Internal Friction and Elastic Study on Surface Nanocrystallized 304 Stainless Steel Induced by High-energy Shot Peening

The 304 stainless steel with nanostructured surface layer was successfully obtained by using the high-energy shot peening (HESP) method. The internal friction and Young's modulus of this kind of surface nanocrystallized material were dynamically measured by means of the vibrating reed apparatus. The results implied that different treatment time could induce different microstructure and distribution characteristic of defects in this kind of materials. It is also demonstrated that there is a transition layer between the nano-layer on surface and the coarse grain region inside. The transition layer obviously has certain influence on the overall mechanical properties.

Microstructure, mechanical and corrosion properties of magnesium alloy bone plate treated by high-energy shot peening

To enhance the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of magnesium alloys,high-energy shot peening(HESP)was used.According to the results,the in-situ surface nanocrystallization(ISNC)microstructure was fabricated on the magnesium alloy surface,and its formation mechanism was the coordination among twins,dislocations,subgrain boundary formation and dynamic recrystallization.Under the released surface stress of sample,the residual compressive stress and microhardness rose,thus enhancing compactness of the surface passivation film Mg(OH)2.Besides,the corrosion rate dropped by 29.2% in maximum.In the polarization curve,the maximum positive shift of the corrosion potential of sample was 203 mV, and the corrosion current density decreased by 31.25% in maximum.Moreover,the compression resistance and bending resistance of the bone plate were enhanced,and the maximum improvement rates were 18.2% and 23.1%,respectively.Accordingly,HESP significantly enhanced mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of magnesium alloys.

Microstructure characteristics of as-surface nanocrystallized 1420 aluminum alloy by high-energy shot peening

A nanostructured surface layer was fabricated on 1420 aluminum alloy by high-energy shot peening.Microstructures were characterized by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and high-resolution electron microscope(HRTEM), and microhardness measurement was conducted along the depth from top surface layer to matrix of the sample peened for 30 min. The results show that a nanocrystalline layer about 20 μm in thickness is formed on the surface of the sample after high-energy shot peening, in which the grain size is changed from about 20 nm to 100 nm. In the surface layer of 20 -50 μm in depth, the microstructure consists of submicron grains. The surface nanocrystallization is accomplished by dislocation slip. The microhardness of the top surface nanostructured layer is enhanced obviously after high-energy shot peening(HESP) compared with that of the coarse-grained matrix.

SURFACE CHARACTERISTICS OF 10Ni3MnCuAl STEEL BY SHOT PEENING

The surface of grinding 10Ni3MnCuAl steel is processed by the shot peening with different intensities. After shot peening, the metallographic structure of 10Ni3MnCuAl steel and the micro-structure on the surface layer are analyzed. The micro-hardness in the shot peening affected layer and the residual pressure stress are surveyed. The changes of surface quality, such as micro-hardness, metallographic structure and residual stress caused by shot peening are investigated. The result shows that shot peening can significantly improve surface quality and fatigue life of 10Ni3MnCuAl steel. The over peening effect is produced when the shot peening intensity is high, and it leads to the decrease of the fatigue life. When the optimal arc high value of shot peening is 0. 40 mm in experiments, the best surface quality is obtained and the depth of the residual stress in the precipitation-hardening layer reaches 450μm.

Effect of wet shot peening on Ti-6Al-4V alloy treated by ceramic beads

Ti-6Al-4V alloy was processed by wet shot peening with ceramic beads. The effects of the shot peened intensity on the microstructure, surface morphology, and residual stress were investigated. A tensile-tensile fatigue test was performed and the fracture mechanism was proposed. The results demonstrate that the surface roughness after wet shot peening is obviously lower than that after dry shot peening. With the increase of the shot peened intensity, the depth of the residual stress layer increases to 250 ktrn, and the maximum stress in this layer increases to -895 MPa. The fatigue strength also increases by 12.4% because of the wet shot peening treatment. The dislocation density of the surface layer is significantly enhanced after the wet shot peening with ceramic beads. The microstructure of the surface layer is obviously refined into ultra-fine grains.

Correction of buckling distortion by ultrasonic shot peening treatment for 5A06 aluminum alloy welded structure

Ultrasonic shot peening treatment （USPT） was proposed to correct welding buckling distortion. The residual stress distribution along the depth direction of the peened zone was measured by an X-ray diffractometer. The microstructure of the treated specimens was investigated by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. The Vickers microhardness was measured in different areas of welded joint before USPT and along the depth direction of the weld after USPT. The experimental results indicated that the welding buckling distortion of 5A06 aluminum alloy butt joint can be essentially corrected by USPT; the average correction rate reached 90.8% in this study. Furthermore, USPT enhanced specimens by work hardening. The microstructure of the peened zone was improved; moreover, the distribution of the precipitates and grains presented an apparent orientation.

Numerical Calculation and Experimental Research on Residual Stresses in Precipitation-hardening Layer of NAK80 Steel for Shot Peening

Shot peening can improve fatigue strength of materials by creating compressive residual stress field in their surface layers,and offers a protection against crack initiation and propagation,corrosion,etc.And fatigue fracture and stress corrosion cracking of NAK80 steel parts are improved effectively.Currently there lacks in-depth research in which the beneficial effect of the residual stress may be offset by the surface damage associated with shot peening,especially in terms of the research on the effective control of shot peening intensity.In order to obtain the surface residual stress field of NAK80 steel after shot peening,the samples are shot peened by pneumatic shot peening machine with different rules.The residual stress in the precipitation-hardening layer of NAK80 steel is measured before and after a shot peening treatment by X-ray diffraction method.In order to obtain true residual stress field,integral compensation method is used to correct results.By setting up analytical model of the residual stress in the process of shot peening,the surface residual stress is calculated after shot peening,and mentioning the reason of errors occurred between calculated and experimental residual stresses,which is mainly caused by the measurement error of the shoot arc height.At the same time,micro hardness,microstructure and roughness in the precipitation-hardening layer of NAK80 steel before and after shot peening were measured and surveyed in order to obtain the relation between shot peening strength and surface quality in the precipitation-hardening layer.The results show that the surface quality of NAK80 steel is significantly improved by shot peening process.The over peening effect is produced when the shot peening intensity is too high,it is disadvantageous to improve sample＇s surface integrity,and leading to reduce the fatigue life.When arc high value of optimal shot peening is 0.40 mm,the surface quality is the best,and the depth of residual stress in the precipitation-hardening layer reaches to about 450 μm.Numerical calculation is very useful to define the process parameters when a specific residual stress profile is intended,either to quantify the benefits on a specific property like fatigue life or to help on modeling a forming process like shot peen forming.In particular,the proposed parameter optimization in the progress of shot peening and effective control of the surface texture provide new rules for the quantitative evaluations of shot peening surface modification of NAK80 steel.

Simulation on Residual Stress of Shot Peening Based on a Symmetrical Cell Model

The symmetrical cell model is widely used to study the residual stress induced by shot peening. However, the correlation between the predicted residual stresses and the shot peening coverage, which is a big challenge for the researchers of the symmetrical cell model, is still not established. Based on the dynamic stresses and the residual stresses outputted from the symmetrical cell model, the residual stresses corresponding to full coverage are evalu- ated by normal distribution analysis. The predicted nodal dynamic stresses with respect to four corner points indicate that the equi-biaxial stress state exists only for the first shot impact. Along with the increase of shot number, the interactions of multiple shot impacts make the fluctuation of the nodal dynamic stresses about an almost identical value more and more obvious. The mean values and standard deviations of the residual stresses gradually tend to be stable with the increase of the number of shot peening series. The mean values at each corner point are almost the same after the third peening series, which means that an equi-biaxial stress state corresponding to the full coverage of shot peening is achieved. Therefore, the mean values of the nodal residual stresses with respect to a specific transverse cross-section below the peened surface can be used to correlate the measured data by X-ray. The predicted residual stress profile agrees with the experimental results very well under 200% peening coverage. An effective correlation method is proposed for the nodal residual stresses predicted by the symmetrical cell model and the shot peening coverage.

Effects of Shot Peening Process on Thermal Cycling Lifetime of TBCs Prepared by EB-PVD

Conventional two-layered thermal barrier coatings （TBCs） are prepared by electron beam physical vapor deposition （EB-PVD） with ZrO2-8 wt% Y2O3 （8YSZ） as top coat and CoCrAlY as bond coat on disk-shaped Ni based super-alloy. In this paper, three kinds of shot peening process with different lengths of operating time were adopted for bond coating. As a result, changes took place in its surface roughness and the surface micro-hardness. A thermal cycling test at 1 273 Kx55 rain and another at room temperature for 5 min were performed to study the effects of shot peening process on the thermal cycling lifetime of TBCs. It is found that a moderate shot peening process will be able to prolong the life time. The oxidation dynamic of the as-processed TBCs basically accords with the parabolic rule, and the oxidation test also attests to the spallation between YSZ and thermal growth oxide （TGO） responsible mainly for the failure of TBCs.

Enhancing the surface hardness and roughness of engine blades using the shot peening process

The effects of shot peening on the mechanical properties of steel 1070 were studied to enhance the material’s properties and surface characteristics.In this study,pressure and exposure time were the main parameters governing surface hardness and surface roughness.The optimal time duration and pressure were determined after several experimental trials.Changes in hardness and surface roughness were monitored as the pressure of the shot and the exposure time were varied.Furthermore,the microstructure was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and the images were enhanced by image processing techniques to evaluate the surface changes.Pareto charts were constructed to estimate the effects of pressure and time on both surface hardness and surface roughness.The novelty of this study is the concentration on engine blades which are frequently used in aircrafts to determine the optimal time–pressure combination for shot peening to achieve suitable mechanical and surface properties.The results show that shot peening pressure(up to 482.6 kPa for 7 min)has positive effect on enhancing the surface and mechanical properties for steel 1070 blades;however,an increase in either pressure or time above that level adversely affected both surface hardness and surface roughness.

The tribological behavior of a surface-nanocrystallized magnesium alloy AZ31 sheet after ultrasonic shot peening treatment

A magnesium alloy AZ31 sheet was processed by ultrasonic shot peening treatment to fabricate a surface nanocrystalline,and a ball-on-disk dry sliding wear test was performed to evaluate the tribological behavior after treatment.The microstructure observation indicated a gradient nanocrystalline structure was formed after USSP treatment.The microhardness at the top surface was improved from 60 HV to 145 HV after treatment.The formed nanocrystalline resulted in an easy formation of MgO patches on the surface and reduced the coefficient of friction.Moreover,the formed nanocrystalline leaded to a retard of delamination with increasing the sliding speed and applied load,which was due to its stronger sub-surface.Under high sliding speed(0.5 m/s)and high applied load(50 N),it was firstly found that the formed nanocrystalline prevented the happening of thermal softening and melting.The possible reasons accounting for the prevention of thennal softening and melting were discussed accordingly.

Fretting Fatigue Improvement of Ti6Al4V by Coating and Shot Peening

Ion beam enhanced deposition (IBED) was employed to increase the fretting fatigue resistance of Ti6AI4V. CrN and TiN hard coatings were applied on the base material and shot peening was combined with the hard coatings to study the duplex effect on fretting fatigue resistance. The IBED coatings exhibited a good bonding strength. They did not spall off even after shot peening. However, an optimum composition of CrN showed better fretting fatigue resistance than that of TiN with the same processing parameters.

Surface nanostructures in commercial pure Ti induced by high energy shot peening

The high-energy shot peening (HESP) technique was used to obtain the surface nanocrystalline microstructure for a hcp metal titanium. XRD, SEM and TEM were applied to characterize the microstructure of the surface layer. Large amount of the deformation twins in the surface layer were observed by SEM in the specimens after HESP treatment in a shot-time, and the number of deformation twins both in a single plane and in intersecting planes increases with HESP time, until the twin character disappears completely in the top surface layer, which means that the severe plastic deformation(SPD) occurs on the surface. The XRD analysis results show that after HESP treatmen for 30 - 60 min the surface grain size decreases to nanoscale. According to the TEM images and corresponding diffraction patterns from SPD areas of the 120 min-treatment specimen, the measured grain size near the surface is about 20 - 30 nm. The grain size in deformation layer increases with the depth from the surface, and the nanostructured layer is about 20 μm in depth. Therefore, the surface nanocrystalline and a gradient microstructure from the surface to the matrix are obtained, which results in the micro-hardness decreasing from surface to the matrix gradually.

Overall Evaluation of the Effect of Residual Stress Induced by Shot Peening in the Improvement of Fatigue Fracture Resistance for Metallic Materials

Before 1980s,the circular suspension spring in automobile subjected to torsion fatigue load,under the cyclic normal tensile stresses,the majority of fatigue fracture occurred was in normal tensile fracture mode（NTFM）and the fracture surface was under 45°diagonal.Because there exists the interaction between the residual stresses induced by shot peening and the applied cyclic normal tensile stresses in NTFM,which represents as＂stress strengthening mechanism＂,shot peening technology could be used for improving the fatigue fracture resistance（FFR）of springs.However,since 1990s up to date,in addition to regular NTFM,the fatigue fractures occurred of peened springs from time to time are in longitudinal shear fracture mode（LSFM）or transverse shear fracture mode（TSFM）with the increase of applied cyclic shear stresses,which leads to a remarkable decrease of FFR.However,LSFM/TSFM can be avoided effectively by means of shot peening treatment again on the peened springs.The phenomena have been rarely happened before.At present there are few literatures concerning this problem.Based upon the results of force analysis of a spring,there is no interaction between the residual stresses by shot peening and the applied cyclic shear stresses in shear fracture.This;means that the effect of＂stress strengthening mechanism＂for improving the FFR of LSFM/TSFM is disappeared basically.During shot peening,however,both of residual stress and cyclic plastic deformed microstructure are induced synchronously like＂twins＂in the surface layer of a spring.It has been found for the first time by means of force analysis and experimental results that the modified microstructure in the＂twins＂as a＂structure strengthening mechanism＂can improve the FFR of LSFM/TSFM.At the same time,it is;also shown that the optimum technology of shot peening strengthening must have both＂stress strengthening mechanism＂and＂structure strengthening mechanism＂simultaneously so that the FFR of both NTFM and LSFM/TSFM can be improved by shot peening.

Comparison of the effects of submerged laser peening,cavitation peening and shot peening on the improvement of the fatigue strength of magnesium alloy AZ31

To investigate the improvement in the fatigue strength of magnesium alloy by peening methods,magnesium alloy AZ31 was treated by submerged laser peening(SLP),cavitation peening(CP),and shot peening(SP),and the fatigue properties were evaluated by a plane bending fatigue test.In the case of SLP,both the impact induced by laser ablation(LA)and that caused by laser cavitation(LC),which developed after LA,were used.In the present study,the fatigue life at a constant bending stress was examined to determine the suitable coverage.It was found that the fatigue strengths at N=10^(7)for the SLP,CP,and SP specimens treated by each optimum condition were 56%,18%,and 16%higher,respectively,than that of the non-peened(NP)specimen,which was 97 MPa.The key factors in the improvement of fatigue strength by peening methods were work hardening and the introduction of compressive residual stress.

Microstructure evolution of AZ91D induced by high energy shot peening

A nanostructured surface layer was fabricated on a AZ91D magnesium alloy by using a high-energy shot peening(HESP).HESP induced structure along the depth of the treated sample surface layer was characterized by means of X-ray diffractometer (XRD),transmission electron microscope(TEM) and high resolution transmission electron microscope(HRTEM).The experimental results show that a deformed layer of about 50 μm has formed after HESP treatment and the average grain size increases from about 40 nm in the surface layer to about 200 nm at the depth of 40 μm.The surface nanocrystallization can realize intercoordination of the dislocations slipping and dynamic recrystallization.The nanocrystalline grains have stacking faults and dislocation in their interiors.The microhardness of the top surface is about triplicate that of the coarse-grained matrix.

Prediction model for surface layer microhardness of processed TC17 via high energy shot peening

The bulk TC17was subjected to the high energy shot peening(HESP)at the air pressures ranging from0.35to0.55MPa and processing durations ranging from15to60min.The microhardness(HV0.02)from topmost surface to matrix of the HESP processed TC17was measured,which generally decreases with the increase of depth from topmost surface to matrix and presents different variation with air pressure and processing duration at different depths.A fuzzy neural network(FNN)model was established to predict the surface layer microhardness of the HESP processed TC17,where the maximum and average difference between the measured and the predicted microhardness were respectively8.5%and3.2%.Applying the FNN model,the effects of the air pressure and processing duration on the microhardness at different depths were analyzed,revealing the significant interaction between the refined layer shelling and the continuous grain refinement.

Effect of shot peening process on fatigue behavior of an alloyed austempered ductile iron

Shot peening is one of the most common surface treatments to improve the fatigue behavior of metallic parts. In this study the effect of shot peening process on the fatigue behavior of an alloyed austempered ductile iron (ADI) has been studied. Austempering heat treatment consisted of austenitizing at 875℃ for 90 min followed by austempering at three different temperatures of 320, 365 and 400℃. Rotating-bending fatigue test was carried out on samples after shot peening by 0.4-0.6 mm shots. XRD and SEM analysis, micro hardness and roughness tests were carried out to study the fatigue behavior of the samples. Results indicate that the fatigue strengths of samples austempered at 320, 365 and 400℃ are increased by 27.3%, 33.3% and 48.4%, respectively, after shot peening process.

Effect of shot peening on hydrogen embrittlement of high strength steel

The effect of shot peening（SP） on hydrogen embrittlement of high strength steel was investigated by electrochemical hydrogen charging, slow strain rate tensile tests, and hydrogen permeation tests. Microstructure observation, microhardness, and X-ray diffraction residual stress studies were also conducted on the steel. The results show that the shot peening specimens exhibit a higher resistance to hydrogen embrittlement in comparison with the no shot peening（NSP） specimens under the same hydrogen-charging current density. In addition, SP treatment sharply decreases the apparent hydrogen diffusivity and increases the subsurface hydrogen concentration. These findings are attributed to the changes in microstructure and compressive residual stress in the surface layer by SP. Scanning electron microscope fractographs reveal that the fracture surface of the NSP specimen exhibits the intergranular and quasi-cleavage mixed fracture modes, whereas the SP specimen shows only the quasi-cleavage fractures under the same hydrogen charging conditions, implying that the SP treatment delays the onset of intergranular fracture.

Parametric study on single shot peening by dimensional analysis method incorporated with finite element method

Shot peening is a widely used surface treatment method by generating compressive residual stress near the surface of metallic materials to increase fatigue life and re- sistance to corrosion fatigue, cracking, etc. Compressive re- sidual stress and dent profile are important factors to eval- uate the effectiveness of shot peening process. In this pa- per, the influence of dimensionless parameters on maximum compressive residual stress and maximum depth of the dent were investigated. Firstly, dimensionless relations of pro- cessing parameters that affect the maximum compressive residual stress and the maximum depth of the dent were de- duced by dimensional analysis method. Secondly, the in- fluence of each dimensionless parameter on dimensionless variables was investigated by the finite element method. Fur- thermore, related empirical formulas were given for each di- mensionless parameter based on the simulation results. Fi- nally, comparison was made and good agreement was found between the simulation results and the empirical formula, which shows that a useful approach is provided in this pa- per for analyzing the influence of each individual parameter.