To solve the problem of only surface carbonation and realize high-efficiency carbonation of recycled coarse aggregate,the method of carbonated recycled coarse aggregate with nano materials pre-soaking was first put fo...To solve the problem of only surface carbonation and realize high-efficiency carbonation of recycled coarse aggregate,the method of carbonated recycled coarse aggregate with nano materials pre-soaking was first put forward.The carbonation effect of modified recycled coarse aggregate with three different carbonation methods was evaluated,and water absorption,apparent density and crush index of modified recycled coarse aggregate were measured.Combined with XRD,SEM,and MIP microscopic analysis,the high-efficiency carbonation strengthening mechanism of modified recycled coarse aggregate was revealed.The experimental results show that,compared with the non-carbonated recycled coarse aggregate,the physical and microscopic properties of carbonated recycled coarse aggregate are improved.The method of carbonation with nano-SiO_(2) pre-soaking can realize the high-efficiency carbonation of recycled coarse aggregate,for modified recycled coarse aggregate with the method,water absorption is reduced by 23.03%,porosity is reduced by 44.06%,and the average pore diameter is 21.82 nm.The high-efficiency carbonation strengthening mechanism show that the pre-socked nano-SiO_(2) is bound to the hydration product Ca(OH)_(2) of the old mortar with nano-scale C-S-H,which can improve the CO_(2) absorption rate,accelerate the carbonation reaction,generate more stable CaCO_(3) and nano-scale silica gel,and bond to the dense three-dimensional network structure to realize the bidirectional enhancement of nano-materials and pressurized carbonation.It is concluded that the method of carbonation with nano-SiO_(2) pre-soaking is a novel high-efficiency carbonation modification of recycled coarse aggregate.展开更多
A high-effi ciency liquid dishwashing detergent was prepared by using oregano essential oil as an antibacterial agent. The surface cleaning and antibacterial property of the detergent resolved its unifunctionality pro...A high-effi ciency liquid dishwashing detergent was prepared by using oregano essential oil as an antibacterial agent. The surface cleaning and antibacterial property of the detergent resolved its unifunctionality problem. The antibacterial activities of the detergent were demonstrated through a disk diff usion assay and wipe experiments with Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus . Results showed that the prepared detergent was highly eff ective against E. coli and S. aureus . The results of chemical accelerated tests indicated that the detergent would be eff ective for at least 1 year. The antibacterial property and detergency performance of the high-effi ciency antibacterial liquid dishwashing detergent were compared with those of a commercial antibacterial detergent containing 0.02% o -phenylphenol. The detergency performance of the high-effi ciency detergent reached 97.8% and was superior to that of the commercial antibacterial detergent.展开更多
Although detergent additives for gasoline have been widely commercialized,their formulas are often kept confidential and there is still no standardized method for quickly detecting the main active ingredients and eval...Although detergent additives for gasoline have been widely commercialized,their formulas are often kept confidential and there is still no standardized method for quickly detecting the main active ingredients and evaluating their effectiveness,which makes their regulation difficult.An overview of the current state of the development and application of detergent additives for gasoline in China and other regions,as well as a review of the rapid detection and performance evaluation methods available for analyzing detergent additives are given herein.The review focuses on the convenience,cost,efficiency,and feasibility of on-site detection and the evaluation of various methods,and also looks into future research directions,such as detecting and evaluating detergent additives in ethanol gasoline and with advanced engine technologies.展开更多
The unique advantages of one-dimensional(1D)oriented nanostructures in light-trapping and chargetransport make them competitive candidates in photovoltaic(PV)devices.Since the emergence of perovskite solar cells(PSCs)...The unique advantages of one-dimensional(1D)oriented nanostructures in light-trapping and chargetransport make them competitive candidates in photovoltaic(PV)devices.Since the emergence of perovskite solar cells(PSCs),1D nanostructured electron transport materials(ETMs)have drawn tremendous interest.However,the power conversion efficiencies(PCEs)of these devices have always significantly lagged behind their mesoscopic and planar counterparts.High-efficiency PSCs with 1D ETMs showing efficiency over 22%were just realized in the most recent studies.It yet lacks a comprehensive review covering the development of 1D ETMs and their application in PSCs.We hence timely summarize the advances in 1D ETMs-based solar cells,emphasizing on the fundamental and optimization issues of charge separation and collection ability,and their influence on PV performance.After sketching the classification and requirements for high-efficiency 1D nanostructured solar cells,we highlight the applicability of 1D TiO_(2)nanostructures in PSCs,including nanotubes,nanorods,nanocones,and nanopyramids,and carefully analyze how the electrostatic field affects cell performance.Other kinds of oriented nanostructures,e.g.,ZnO and SnO_(2)ETMs,are also described.Finally,we discuss the challenges and propose some potential strategies to further boost device performance.This review provides a broad range of valuable work in this fast-developing field,which we hope will stimulate research enthusiasm to push PSCs to an unprecedented level.展开更多
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic mechanisms of a breast lump resolution detergent in a rat model of breast hyperplasia. Methods: A rat model of breast hyperplasia was esta...Objective: This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic mechanisms of a breast lump resolution detergent in a rat model of breast hyperplasia. Methods: A rat model of breast hyperplasia was established using injections of estradiol benzoate combined with progesterone. The effects of the breast lump resolution detergent on nipple height and diameter in the rat model were observed, along with its impact on serum levels of estradiol (E2), prolactin (PRL), and progesterone (P). Additionally, the study examined the morphological changes in breast tissue. The impact of the breast nodule detergent on blood rheology parameters was also observed. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory effect of the breast nodule detergent was assessed using the cotton ball granuloma experiment, and the analgesic effect was observed using the writhing test. Results: The breast lump resolution detergent reduced nipple height and diameter in the rat model, decreased serum levels of E2, PRL, and P, and alleviated pathological changes in breast tissue. It also lowered hemorheological parameters including whole blood high, medium, and low shear viscosity, plasma viscosity, red blood cell hematocrit, red blood cell aggregation index, red blood cell deformability index, red blood cell electrophoresis time, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate in the acute “blood stasis” rat model. The detergent reduced the weight of cotton ball granulomas in mice and decreased the number of writhing episodes caused by acetic acid. Conclusion: The breast lump resolution detergent demonstrates favorable therapeutic effects in treating breast hyperplasia, promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, exerting anti-inflammatory properties, and providing analgesic effects. The downregulation of serum E2 and PRL levels and the upregulation of P levels may be critical mechanisms underlying its efficacy.展开更多
[Objectives]To select zucchini varieties suitable for cultivation in Zibo City and test its high-yield cultivation techniques.[Methods]Six zucchini varieties were introduced,and their commercial quality and yield were...[Objectives]To select zucchini varieties suitable for cultivation in Zibo City and test its high-yield cultivation techniques.[Methods]Six zucchini varieties were introduced,and their commercial quality and yield were determined.[Results]The yield of Shengfeier,Xiuyu 170 and Xihulu 309 increased by 11.4%,6.9%and 4.6%,respectively compared with S68(control),and zucchini was straight,looked pleasing to the eye,and had strong disease resistance.[Conclusions]The zucchini varieties were selected and the high-quality,high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation techniques were integrated.展开更多
To evaluate the safety of detergents,the toxicological test results of 580 collected detergents were analyzed.The results showed that,in the acute oral toxicity test,94.4%and 5.6%of the samples were classified as non-...To evaluate the safety of detergents,the toxicological test results of 580 collected detergents were analyzed.The results showed that,in the acute oral toxicity test,94.4%and 5.6%of the samples were classified as non-toxic and toxic respectively.In skin irritation test,95.1%of the samples were mild irritation or below,and 4.9%were moderate irritation or above.In the vaginal mucosa irritation test,79.0%of the samples were very mild irritation or below,while 21.0%were mild irritation or above.In the acute inhalation toxicity test,the proportion of the samples classified as actually non-toxic and toxic were 87.9%and 12.1%respectively.In the eye irritation test,95.7%of the samples belonged to mild irritation or below,and 4.3%of the samples belonged to moderate irritation or above.The products at risk in category A,B and C products account for 6.3%,7.7%and 14.2%respectively.Of the 580 tested samples,90.9%were relatively safe,while 9.1%were at risk.These data showed that most of the tested samples meet the safety requirements for use.展开更多
The application of amino acid-based surfactant in dishwasher detergent was studied in this paper. The foam and oil-removing performance of amino acid surfactants in alkaline condition were test to discuss feasibility ...The application of amino acid-based surfactant in dishwasher detergent was studied in this paper. The foam and oil-removing performance of amino acid surfactants in alkaline condition were test to discuss feasibility of amino acid-based surfactant from natural origin as the alternative to traditional nonionic surfactants from petroleum origin in dishwasher detergent. Comparative study was conducted through using various amino acid-based surfactants and nonionic surfactants respectively, together with enzymes and peroxide to formulate dishwasher detergents, and their application properties such as foam performance and detergency were also evaluated when washing different tableware in automatic dishwasher. The results showed that among all tested amino acid surfactants, glutamate surfactants showed low foaming and high oil-removing ability in alkaline condition, and excellent decontamination ability in dishwashing tests.展开更多
This paper reports the purification and characterization of kinetic parameters of cellulase produced from Trichoderma viride under still culture solid state fermentation technique using cheap and an easily available a...This paper reports the purification and characterization of kinetic parameters of cellulase produced from Trichoderma viride under still culture solid state fermentation technique using cheap and an easily available agricultural waste material, wheat straw as growth supported substrate. Trichoderma viride was cultured in fermentation medium of wheat straw under some previously optimized growth conditions and maximum activity of 398±2.43U/mL obtained after stipulated fermentation time period. Cellulase was purified 2.33 fold with specific activity of 105U/mg in comparison to crude enzyme extract using ammonium sulfate precipitation, dialysis and Sephadex-G-100 column chromatography. The enzyme was shown to have a relative low molecular weight of 58kDa by sodium dodecyl sulphate poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The purified enzyme displayed 6.5 and 55oC as an optimum pH and temperature respectively. Using carboxymethyl cellulose as substrate, the enzyme showed maximum activity (Vmax) of 148U/mL with its corresponding KM value of 68μM. Among activators/inhibitors SDS, EDTA, and Hg2+ showed inhibitory effect on purified cellulase whereas, the enzyme activated by Co2+ and Mn2+ at a concentration of 1mM. The purified cellulase was compatible with four local detergent brands with up to 20 days of shelf life at room temperature suggesting its potential as a detergent additive for improved washing therefore, it is concluded that it may be potentially useful for industrial purposes especially for detergent and laundry industry.展开更多
We evaluated the effects of neutral detergent soluble fiber (NDSF) and sucrose supplementation on ruminal fermentation, microbial synthesis, and populations of ruminal cellulolytic bacteria using the rumen simulatio...We evaluated the effects of neutral detergent soluble fiber (NDSF) and sucrose supplementation on ruminal fermentation, microbial synthesis, and populations of ruminal cellulolytic bacteria using the rumen simulation technique (RUSITEC). The experiment had a 2x2 factorial design with two dosages of sucrose, low (ca. 0.26 g d-1, low-sucrose) and high (ca. 1.01 g d-1, high-sucrose), and two dosages of supplied NDSF, low (1.95 g d-1, Iow-NDSF) and high (2.70 g d-1, high-NDSF). Interactions between NDSF and sucrose were detected for xylanase activity from solid fraction and apparent disappearance of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and hemicellulose, with the lowest values observed for high-NDSF and high-sucrose treatment. Supplemental NDSF appeared to increase the molar proportion of acetate and reduce that of butyrate; however, the effects of supplemental sucrose on VFA profiles depended upon NDSF amount. There was a NDSFxsucrose interaction for the production of methane. High-NDSF fermenters had lower ammonia-N production, greater daily N flow of solid- associated microbial pellets and total microorganisms, and greater microbial synthesis efficiency compared with low- NDSF fermenters. Supplementation with NDSF resulted in an increase in 16S rDNA copies of Ruminococcusflavefaciens and a reduction in copies of Ruminococcus albus. Supplementation with sucrose tended to increase the 16S rDNA copies ofR. albus from liquid fraction, but did not affect daily total microbial N flow and cellulolytic bacterium populations from solid fraction. These data indicate that the effects of the interaction between NDSF and sugars on ruminal fermentation and fiber digestion should be taken into account in diet formulation. Ruminal fermentation and metabolism of sugars warrant further investigation.展开更多
We propose a controllable high-efficiency electrostatic surface trap for cold polar molecules on a chip by using two insulator-embedded charged rings and a grounded conductor plate. We calculate Stark energy structure...We propose a controllable high-efficiency electrostatic surface trap for cold polar molecules on a chip by using two insulator-embedded charged rings and a grounded conductor plate. We calculate Stark energy structure pattern of ND3 molecules in an external electric field using the method of matrix diagonalization. We analyze how the voltages that are applied to the ring electrodes affect the depth of the efficient well and the controllability of the distance between the trap center and the surface of the chip. To obtain a better understanding, we simulate the dynamical loading and trapping processes of ND3 molecules in a |J, KM = |1,-1 state by using classical Monte–Carlo method. Our study shows that the loading efficiency of our trap can reach ~ 88%. Finally, we study the adiabatic cooling of cold molecules in our surface trap by linearly lowering the potential-well depth(i.e., lowering the trapping voltage), and find that the temperature of the trapped ND3 molecules can be adiabatically cooled from 34.5 m K to ~ 5.8 m K when the trapping voltage is reduced from-35 k V to-3 k V.展开更多
This paper mainly covers a method for preparing a highly alkaline magnesium linoleate solution with a total base number(TBN) value of 328 mg KOH/g using linoleic acid as the biodegradable raw material, which can subst...This paper mainly covers a method for preparing a highly alkaline magnesium linoleate solution with a total base number(TBN) value of 328 mg KOH/g using linoleic acid as the biodegradable raw material, which can substitute for traditional lubricant detergents as an environmentally friendly detergent. Reaction conditions, including the molar ratio of magnesium oxide to linoleic acid, the molar ratio of methanol to magnesium oxide, the carbonation temperature, the molar ratio of water to magnesium oxide, the flow rate of CO2 gas and the duration for injection of CO2 to magnesium oxide system, were optimized.展开更多
Using molecular dynamics simulations based on classical mechanic method, the mechanism of competitive adsorption between gasoline detergent and deposit on Fe(110) surface was investigated. The representative simulatio...Using molecular dynamics simulations based on classical mechanic method, the mechanism of competitive adsorption between gasoline detergent and deposit on Fe(110) surface was investigated. The representative simulation relating to the deposit molecule and the gasoline detergent molecule with high market share were selected as the model compound. It was found that when the detergent and deposit molecules exist at the same time, the detergent molecules would compete with the deposit molecules to reduce the adsorption of the deposit on Fe(110) so as to protect the metal surface. In addition, the ESP distribution is further confirmed that the detergent molecule has higher adsorption ability than the deposit molecule with the DFT theory. The essence of competitive adsorption is further revealed in detail, which is very important for the development of new type high-efficiency detergent additives.展开更多
An innovative idea was proposed to prepare the overbased nano-sized calcium carbonate-calcium petroleum sulfonate in-situ the HIGEE reactor. The test sample prepared by this technology could meet the requirement of th...An innovative idea was proposed to prepare the overbased nano-sized calcium carbonate-calcium petroleum sulfonate in-situ the HIGEE reactor. The test sample prepared by this technology could meet the requirement of the industry standard SH0042-91 for the first-grade product on a par with similar overseas product. The test results obtained upon observation under microscope after freezing etching of specimen revealed that the crystal size of colloidal calcium sulfonate was in the range of 10-30 nm with an average size of 20 nm. The size of the detergent additive was uniform with good transmittance and fluidity. The HIGEE technology possesses five specific features as shown below: Firstly, the carbonation reaction is completed in one step with the reaction time reduced by more than 50% as compared to traditional batch reactor process along with enhanced reaction efficiency, good operability of the process and stabilized product quality. Secondly, ammonia emitted from the reaction is used as the co- promoter without the need for adding ammonia and water as promoters to simplify the promoter system along with effective and strong coupling of reactions. Thirdly, the utilization rate of Ca(OH)2 and CO2 is increased by 15% and 30%, respectively, with product yield increased by 15%, and calcium residue decreased by 65%. Fourthly, the HIGEE technology is environmental benign because of gasoline is used in this technology instead of toxic toluene and xylene. Fifthly, the dimension of HIGEE reactor is reduced by above two-thirds. The success in development of this new technology will offer new ideas and technology platform for the synthesis of metal detergent additive to lubricating oils in China.展开更多
The paper investigates effects of detergent for domestic use on the photosynthetic activity and chlorophyll content in intact bean leaves. The plants were watered for 21 days with a solution of domestic washing powder...The paper investigates effects of detergent for domestic use on the photosynthetic activity and chlorophyll content in intact bean leaves. The plants were watered for 21 days with a solution of domestic washing powder of 0.60 g r/l. It was established that the activity of photosynthetic apparatus in the plant leaf PhACNorm [%] decreases exponentially with the length of plant treatment/watering. At the end of the treatment (21st day) the activity of photosynthetic apparatus in the dosed plant leaf was no more than 45% of that in control plant (those which were not watered with detergent solution). With increased plant treatment duration the changed chlorophyll concentration ΔChlNorm [%] rose non-linearly in plant leaves. The highest change ΔChlNorm [%] was observed on the 21st day and amounted to 12%.展开更多
A new thermal model with triangular heat flux distribution is given in high-efficiency deep grinding. The mathematical expressions are driven to calculate the surface temperature. The transient behavior of the maximum...A new thermal model with triangular heat flux distribution is given in high-efficiency deep grinding. The mathematical expressions are driven to calculate the surface temperature. The transient behavior of the maximum temperature on contact area is investigated in different grinding conditions with a J-type thermocouple. The maximum contact temperatures measured in different conditions are found to be between 1 000 ℃ and 1 500 ℃ in burn-out conditions. The experiment results show good agreement with the new thermal model.展开更多
We demonstrate a high-emciency mid-infrared picosecond optical parametric oscillator (OPO) based on MgO doped periodically poled lithium niobate (MgO:PPLN) with a laser diode array (LDA) pumped Innoslab amplifi...We demonstrate a high-emciency mid-infrared picosecond optical parametric oscillator (OPO) based on MgO doped periodically poled lithium niobate (MgO:PPLN) with a laser diode array (LDA) pumped Innoslab amplifier as the pumping source. Under a 16 W synchronously pumping power, 4.5 W of idler light at 2896nm is obtained. A tuning range of idler light from 2688nm to 3016nm is achieved, within which the highest optical-optical conversion ettlciency from pump power to OPO output is 35.1%. Moreover, a signal light of -500mW from 1644 to 1700nm with a repetition rate of 233.8 MHz is generated.展开更多
The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats(CRISPR)–CRISPR-associated protein(Cas) system has been widely used for genome editing. In this system, the cytosine base editor(CBE) and adenine base edit...The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats(CRISPR)–CRISPR-associated protein(Cas) system has been widely used for genome editing. In this system, the cytosine base editor(CBE) and adenine base editor(ABE) allow generating precise and irreversible base mutations in a programmable manner and have been used in many different types of cells and organisms. However, their applications are limited by low editing efficiency at certain genomic target sites or at specific target cytosine(C) or adenine(A) residues. Using a strategy of combining optimized synergistic core components, we developed a new multiplex super-assembled ABE(sABE) in rice that showed higher base-editing efficiency than previously developed ABEs. We also designed a new type of nuclear localization signal(NLS) comprising a FLAG epitope tag with four copies of a codon-optimized NLS(F4NLS^(r2)) to generate another ABE named F4NLS-sABE. This new NLS increased editing efficiency or edited additional A at several target sites. A new multiplex super-assembled CBE(sCBE) and F4NLS^(r2) involved F4NLS-sCBE were also created using the same strategy. F4NLS-sCBE was proven to be much more efficient than sCBE in rice. These optimized base editors will serve as powerful genome-editing tools for basic research or molecular breeding in rice and will provide a reference for the development of superior editing tools for other plants or animals.展开更多
The Si tandem solar cells are very attractive for realizing high efficiency and low cost. This paper overviews current status of III-V/Si tandem solar cells including our results. The analytical results for efficiency...The Si tandem solar cells are very attractive for realizing high efficiency and low cost. This paper overviews current status of III-V/Si tandem solar cells including our results. The analytical results for efficiency potential of Si tandem solar cells and loss analysis of Si bottom cells as well as bandgap energy optimization of sub-cells are presented. The 2-junction and 3-junction Si tandem solar cells have potential efficiencies of 36% and 42%, respectively. ERE (external radiative efficiency) analysis for Si solar cells is analyzed in or</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">der to clarify properties of Si bottom solar cells. Properties of single-crystalline Si heterojunction solar cell</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> fabricated in this study were analyzed. The current </span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">status of efficiencies of our Si bottom cell, upper III-V 2-junction solar cell and III-V/Si 3-junction tandem solar cell was shown to be 5.2% and 28.6% and 33.8%. Achievement of </span><span style="white-space:nowrap;font-family:Verdana;"><i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">J</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">sc</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;font-family:Verdana;"></i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></sub></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> of 12 mA/cm</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> for Si bottom cell is necessary to realize high-efficiency 3-junction Si tandem solar cells with an efficiency of</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> more than 37%. In addition, this paper presents ERE analysis of III-V 2-junction upper solar cells for improving III-V/Si 3-junction tandem solar cells. Several ways to improve efficiency of III-V/Si 3-junction tandem solar cells by reducing non-radiative recombination, optical and resistance losses are shown.展开更多
基金Funded by Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U1904188)the Jiangxi Provincial Department of Education Science and Technology Project(Nos.GJJ171079,GJJ181023,and GJJ181022)。
文摘To solve the problem of only surface carbonation and realize high-efficiency carbonation of recycled coarse aggregate,the method of carbonated recycled coarse aggregate with nano materials pre-soaking was first put forward.The carbonation effect of modified recycled coarse aggregate with three different carbonation methods was evaluated,and water absorption,apparent density and crush index of modified recycled coarse aggregate were measured.Combined with XRD,SEM,and MIP microscopic analysis,the high-efficiency carbonation strengthening mechanism of modified recycled coarse aggregate was revealed.The experimental results show that,compared with the non-carbonated recycled coarse aggregate,the physical and microscopic properties of carbonated recycled coarse aggregate are improved.The method of carbonation with nano-SiO_(2) pre-soaking can realize the high-efficiency carbonation of recycled coarse aggregate,for modified recycled coarse aggregate with the method,water absorption is reduced by 23.03%,porosity is reduced by 44.06%,and the average pore diameter is 21.82 nm.The high-efficiency carbonation strengthening mechanism show that the pre-socked nano-SiO_(2) is bound to the hydration product Ca(OH)_(2) of the old mortar with nano-scale C-S-H,which can improve the CO_(2) absorption rate,accelerate the carbonation reaction,generate more stable CaCO_(3) and nano-scale silica gel,and bond to the dense three-dimensional network structure to realize the bidirectional enhancement of nano-materials and pressurized carbonation.It is concluded that the method of carbonation with nano-SiO_(2) pre-soaking is a novel high-efficiency carbonation modification of recycled coarse aggregate.
文摘A high-effi ciency liquid dishwashing detergent was prepared by using oregano essential oil as an antibacterial agent. The surface cleaning and antibacterial property of the detergent resolved its unifunctionality problem. The antibacterial activities of the detergent were demonstrated through a disk diff usion assay and wipe experiments with Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus . Results showed that the prepared detergent was highly eff ective against E. coli and S. aureus . The results of chemical accelerated tests indicated that the detergent would be eff ective for at least 1 year. The antibacterial property and detergency performance of the high-effi ciency antibacterial liquid dishwashing detergent were compared with those of a commercial antibacterial detergent containing 0.02% o -phenylphenol. The detergency performance of the high-effi ciency detergent reached 97.8% and was superior to that of the commercial antibacterial detergent.
基金This work was supported by the SINOPEC Research Project(No.121052-2).
文摘Although detergent additives for gasoline have been widely commercialized,their formulas are often kept confidential and there is still no standardized method for quickly detecting the main active ingredients and evaluating their effectiveness,which makes their regulation difficult.An overview of the current state of the development and application of detergent additives for gasoline in China and other regions,as well as a review of the rapid detection and performance evaluation methods available for analyzing detergent additives are given herein.The review focuses on the convenience,cost,efficiency,and feasibility of on-site detection and the evaluation of various methods,and also looks into future research directions,such as detecting and evaluating detergent additives in ethanol gasoline and with advanced engine technologies.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61904166,22209145)the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province(2022NSFSC0258)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(YJ2021129)。
文摘The unique advantages of one-dimensional(1D)oriented nanostructures in light-trapping and chargetransport make them competitive candidates in photovoltaic(PV)devices.Since the emergence of perovskite solar cells(PSCs),1D nanostructured electron transport materials(ETMs)have drawn tremendous interest.However,the power conversion efficiencies(PCEs)of these devices have always significantly lagged behind their mesoscopic and planar counterparts.High-efficiency PSCs with 1D ETMs showing efficiency over 22%were just realized in the most recent studies.It yet lacks a comprehensive review covering the development of 1D ETMs and their application in PSCs.We hence timely summarize the advances in 1D ETMs-based solar cells,emphasizing on the fundamental and optimization issues of charge separation and collection ability,and their influence on PV performance.After sketching the classification and requirements for high-efficiency 1D nanostructured solar cells,we highlight the applicability of 1D TiO_(2)nanostructures in PSCs,including nanotubes,nanorods,nanocones,and nanopyramids,and carefully analyze how the electrostatic field affects cell performance.Other kinds of oriented nanostructures,e.g.,ZnO and SnO_(2)ETMs,are also described.Finally,we discuss the challenges and propose some potential strategies to further boost device performance.This review provides a broad range of valuable work in this fast-developing field,which we hope will stimulate research enthusiasm to push PSCs to an unprecedented level.
文摘Objective: This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic mechanisms of a breast lump resolution detergent in a rat model of breast hyperplasia. Methods: A rat model of breast hyperplasia was established using injections of estradiol benzoate combined with progesterone. The effects of the breast lump resolution detergent on nipple height and diameter in the rat model were observed, along with its impact on serum levels of estradiol (E2), prolactin (PRL), and progesterone (P). Additionally, the study examined the morphological changes in breast tissue. The impact of the breast nodule detergent on blood rheology parameters was also observed. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory effect of the breast nodule detergent was assessed using the cotton ball granuloma experiment, and the analgesic effect was observed using the writhing test. Results: The breast lump resolution detergent reduced nipple height and diameter in the rat model, decreased serum levels of E2, PRL, and P, and alleviated pathological changes in breast tissue. It also lowered hemorheological parameters including whole blood high, medium, and low shear viscosity, plasma viscosity, red blood cell hematocrit, red blood cell aggregation index, red blood cell deformability index, red blood cell electrophoresis time, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate in the acute “blood stasis” rat model. The detergent reduced the weight of cotton ball granulomas in mice and decreased the number of writhing episodes caused by acetic acid. Conclusion: The breast lump resolution detergent demonstrates favorable therapeutic effects in treating breast hyperplasia, promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, exerting anti-inflammatory properties, and providing analgesic effects. The downregulation of serum E2 and PRL levels and the upregulation of P levels may be critical mechanisms underlying its efficacy.
文摘[Objectives]To select zucchini varieties suitable for cultivation in Zibo City and test its high-yield cultivation techniques.[Methods]Six zucchini varieties were introduced,and their commercial quality and yield were determined.[Results]The yield of Shengfeier,Xiuyu 170 and Xihulu 309 increased by 11.4%,6.9%and 4.6%,respectively compared with S68(control),and zucchini was straight,looked pleasing to the eye,and had strong disease resistance.[Conclusions]The zucchini varieties were selected and the high-quality,high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation techniques were integrated.
文摘To evaluate the safety of detergents,the toxicological test results of 580 collected detergents were analyzed.The results showed that,in the acute oral toxicity test,94.4%and 5.6%of the samples were classified as non-toxic and toxic respectively.In skin irritation test,95.1%of the samples were mild irritation or below,and 4.9%were moderate irritation or above.In the vaginal mucosa irritation test,79.0%of the samples were very mild irritation or below,while 21.0%were mild irritation or above.In the acute inhalation toxicity test,the proportion of the samples classified as actually non-toxic and toxic were 87.9%and 12.1%respectively.In the eye irritation test,95.7%of the samples belonged to mild irritation or below,and 4.3%of the samples belonged to moderate irritation or above.The products at risk in category A,B and C products account for 6.3%,7.7%and 14.2%respectively.Of the 580 tested samples,90.9%were relatively safe,while 9.1%were at risk.These data showed that most of the tested samples meet the safety requirements for use.
文摘The application of amino acid-based surfactant in dishwasher detergent was studied in this paper. The foam and oil-removing performance of amino acid surfactants in alkaline condition were test to discuss feasibility of amino acid-based surfactant from natural origin as the alternative to traditional nonionic surfactants from petroleum origin in dishwasher detergent. Comparative study was conducted through using various amino acid-based surfactants and nonionic surfactants respectively, together with enzymes and peroxide to formulate dishwasher detergents, and their application properties such as foam performance and detergency were also evaluated when washing different tableware in automatic dishwasher. The results showed that among all tested amino acid surfactants, glutamate surfactants showed low foaming and high oil-removing ability in alkaline condition, and excellent decontamination ability in dishwashing tests.
文摘This paper reports the purification and characterization of kinetic parameters of cellulase produced from Trichoderma viride under still culture solid state fermentation technique using cheap and an easily available agricultural waste material, wheat straw as growth supported substrate. Trichoderma viride was cultured in fermentation medium of wheat straw under some previously optimized growth conditions and maximum activity of 398±2.43U/mL obtained after stipulated fermentation time period. Cellulase was purified 2.33 fold with specific activity of 105U/mg in comparison to crude enzyme extract using ammonium sulfate precipitation, dialysis and Sephadex-G-100 column chromatography. The enzyme was shown to have a relative low molecular weight of 58kDa by sodium dodecyl sulphate poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The purified enzyme displayed 6.5 and 55oC as an optimum pH and temperature respectively. Using carboxymethyl cellulose as substrate, the enzyme showed maximum activity (Vmax) of 148U/mL with its corresponding KM value of 68μM. Among activators/inhibitors SDS, EDTA, and Hg2+ showed inhibitory effect on purified cellulase whereas, the enzyme activated by Co2+ and Mn2+ at a concentration of 1mM. The purified cellulase was compatible with four local detergent brands with up to 20 days of shelf life at room temperature suggesting its potential as a detergent additive for improved washing therefore, it is concluded that it may be potentially useful for industrial purposes especially for detergent and laundry industry.
基金supported by the National Key Technologies R&D Program of China(2012BAD12B02)the Program of International S&T Cooperation of China(2010DFB34230)the Scientific&Technological Innovation Project of Shaanxi,China(2011KTCQ02-02)
文摘We evaluated the effects of neutral detergent soluble fiber (NDSF) and sucrose supplementation on ruminal fermentation, microbial synthesis, and populations of ruminal cellulolytic bacteria using the rumen simulation technique (RUSITEC). The experiment had a 2x2 factorial design with two dosages of sucrose, low (ca. 0.26 g d-1, low-sucrose) and high (ca. 1.01 g d-1, high-sucrose), and two dosages of supplied NDSF, low (1.95 g d-1, Iow-NDSF) and high (2.70 g d-1, high-NDSF). Interactions between NDSF and sucrose were detected for xylanase activity from solid fraction and apparent disappearance of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and hemicellulose, with the lowest values observed for high-NDSF and high-sucrose treatment. Supplemental NDSF appeared to increase the molar proportion of acetate and reduce that of butyrate; however, the effects of supplemental sucrose on VFA profiles depended upon NDSF amount. There was a NDSFxsucrose interaction for the production of methane. High-NDSF fermenters had lower ammonia-N production, greater daily N flow of solid- associated microbial pellets and total microorganisms, and greater microbial synthesis efficiency compared with low- NDSF fermenters. Supplementation with NDSF resulted in an increase in 16S rDNA copies of Ruminococcusflavefaciens and a reduction in copies of Ruminococcus albus. Supplementation with sucrose tended to increase the 16S rDNA copies ofR. albus from liquid fraction, but did not affect daily total microbial N flow and cellulolytic bacterium populations from solid fraction. These data indicate that the effects of the interaction between NDSF and sugars on ruminal fermentation and fiber digestion should be taken into account in diet formulation. Ruminal fermentation and metabolism of sugars warrant further investigation.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.10674047,10804031,10904037,10904060,10974055,11034002,and61205198)the National Key Basic Research and Development Program of China(Grant Nos.2006CB921604 and 2011CB921602)+2 种基金the Basic Key Program of Shanghai Municipality,China(Grant No.07JC14017)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universitiesthe Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline Project,China(Grant No.B408)
文摘We propose a controllable high-efficiency electrostatic surface trap for cold polar molecules on a chip by using two insulator-embedded charged rings and a grounded conductor plate. We calculate Stark energy structure pattern of ND3 molecules in an external electric field using the method of matrix diagonalization. We analyze how the voltages that are applied to the ring electrodes affect the depth of the efficient well and the controllability of the distance between the trap center and the surface of the chip. To obtain a better understanding, we simulate the dynamical loading and trapping processes of ND3 molecules in a |J, KM = |1,-1 state by using classical Monte–Carlo method. Our study shows that the loading efficiency of our trap can reach ~ 88%. Finally, we study the adiabatic cooling of cold molecules in our surface trap by linearly lowering the potential-well depth(i.e., lowering the trapping voltage), and find that the temperature of the trapped ND3 molecules can be adiabatically cooled from 34.5 m K to ~ 5.8 m K when the trapping voltage is reduced from-35 k V to-3 k V.
基金supported by the Natural Science Research Project of Anhui Educational Committee (No. KJ2013B273)the National Students’ Innovative Training Program (No. 201210375035)the Scientific Research Foundation for Introduced Scholars, Huangshan University (No. 2013xkjq004 ).
文摘This paper mainly covers a method for preparing a highly alkaline magnesium linoleate solution with a total base number(TBN) value of 328 mg KOH/g using linoleic acid as the biodegradable raw material, which can substitute for traditional lubricant detergents as an environmentally friendly detergent. Reaction conditions, including the molar ratio of magnesium oxide to linoleic acid, the molar ratio of methanol to magnesium oxide, the carbonation temperature, the molar ratio of water to magnesium oxide, the flow rate of CO2 gas and the duration for injection of CO2 to magnesium oxide system, were optimized.
文摘Using molecular dynamics simulations based on classical mechanic method, the mechanism of competitive adsorption between gasoline detergent and deposit on Fe(110) surface was investigated. The representative simulation relating to the deposit molecule and the gasoline detergent molecule with high market share were selected as the model compound. It was found that when the detergent and deposit molecules exist at the same time, the detergent molecules would compete with the deposit molecules to reduce the adsorption of the deposit on Fe(110) so as to protect the metal surface. In addition, the ESP distribution is further confirmed that the detergent molecule has higher adsorption ability than the deposit molecule with the DFT theory. The essence of competitive adsorption is further revealed in detail, which is very important for the development of new type high-efficiency detergent additives.
文摘An innovative idea was proposed to prepare the overbased nano-sized calcium carbonate-calcium petroleum sulfonate in-situ the HIGEE reactor. The test sample prepared by this technology could meet the requirement of the industry standard SH0042-91 for the first-grade product on a par with similar overseas product. The test results obtained upon observation under microscope after freezing etching of specimen revealed that the crystal size of colloidal calcium sulfonate was in the range of 10-30 nm with an average size of 20 nm. The size of the detergent additive was uniform with good transmittance and fluidity. The HIGEE technology possesses five specific features as shown below: Firstly, the carbonation reaction is completed in one step with the reaction time reduced by more than 50% as compared to traditional batch reactor process along with enhanced reaction efficiency, good operability of the process and stabilized product quality. Secondly, ammonia emitted from the reaction is used as the co- promoter without the need for adding ammonia and water as promoters to simplify the promoter system along with effective and strong coupling of reactions. Thirdly, the utilization rate of Ca(OH)2 and CO2 is increased by 15% and 30%, respectively, with product yield increased by 15%, and calcium residue decreased by 65%. Fourthly, the HIGEE technology is environmental benign because of gasoline is used in this technology instead of toxic toluene and xylene. Fifthly, the dimension of HIGEE reactor is reduced by above two-thirds. The success in development of this new technology will offer new ideas and technology platform for the synthesis of metal detergent additive to lubricating oils in China.
文摘The paper investigates effects of detergent for domestic use on the photosynthetic activity and chlorophyll content in intact bean leaves. The plants were watered for 21 days with a solution of domestic washing powder of 0.60 g r/l. It was established that the activity of photosynthetic apparatus in the plant leaf PhACNorm [%] decreases exponentially with the length of plant treatment/watering. At the end of the treatment (21st day) the activity of photosynthetic apparatus in the dosed plant leaf was no more than 45% of that in control plant (those which were not watered with detergent solution). With increased plant treatment duration the changed chlorophyll concentration ΔChlNorm [%] rose non-linearly in plant leaves. The highest change ΔChlNorm [%] was observed on the 21st day and amounted to 12%.
基金This project is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.50475052)Provincial Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning (No.20022161)Provincial Scientific Research Plan of Education Office of Uaoning(No.202223206).
文摘A new thermal model with triangular heat flux distribution is given in high-efficiency deep grinding. The mathematical expressions are driven to calculate the surface temperature. The transient behavior of the maximum temperature on contact area is investigated in different grinding conditions with a J-type thermocouple. The maximum contact temperatures measured in different conditions are found to be between 1 000 ℃ and 1 500 ℃ in burn-out conditions. The experiment results show good agreement with the new thermal model.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos 61275142,61308042,and 51321091the National Key Scientific Instrument and Equipment Development Project under Grant No 2011YQ030127the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation under Grant No 2014T70633
文摘We demonstrate a high-emciency mid-infrared picosecond optical parametric oscillator (OPO) based on MgO doped periodically poled lithium niobate (MgO:PPLN) with a laser diode array (LDA) pumped Innoslab amplifier as the pumping source. Under a 16 W synchronously pumping power, 4.5 W of idler light at 2896nm is obtained. A tuning range of idler light from 2688nm to 3016nm is achieved, within which the highest optical-optical conversion ettlciency from pump power to OPO output is 35.1%. Moreover, a signal light of -500mW from 1644 to 1700nm with a repetition rate of 233.8 MHz is generated.
基金supported by the Beijing Scholars Program[BSP041]。
文摘The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats(CRISPR)–CRISPR-associated protein(Cas) system has been widely used for genome editing. In this system, the cytosine base editor(CBE) and adenine base editor(ABE) allow generating precise and irreversible base mutations in a programmable manner and have been used in many different types of cells and organisms. However, their applications are limited by low editing efficiency at certain genomic target sites or at specific target cytosine(C) or adenine(A) residues. Using a strategy of combining optimized synergistic core components, we developed a new multiplex super-assembled ABE(sABE) in rice that showed higher base-editing efficiency than previously developed ABEs. We also designed a new type of nuclear localization signal(NLS) comprising a FLAG epitope tag with four copies of a codon-optimized NLS(F4NLS^(r2)) to generate another ABE named F4NLS-sABE. This new NLS increased editing efficiency or edited additional A at several target sites. A new multiplex super-assembled CBE(sCBE) and F4NLS^(r2) involved F4NLS-sCBE were also created using the same strategy. F4NLS-sCBE was proven to be much more efficient than sCBE in rice. These optimized base editors will serve as powerful genome-editing tools for basic research or molecular breeding in rice and will provide a reference for the development of superior editing tools for other plants or animals.
文摘The Si tandem solar cells are very attractive for realizing high efficiency and low cost. This paper overviews current status of III-V/Si tandem solar cells including our results. The analytical results for efficiency potential of Si tandem solar cells and loss analysis of Si bottom cells as well as bandgap energy optimization of sub-cells are presented. The 2-junction and 3-junction Si tandem solar cells have potential efficiencies of 36% and 42%, respectively. ERE (external radiative efficiency) analysis for Si solar cells is analyzed in or</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">der to clarify properties of Si bottom solar cells. Properties of single-crystalline Si heterojunction solar cell</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> fabricated in this study were analyzed. The current </span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">status of efficiencies of our Si bottom cell, upper III-V 2-junction solar cell and III-V/Si 3-junction tandem solar cell was shown to be 5.2% and 28.6% and 33.8%. Achievement of </span><span style="white-space:nowrap;font-family:Verdana;"><i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">J</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">sc</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;font-family:Verdana;"></i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></sub></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> of 12 mA/cm</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> for Si bottom cell is necessary to realize high-efficiency 3-junction Si tandem solar cells with an efficiency of</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> more than 37%. In addition, this paper presents ERE analysis of III-V 2-junction upper solar cells for improving III-V/Si 3-junction tandem solar cells. Several ways to improve efficiency of III-V/Si 3-junction tandem solar cells by reducing non-radiative recombination, optical and resistance losses are shown.