、59.03%。

无机盐协同表面活性剂对煤尘保湿性影响

为保障煤矿安全生产和工人健康,煤矿井下主要采取的防尘手段是湿式除尘和化学抑尘。通过保水性实验探究无机盐与表面活性剂溶液各自及协同作用下的抑尘保湿性效果。实验结果表明:由于四种表面活性剂的分子结构和性质不同,形成分子层的稳定性和厚度不同,十二烷基苯磺酸钠溶液(SDBS)的保湿性最强,聚乙二醇对异辛基苯基醚溶液(Triton X-100)的保湿性最弱。当表面活性剂SDS与SDBS溶液质量分数分别为0.24%、0.04%,无机盐K_(2)SO_(4)的浓度0.9mol/L,且SDS与SDBS比例为5∶5,SDS+SDBS的混合溶液与K_(2)SO_(4)比例同样为5∶5时,煤尘水分散失最少,复合溶液润湿保湿性能最佳。硫酸钾溶液对复合溶液的疏水端产生析出作用,导致煤尘疏水端的疏水作用增强,更多表面活性剂分子逃逸水相后向液-气界面聚集,从而降低溶液的表面张力。

FeSO_(4)/K_(2)S_(2)O_(8)对微细粒高黏煤泥的化学调控助滤影响

含大量高灰细泥的煤泥水在沉降浓缩阶段通常会添加大量高分子聚丙烯酰胺(PAM),加速细粒煤的沉降,但PAM的过量使用使浓缩机底流更加黏稠,导致压滤周期延长。通过向含大量高分子PAM的矿浆中添加无机盐FeSO_(4)、K_(2)S_(2)O_(8)溶液,进行不同药剂用量下煤泥的压滤试验,对药剂添加前后PAM溶液和含PAM矿浆的黏度、颗粒表面电性及颗粒团聚形态进行测试分析,探讨FeSO_(4)、K_(2)S_(2)O_(8)的作用机理。结果表明:FeSO_(4)、K_(2)S_(2)O_(8)可降解矿浆中的大分子PAM,降低矿浆黏度,形成松散的大絮体,提高速度,缩短压滤周期,降低滤饼含水率。由于FeSO_(4)兼具对PAM的化学降解和对微细颗粒的凝聚作用,其助滤效果优于K_(2)S_(2)O_(8)。当FeSO_(4)用量为1000 g/t时矿浆黏度降低482 mPa·s,压滤时间缩短70.97%,滤饼含水率降低2.31%。FeSO_(4)价廉易得,可在选煤厂高泥化煤泥脱水助滤上发挥积极作用。

基于圆柱封装单元的水合盐相变储热填充床的储释特性实验研究

水合盐相变储热技术具有储热密度高、成本低等优势,在清洁供暖中具有广阔应用前景。本研究设计并搭建了以三水合乙酸钠作为储热材料,以圆柱形相变材料封装单元作为基础单元的填充床相变储热装置。通过实验研究填充床储热装置的运行特性,研究了流量和储热温度对装置的储释热用时、出口温度、热效率及储热密度的影响。实验结果表明:提高储热温度和增大流量可缩短储热用时、提升热效率和储热密度。储热装置的热效率可达94.73%,储能密度可达71.77 kW·h/m^(3)。