Smart Cellulose‑Based Janus Fabrics with Switchable Liquid Transportation for Personal Moisture and Thermal Management

The Janus fabrics designed for personal moisture/thermal regulation have garnered significant attention for their potential to enhance human comfort.However,the development of smart and dynamic fabrics capable of managing personal moisture/thermal comfort in response to changing external environments remains a challenge.Herein,a smart cellulose-based Janus fabric was designed to dynamically manage personal moisture/heat.The cotton fabric was grafted with N-isopropylacrylamide to construct a temperature-stimulated transport channel.Subsequently,hydrophobic ethyl cellulose and hydrophilic cellulose nanofiber were sprayed on the bottom and top sides of the fabric to obtain wettability gradient.The fabric exhibits anti-gravity directional liquid transportation from hydrophobic side to hydrophilic side,and can dynamically and continuously control the transportation time in a wide range of 3–66 s as the temperature increases from 10 to 40℃.This smart fabric can quickly dissipate heat at high temperatures,while at low temperatures,it can slow down the heat dissipation rate and prevent the human from becoming too cold.In addition,the fabric has UV shielding and photodynamic antibacterial properties through depositing graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets on the hydrophilic side.This smart fabric offers an innovative approach to maximizing personal comfort in environments with significant temperature variations.

一种面向联盟链Hyperledger Fabric的并发冲突事务优化方法

随着区块链技术应用的普及,联盟链Hyperledger Fabric(简称Fabric)已成为知名区块链开源平台,并得到广泛关注.然而Fabric仍受困于并发事务间冲突问题,冲突发生时会引发大量无效交易上链,导致吞吐量下降,阻碍其发展.对于该问题,现有面向块内冲突的方案缺乏高效的冲突检测和避免方法,同时现有研究往往忽略区块间冲突对吞吐量的不利影响.提出了一种Fabric的优化方案Fabric-HT(fabric with high throughput),从区块内和区块间2方面入手,有效降低事务间并发冲突和提高系统吞吐量.针对区块内事务冲突,提出了一种事务调度机制,根据块内冲突事务集定义了一种高效数据结构——依赖关系链,识别具有“危险结构”的事务并提前中止,合理调度事务和消除冲突;针对区块间事务冲突,将冲突事务检测提前至排序节点完成,建立以“推送-匹配”为核心的冲突事务早期避免机制.在多场景下开展大量实验,结果表明Fabric-HT在吞吐量、事务中止率、事务平均执行时间、无效事务空间占用率等方面均优于对比方案.Fabric-HT吞吐量最高可达Fabric的9.51倍,是最新优化方案FabricSharp的1.18倍;空间利用率上相比FabricSharp提升了14%.此外,Fabric-HT也表现出较好的鲁棒性和抗攻击能力.

基于Fabric的海量交易数据上链预处理机制

Hyperledger Fabric是一种国内外广泛使用的联盟链框架,在基于Fabric技术的一些业务中具有协同组织众多、交易操作频繁、事务冲突增加等特点。Fabric采用的多版本并发控制技术能够在一定程度上解决部分交易冲突,提升系统并发性,但其机制不完善,会出现部分交易数据无法正常上链存储的问题。为了实现海量交易数据完整、高效、可信的上链存储,提出一种基于Fabric预言机的数据上链预处理机制。设计海量数据冲突预处理(MCPP)方法,通过检测、监听、延时提交、事务加锁、重排序缓存等方式实现主键冲突交易数据的完整上链。引入数据传输保障措施,在传输过程中利用非对称加密技术防止恶意节点伪造认证信息,确保交易数据链外处理前后的一致性。通过理论分析和实验结果表明,该机制可有效解决联盟链平台中海量交易数据上链时的并发冲突问题,当交易数据规模达到1 000和10 000时,MCPP的时效性比LMLS提高了38%和21.4%,且成功率接近100%,具有高效性和安全性,同时在无并发冲突情况下不影响Fabric系统性能。

基于CP-ABE算法的Fabric隐私保护模型

传统区块链系统缺少对区块数据的隐私保护。结合CP-ABE(基于属性加密的密文策略)算法和IPFS(星际文件系统),提出一种可以对Fabric区块链实现访问控制的隐私保护模型CP-PPM。CP-PPM的数据所有者可以灵活设置访问控制策略。仿真结果表明,与现有Fabric区块链系统相比,CP-PPM模型支持细粒度的访问控制,具有更强的隐私保护效果;CP-ABE算法可以安全初始化,对数据的加解密效率更高,同时增强了区块链系统的存储性能。

Fabrication Techniques and Sensing Mechanisms of Textile‑Based Strain Sensors:From Spatial 1D and 2D Perspectives

The intelligent textile sensors based on fiber(1D)and fabric(2D)are the ideal candidates for wearable devices.Their flexible weaving and unique structure endow them with flexibility,lightweight,good air permeability,and feasible integration with garments.In view of the spring-up of novel textile-based strain sensors,the novel materials and fabrication approaches were elaborated from spatial perspectives,i.e.,1D fibers/yarn and 2D fabric.The intrinsic sensing mechanism is the primary fac-tor affecting sensor sensitivity,and the variation trend of the sensing signal is closely related to it.Although existing studies have involved various sensing mechanisms,there is still lacking systematic classification and discussion.Hence,the sensing mechanisms of textile-based sensors were elaborated from spatial perspectives.Considering that strain sensors were mostly based on resistance variation,the sensing mechanisms of resistive textile-based strain sensors were mainly focused,mainly including fiber deformation,tunneling effect,crack propagation,fabric deformation,electrical contact and bridge connec-tion.Meanwhile,the corresponding resistance prediction models,usually used as important data fitting methodology,were also comprehensively discussed,which can reproduce the resistance trend and provide guidance for the sensor performance.Finally,the multifunctionality of textile-based strain sensors was summarized,namely multi-mode signal detection,visual interaction,energy collection,thermal management and medical treatment were discussed.It was expected to provide research insights into the multifunctional integration of textile sensors.

Large‑scale Fabrication of Snake‑skin‑inspired Protective Composite Textiles

Inspired by the overlapping structure of snake scales,a reinforced scale-like knitted fabric(R-SLKF)was created in this work.To achieve this,short carbon fibers in an epoxy resin(ER)matrix were incorporated into the scales of an SLKF.The resulting textile is a highly stable protective composite that is flexible,warm,and thermally insulated.In addition,supe-rior stab-resistance is ensured through rigid protective blocks in the R-SLKF,making up a hard overlapping scale region,besides satisfactory flexibility via soft twisted ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene yarn-based textiles.The R-SLKF achieves high stab resistance(peak load of approximately 600 N for a single scale thickness of 2 mm),good flexibility(~290 mN cm),and breathability(100 MPa,423 mm/s),coupled with good warmth retention and thermal insulation prop-erties(0.28℃/s),which are superior to previously reported protective composite textiles.From the results,the combination of desirable individual protection,excellent wearability and comfort enables human beings to survive in extremely danger-ous environments.Finite element simulations provided valuable insights into the factors influencing the stab resistance of R-SLKF and elucidated the underlying anti-puncture mechanism in accordance with the experimental findings.This study presents a novel strategy for the facile industrial fabrication of flexible and lightweight protective composite textiles,which is expected to enhance the structure and material design for future innovations and provide advantages for personal protec-tive equipment in various industrial fields.

Multifunctional and Reconfigurable Electronic Fabrics Assisted by Artificial Intelligence for Human Augmentation

Noninvasive human augmentation,namely a desirable approach for enhancing the quality of life,can be achieved through wearable electronic devices that interact with the external environment.Wearable electronic devices endure limitations,such as unreliable signal interaction when bent or deformed,excessive wiring requirements,and lack of programmability and multifunctionality.Herein,we report an intelligent and programmable(IP)fabric sensor with bending insensitivity that overcomes these challenges associated with a rapid response time(<400μs)and exceptional durability(>20,000 loading-unloading cycles).A single-layer parallel electrical bilateral structure is utilized to design the IP fabric sensor with reconfigurability and only two electrodes,which caters to the requirement of stable interactions and simple wiring.The multifunctionality of the IP fabric sensor is demonstrated by designing a closed-loop interactive entertainment system,a smart home system,and a user identification and verification system.This integrated system reveals the potential of combining Internet of Things technology and artificial intelligence(AI).Hopefully,the integration of the noninvasive IP fabric sensor with AI will facilitate the advancement of interactive systems for human augmentation.

Arch‑Bridge Photothermal Fabric with Efficient Warp‑Direction Water Paths for Continuous Solar Desalination

The interfacial solar evaporator is a key technology for eco-friendly desalination,playing a crucial role in alleviating the global water scarcity crisis.However,limitation of photothermal water evaporation efficiency persists due to inadequate water transfer at the water-steam interface.Herein,we present a new type of scalable and recyclable arch bridge photothermal fabric with efficient warp-direction water paths by a convenient shuttle-flying weaving technique.Compared to the previous overall layer-by-layer assembled fabric,our photothermal fabric precisely constructed effective water paths and achieved excellent water-heat distribution at the solar evaporation interface,which greatly improved the photothermal conversion efficiency and evaporation rate.By the design of the weaving process,the photothermal fabric shows a new interface contact mode of the water path fiber and polyaniline photothermal fiber.Besides,the arch-bridge type design not only minimizes heat loss area but also enhances the water evaporation area,resulting in high-efficiency all-weather available solar water evaporation.Furthermore,the results show that the temperature,evaporation rate and solar-vapor conversion efficiency of photothermal fabric can reach above 123℃,2.31 kg m^(-2)h^(-1)and 99.93%under a solar illumination of 1 kW m^(-2).The arch-bridge photo-thermal fabric with an excellent water evaporation rate has been successfully established,which provides a new paradigm for improving the sustainable seawater desalination rate.

Highly Stretchable,Sensitive,and Multifunctional Thermoelectric Fabric for Synergistic‑Sensing Systems of Human Signal Monitoring

Stretchable thermoelectric-based self-powered sensors have attracted widespread attention for wearable electronic devices.However,the development of thermoelectric materials with wearable comfort,green,and multimodal synergy remains chal-lenging.In this paper,we prepared a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/multi-walled carbon nanotube(PEDOT/MWCNT)-based thermoelectric fabric for self-powered strain-temperature dual-parameter sensing via spraying and in situ bio-polymer-ization.Compared with ferric chloride(FeCl_(3)),used in chemical polymerization,the PEDOT thermoelectric fabric prepared by enzymatic polymerization is not doped with metal ions,making the thermoelectric performance of flexible wearable fabrics more stable.In addition,the energy-filtration effect of PEDOT and MWCNT efficiently enhanced the thermoelectric performance of the fabric.The fabric has over 320%elongation potential and excellent breathability while exhibiting excel-lent wearability.Moreover,the fabric-based sensor had a wide strain range(1-100%)and temperature detection limit(1℃).In addition,fabric-based sensors were tested by sewing them directly onto clothing or attachment accessories,and showed a rapid response to changes in human joint bending and microenvironmental temperature differences.Moreover,the sensor could be integrated into an intelligent firefighting suit,to continuously and synergistically monitor health abnormalities in firefighter's body movement and temperature thresholds in the micro-environmental temperature of the suit.The developed self-powered dual-parameter wearable sensor shows fascinating potential for applications in human health monitoring,human-computer interaction devices,and intelligent robotics.

2D multifunctional devices:from material preparation to device fabrication and neuromorphic applications

Neuromorphic computing systems,which mimic the operation of neurons and synapses in the human brain,are seen as an appealing next-generation computing method due to their strong and efficient computing abilities.Two-dimensional (2D) materials with dangling bond-free surfaces and atomic-level thicknesses have emerged as promising candidates for neuromorphic computing hardware.As a result,2D neuromorphic devices may provide an ideal platform for developing multifunctional neuromorphic applications.Here,we review the recent neuromorphic devices based on 2D material and their multifunctional applications.The synthesis and next micro–nano fabrication methods of 2D materials and their heterostructures are first introduced.The recent advances of neuromorphic 2D devices are discussed in detail using different operating principles.More importantly,we present a review of emerging multifunctional neuromorphic applications,including neuromorphic visual,auditory,tactile,and nociceptive systems based on 2D devices.In the end,we discuss the problems and methods for 2D neuromorphic device developments in the future.This paper will give insights into designing 2D neuromorphic devices and applying them to the future neuromorphic systems.

Robust,Flexible,and Superhydrophobic Fabrics for High-Efficiency and Ultrawide-Band Microwave Absorption

Microwave absorption(MA)materials are essential for protecting against harmful electromagnetic radiation.In this study,highly efficient and ultrawide-band microwave-absorbing fabrics with superhydrophobic surface features were developed using a facile dip-coating method involving in situ graphene oxide(GO)reduction,deposition of TiO_(2) nanoparticles,and subsequent coating of a mixture of polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)and octadecylamine(ODA)on polyester fabrics.Owing to the presence of hierarchically structured surfaces and low-surface-energy materials,the resultant reduced GO(rGO)/TiO_(2)-ODA/PDMS-coated fabrics demonstrate superhydrophobicity with a water contact angle of 159°and sliding angle of 5°.Under the synergistic effects of conduction loss,interface polarization loss,and surface roughness topography,the optimized fabrics show excellent microwave absorbing performances with a minimum reflection loss(RL_(min))of47.4 dB and a maximum effective absorption bandwidth(EAB_(max))of 7.7 GHz at a small rGO loading of 6.9 wt%.In addition,the rGO/TiO_(2)-ODA/PDMS coating was robust,and the coated fabrics could withstand repeated washing,soiling,long-term ultraviolet irradiation,and chemical attacks without losing their superhydrophobicity and MA properties.Moreover,the coating imparts self-healing properties to the fabrics.This study provides a promising and effective route for the development of robust and flexible materials with microwave-absorbing properties.

Review on Development and Application of Fabric Electrodes in Electrocardiogram Monitoring Garments

Cardiovascular disease persists as the primary cause of human mortality,significantly impacting healthy life expectancy.The routine electrocardiogram(ECG)stands out as a pivotal noninvasive diagnostic tool for identifying arrhythmias.The evolving landscape of fabric electrodes,specifically designed for the prolonged monitoring of human ECG signals,is the focus of this research.Adhering to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses(PRISMA)statement and assimilating data from 81 pertinent studies sourced from reputable databases,the research conducts a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis on the materials,fabric structures and preparation methods of fabric electrodes in the existing literature.It provides a nuanced assessment of the advantages and disadvantages of diverse textile materials and structures,elucidating their impacts on the stability of biomonitoring signals.Furthermore,the study outlines current developmental constraints and future trajectories for fabric electrodes.These insights could serve as essential guidance for ECG monitoring system designers,aiding them in the selection of materials that optimize the measurement of biopotential signals.

Engineering graphene oxide and hydrogel coatings on fabrics for smart Janus textiles with superior thermal regulation

Fabric multifunctionality offers resource savings and enhanced human comfort.This study innovatively integrates cooling,heating,and antimicrobial properties within a Janus fabric,surpassing previous research focused solely on cooling or heating.Different effects are achieved by applying distinct coatings to each side of the fabric.One graphene oxide(GO)coating exhibits exceptional light-to-heat conversion,absorbing and transforming light energy into heat,thereby elevating fabric temperature by 15.4℃,22.7℃,and 43.7℃ under 0.2,0.5,and 1 sun irradiation,respectively.Conversely,a hydrogel coating on one side absorbs water,facilitating heat dissipation through evaporation upon light exposure,reducing fabric temperature by 5.9℃,8.4℃,and 7.1℃ in 0.2,0.5,and 1 sun irradiation,respectively.Moreover,both sides of Janus fabric exhibit potent antimicrobial properties,ensuring fabric hygiene.This work presents a feasible solution to address crucial challenges in fabric thermal regulation,providing a smart approach for intelligent adjustment of body comfort in both summer and winter.By integrating heating and cooling capabilities along with antimicrobial properties,this study promotes sustainable development in textile techniques.

Novel fabrication techniques for ultra-thin silicon based flexible electronics

Flexible electronics offer a multitude of advantages,such as flexibility,lightweight property,portability,and high durability.These unique properties allow for seamless applications to curved and soft surfaces,leading to extensive utilization across a wide range of fields in consumer electronics.These applications,for example,span integrated circuits,solar cells,batteries,wearable devices,bio-implants,soft robotics,and biomimetic applications.Recently,flexible electronic devices have been developed using a variety of materials such as organic,carbon-based,and inorganic semiconducting materials.Silicon(Si)owing to its mature fabrication process,excellent electrical,optical,thermal properties,and cost efficiency,remains a compelling material choice for flexible electronics.Consequently,the research on ultra-thin Si in the context of flexible electronics is studied rigorously nowadays.The thinning of Si is crucially important for flexible electronics as it reduces its bending stiffness and the resultant bending strain,thereby enhancing flexibility while preserving its exceptional properties.This review provides a comprehensive overview of the recent efforts in the fabrication techniques for forming ultra-thin Si using top-down and bottom-up approaches and explores their utilization in flexible electronics and their applications.

A Twisting Fabrication Process for Wearable Electronic Devices

The advancement of integrated circuits has made it easier to reduce the size of increasingly potent wearable electronic devices.However,it is still difficult to seamlessly integrate electronic systems enabling unrestricted human behavior into wearable gadgets.The procedure of creating fiber devices by twisting fiber electrodes and incorporating them into textile systems is exhibited in recent work.These textile systems are highly resilient and flexible,which makes them ideal for various wearable applications,i.e.,thread lithium-ion batteries(TLIBs),multi-ply sensing threads(MSTs),and thread electroluminescent devices(TELDs).

Recent advances in fabrication and functions of neuromorphic system based on organic field effect transistor

The development of various artificial electronics and machines would explosively increase the amount of information and data,which need to be processed via in-situ remediation.Bioinspired synapse devices can store and process signals in a parallel way,thus improving fault tolerance and decreasing the power consumption of artificial systems.The organic field effect transistor(OFET)is a promising component for bioinspired neuromorphic systems because it is suitable for large-scale integrated circuits and flexible devices.In this review,the organic semiconductor materials,structures and fabrication,and different artificial sensory perception systems functions based on neuromorphic OFET devices are summarized.Subsequently,a summary and challenges of neuromorphic OFET devices are provided.This review presents a detailed introduction to the recent progress of neuromorphic OFET devices from semiconductor materials to perception systems,which would serve as a reference for the development of neuromorphic systems in future bioinspired electronics.

Surface Morphology and Thermo-Electrical Energy Analysis of Polyaniline (PANI) Incorporated Cotton Fabric

With the exponential development in wearable electronics,a significant paradigm shift is observed from rigid electronics to flexible wearable devices.Polyaniline(PANI)is considered as a dominant material in this sector,as it is endowed with the optical properties of both metal and semiconductors.However,its widespread application got delineated because of its irregular rigid form,level of conductivity,and precise choice of solvents.Incorporating PANI in textile materials can generate promising functionality for wearable applications.This research work employed a straightforward in-situ chemical oxidative polymerization to synthesize PANI on Cotton fabric surfaces with varying dopant(HCl)concentrations.Pre-treatment using NaOH is implemented to improve the conductivity of the fabric surface by increasing the monomer absorption.This research explores the morphological and structural analysis employing SEM,FTIR and EDX.The surface resistivity was measured using a digital multimeter,and thermal stability is measured using TGA.Upon successful polymerization,a homogenous coating layer is observed.It is revealed that the simple pre-treatment technique significantly reduces the surface resistivity of Cotton fabric to 1.27 kΩ/cm with increasing acid concentration and thermal stability.The electro-thermal energy can also reach up to 38.2°C within 50 s with a deployed voltage of 15 V.The modified fabric is anticipated to be used in thermal regulation,supercapacitor,sensor,UV shielding,antimicrobial and other prospective functional applications.

Interconnected Porous Fabric‑Based Scalable Evaporator with Asymmetric Wetting Properties for High‑Yield and Salt‑Rejecting Solar Brine Treatment

Solar-driven interfacial evaporation has been considered as a promising approach for treating high-salinity brine,which mitigates ecological pollution as well as produces fresh water.Despite the extensive research efforts,challenges remain regarding the stably high-yield solar treatment of high-salinity water on a large scale.Here,we demonstrate an interconnected porous fabric-based scalable evaporator with asymmetric wetting properties fabricated by weaving technique for high-efficiency and salt-rejecting solar high-salinity brine treatment.Three-dimensional interconnected micropores ensure effective convection-induced fast vapor diffusion,leading to a high evaporation rate in the natural environment with the convective flow.The Janus structure effectively separates absorption and evaporation surfaces for stable salt resistance even under fast evaporation.It is observed that the evaporator achieves a high evaporation rate of 2.48 kg m^(-2)h^(-1)under 1-sun illumination and airflow of 3 m s^(-1)when treating 15 wt%saline.Notably,the outdoor experiment demonstrates that there is neither salt precipitation on the surface nor a decrement in evaporation rate during the 5-day evaporation until water and solute have completely been separated.The interconnected porous fabric with asymmetric wetting properties can be easily and massively produced by industrialized weaving techniques,showing great potential for scalable and efficient solar water treatment of high-salinity brine and industrial wastewater.

Efficient and selective removal of Pb(Ⅱ) from landfill leachate using L-serine-modified polyethylene/polypropylene nonwoven fabric synthesized via radiation grafting technique

In this study,to efficiently remove Pb(Ⅱ) from aqueous environments,a novel L-serine-modified polyethylene/polypropylene nonwoven fabric sorbent(NWF-serine)was fabricated through the radiation grafting of glycidyl methacrylate and subsequent L-serine modification.The effect of the absorbed dose was investigated in the range of 5–50 kGy.NWF-serine was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,thermogravimetric analysis,and scanning electron microscopy.Batch adsorption tests were conducted to investigate the influences of pH,adsorption time,temperature,initial concentration,and sorbent dosage on the Pb(Ⅱ) adsorption performance of NWF-serine.The results indicated that Pb(Ⅱ) adsorption onto NWF-serine was an endothermic process,following the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm model.The saturated adsorption capacity was 198.1 mg/g.NWF-serine exhibited Pb(Ⅱ) removal rates of 99.8% for aqueous solutions with initial concentrations of 100 mg/L and 82.1% for landfill leachate containing competitive metal ions such as Cd,Cu,Ni,Mn,and Zn.Furthermore,NWF-serine maintained 86% of its Pb(Ⅱ) uptake after five use cycles.The coordination of the carboxyl and amino groups with Pb(Ⅱ) was confirmed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and extended X-ray absorption fine structure analysis.

Near-zero-adhesion-enabled intact wafer-scale resist-transfer printing for high-fidelity nanofabrication on arbitrary substrates

There is an urgent need for novel processes that can integrate different functional nanostructures onto specific substrates,so as to meet the fast-growing need for broad applications in nanoelectronics,nanophotonics,and fexible optoelectronics.Existing direct-lithography methods are difficult to use on fexible,nonplanar,and biocompatible surfaces.Therefore,this fabrication is usually accomplished by nanotransfer printing.However,large-scale integration of multiscale nanostructures with unconventional substrates remains challenging because fabrication yields and quality are often limited by the resolution,uniformity,adhesivity,and integrity of the nanostructures formed by direct transfer.Here,we proposed a resist-based transfer strategy enabled by near-zero adhesion,which was achieved by molecular modification to attain a critical surface energy interval.This approach enabled the intact transfer of wafer-scale,ultrathin-resist nanofilms onto arbitrary substrates with mitigated cracking and wrinkling,thereby facilitating the in situ fabrication of nanostructures for functional devices.Applying this approach,fabrication of three-dimensional-stacked multilayer structures with enhanced functionalities,nanoplasmonic structures with~10 nm resolution,and MoS2-based devices with excellent performance was demonstrated on specific substrates.These results collectively demonstrated the high stability,reliability,and throughput of our strategy for optical and electronic device applications.