Mechanism and calculation method of rheological settlement of high-filled embankment

The characteristics of high-filled embankment rheological settlement were analyzed;mechanical calculation model of high-filled embankment rheological settlement during constructing and running period was also put forward.Combining the macroscopic and microscopic deformation properties of the engineering soil grain,its constitutive model was set up and its characters were fully revealed,at the same time,its practical calculation formula under the action of dead-weight load was derived,which is feasible by analysis and comparison.

In-situ testing study on convection and temperature characteristics of a new crushed-rock slope embankment design in a permafrost region

For the purpose of enhancing air convection and controlling solar radiation, a new crushed-rock slope embankment design combined with a sun-shade measure is proposed. A newly designed embankment was constructed in the Tuotuohe section of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway and a field-testing experiment was carried out to determine its convection and temperature characteristics. The results show that distinct air convection occurred in the crushed-rock layer of the new embankment, especially in cold seasons, which was enhanced when it flowed upwards along the slope. This preliminarily indicated that the new design of the embankment slope was good for reinforcing air convection in the crushed-rock layer. The frequent fluctuations of the convection speed and the environmental wind speed were in good agreement, suggesting that the convection in the crushed rock primarily came from the ambient wind. It was also preliminarily determined that the new embankment had a better cooling effect and sun-shade effect for decreasing the temperature of the embankment slope compared with a traditional crushed-rock slope embankment, and the mean temperature difference between them was up to 1.7 °C. The mean annual temperature at the bottom boundary of the crushed-rock layer was obviously lower than that at the top boundary, and heat flux calculation showed that the shallow soil beneath the embankment slope was weakly releasing heat, all of which indicated that the new embankment slope design was beneficial to the thermal stability of the embankment. This study is helpful in providing some references for improved engineering design and maintenance of roadbeds in permafrost regions.

Probabilistic analysis of embankment slope stability in frozen ground regions based on random finite element method

Prediction on the coupled thermal-hydraulic fields of embankment and cutting slopes is essential to the assessment on evolution of melting zone and natural permafrost table, which is usually a key factor for permafrost embankment design in frozen ground regions. The prediction may be further complicated due to the inherent uncertainties of material properties. Hence, stochastic analyses should be conducted. Firstly, Karhunen-Loeve expansion is applied to attain the random fields for hydraulic and thermal conductions. Next, the mixed-form modified Richards equation for mass transfer （i.e., mass equation） and the heat transport equation for heat transient flow in a variably saturated frozen soil are combined into one equation with temperature unknown. Furthermore, the finite element formulation for the coupled thermal-hydraulic fields is derived. Based on the random fields, the stochastic finite element analyses on stability of embankment are carried out. Numerical results show that stochastic analyses of embankment stability may provide a more rational picture for the distribution of factors of safety （FOS）, which is definitely useful for embankment design in frozen ground regions.

Stability analysis of cohesive soil embankment slope based on discrete element method

In order to study the safety factor and instability process of cohesive soil slope, the discrete element method(DEM) was applied. DEM software PFC2 D was used to simulate the triaxial test to study the influence of the particle micro parameters on the macroscopic characteristics of cohesive soil and calibrate the micro parameters of DEM model on this basis. Embankment slope stability analysis was carried out by strength reduction and gravity increase method, it is shown that the safety factor obtained by strength reduction method is more conservative, and the arc-shaped feature of the sliding surface under the gravity increase method is more obvious. Throughout the progressive failure process, the failure trends, maximum displacements, and velocity changes obtained by the two methods were consistent. When slope was destroyed, the upper part was cracked, the middle part was sheared, and the lower part was destroyed by extrusion. The conclusions of this paper can be applied to the safety factor calculation of cohesive soil slopes and the analysis of the instability process.

Thermal Characteristics of the Embankment with Crushed Rock Side Slope to Mitigate Thaw Settlement Hazards of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway

Permafrost （perennially frozen ground） appears widely in the Golmud-Lhasa section of the Qinghai-Tibet railway and is characterized by high ground temperature （≥1℃） and massive ground ice. Under the scenarios of global warming and human activity, the permafrost under the railway will gradually thaw and the massive ground ice will slowly melt, resulting in some thaw settlement hazards, which mainly include longitudinal and lateral cracks, and slope failure. The crushed rock layer has a thermal semiconductor effect under the periodic fluctuation of natural air. It can be used to lower the temperature of the underlying permafrost along the Qinghai-Tibet railway, and mitigate the thaw settlement hazards of the subgrade. In the present paper, the daily and annual changes in the thermal characteristics of the embankment with crushed rock side slope （ECRSS） were quantitatively simulated using the numerical method to study the cooling effect of the crushed rock layer and its mitigative ability. The results showed that the ECRSS absorbed some heat in the daytime in summer, but part of it was released at night, which accounted for approximately 20% of that absorbed. Within a year, it removed more heat from the railway subgrade in winter than that absorbed in summer. It can store approximately 20% of the ＂cold＂ energy in subgrade. Therefore, ECRSS is a better measure to mitigate thaw settlement hazards to the railway.

Seismic stability evaluation of embankment slope based on catastrophe theory

An evaluation method for the seismic stability of embankment slope was presented based on catastrophe theory. Seven control factors, including internal frictional angle, cohesion force, slope height, slope angle, surface gradients, peak acceleration, and distance to fault were selected for analysis of multi-level objective decomposition. According to the normalization formula and the fuzzy subject function produced by combination of catastrophe theory and fuzzy math, a recursive calculation was carried out to obtain a catastrophic affiliated functional value, which can be used to evaluate the seismic stability of embankment slope. Fifteen samples were used to verify the effectiveness of this method. The results show that compared with the traditional quantitative method, the catastrophe progression owns higher accuracy and good application potential in predicting the seismic stability of embankment slope.

Finite Element Modeling of Geotextile Reinforced Embankments on Soft Clay

The use of geotextiles as a reinforcement material for improving the factor of safety against slope failure in embankments built on soft clay is becoming a common practice. This work is intended to help understand the effect of the geotextile reinforcement has on such embankments and to provide a design aid for civil engineers that enables them to quickly estimate the factor of safety against slope failure. Seventy four different cases were modelled and analyzed using a finite element software, GeoStudio 2018 R2. The results showed that the optimum improvement was achieved when using a single layer of geotextile reinforcement placed at the base of the embankment, by which the factor of safety increased by up to 40%. Adding a second layer, a third layer and a fourth layer, increases the safety factor by 2.5%, 1% and 0.5% respectively. Different charts for different heights of embankments were presented to aid in finding the most suitable slope angle and number of reinforcement layers required to achieve a certain safety factor.

Numerical Analysis of the Stability of Embankment Slope Reinforced with Piles

The effects of stabilizing piles on the stability of an embankment slope are analyzed by numerical simulation. The shear strength reduction method is used for the analysis, and the soil - pile interaction is simulated with zero-thickness elasto-plastic interface elements. Effects of pile spacing and pile position on the safety factor of slope and the behavior of piles under these conditions are given. The numerical analysis indicates that the positions of the pile have significant influence on the stability of the slope, and the pile needs to be installed in the middle of the slope for maximum safety factors. In the end, the soil arching effect closely associated with the space between stabilizing piles is analyzed. The results are helpful for design and construction of stabilizing piles.

Thermal features of Qinghai-Tibet Railway Embankment with Crushed-stone Slope Protection in Permafrost Regions

The Embankment with Crushed-Stone Slope Protection(ECSSP) in permafrost regions is an effective measure to cool subgrade and protect permafrost.It can mitigate the engineering hazards of the Qinghai-Tibet railway in the permafrost regions. Considering the influence of the noctumal cold air during summer months in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau。

Thermal and hydrological processes in permafrost slope wetlands affect thermosyphon embankment stability

To ensure the long-term service performance of infrastructure such as railways,highways,airports and oil pipelines built on permafrost slope wetland sites,it is imperative to systematically uncover the long-term heat-water changes of soil in slope wetlands environment under climate warming.More specifically,considering valuable field data from 2001 to 2019,the long-term heat and water changes in active layers of the slope wetland site along the Qinghai-Xizang Railway(QXR)are illustrated,the effect of thermosyphon measures in protecting the permafrost environment is evaluated,and the influences of climate warming and hydrological effects on the stability of slope wetland embankments are systematically discussed.The permafrost at the slope wetland site is rapidly degrading,demonstrating a reduction in active layer thickness of>3.7 cm per year and a permafrost temperature warming of>0.006℃ per year.The thermosiphon embankment developed by QXR has a specific cooling period;thus,to mitigate the long-term impacts of climate warming on the thermal stability of permafrost foundation,it is essential to implement strengthening measures for the thermosiphon embankment,such as adding a crushed-rock layer or sunshade board on the slope of thermosiphon embankment to creating a composite cooling embankment.Short-term seasonal groundwater seepage intensifies frost damage to the slope wetland embankment,while long-term seasonal supra-permafrost water and groundwater seepage exacerbates uneven transverse deformation of slope wetland embankment.Long-term climate warming and slope effects have altered the surface water and groundwater hydrological processes of slope wetlands,potentially leading to an increased occurrence of slope embankment instability.These results are crucial for improving our understanding of heat and water variation processes in the active layer of slope wetland sites located in permafrost regions and ensuring long-term service safety for the QXR.

Analysis of Highway Subgrade Slope Protection and Support Technologies

As an important transportation hub in China,the traffic volume and driving speed are important aspects of expressways.Therefore,the protection requirements for roadbed side slopes are higher,and it is necessary to resist rainwater erosion and other damages by protecting the side slopes.Therefore,it is necessary to adopt effective technical means of subgrade protection and support.This paper mainly summarizes the characteristics of highway subgrade slope protection construction and slope protection and support technologies.

边坡工程与堤坝工程研究进展

边坡稳定性问题是土力学的三大经典问题之一,由于其受地质、环境等复杂因素影响始终无法完全解决。近年来,随着我国交通强国、一带一路及西部大开发等国家战略的相继实施和推进,土木、交通、水利等领域中的边坡工程与堤坝工程又面临许多新的难题和挑战。该文简要评述边坡工程与堤坝工程的国内外研究现状,主要包括三个方面:边坡稳定性理论与方法、堤坝灾害机理与分析方法以及边坡和堤坝工程加固技术,重点探讨土坡与堤坝的破坏机理、灾变数值模拟方法、稳定性分析理论与安全评价等研究的最新进展,并展望未来研究方向。随着地质学、地震学、土壤学、生物学、计算力学、人工智能等学科发展,交叉学科的互融共通将有力促进土坡工程与堤坝工程的科技进步。

扭王字块体斜坡堤单波越浪量的数值研究

国内现行规范中未提供有胸墙斜坡堤最大单波越浪量的计算方法。基于FLUENT软件,运用多孔介质区模拟斜坡堤上的扭王字块。借助惯性阻力系数C、等效波陡、相对块体尺寸、相对坡肩宽度、相对胸墙高度、相对水深、相对堤顶超高等影响因素,开展扭王字块体斜坡堤单波越浪量的数值试验。给出不同坡度下单位堤宽的最大单波越浪量的系数C计算关系式。验证结果表明,该公式具有较好的精确性,这使得扭王字块护面斜坡堤单波越浪量的数值模拟可以独立于物理模型试验进行,从而丰富了规范内容,为扭王字块体斜坡防波堤工程设计提供了参考。

高填方路堤滑坡成因分析及防护对策

以某高速公路互通匝道高填方路堤边坡失稳为例,综合考虑填方区原始地形地貌、地层岩性及施工工艺对路堤边坡稳定性的影响,分析了土−岩二元结构填方边坡的变形特征和破坏机理,认为岩土界面可能为填方边坡的最薄弱层面而非填筑界面。同时,根据滑坡成因分析和稳定性评价结果,借助ABAQUS有限元分析软件对填方边坡的破坏机理做了进一步验证,并对抗滑桩支挡结构的受力状态进行了数值分析。分析可知,滑坡滑面主要在岩土界面处,滑面形态呈折线状;通过开挖台阶、设置宽平台和抗滑桩支挡可有效抑制路堤边坡变形,同时应加强排水;在抗滑桩支挡作用下,高填方路堤边坡潜在滑动面表现为由深层向浅层的演化破坏;滑动面以上桩身应力逐渐减小,在滑面处形成“三角状”高应力区,滑动面以下桩−土接触段桩身应力主要集中在桩前;桩身主要受弯段在潜在滑面以下;桩身主要受推力部位在滑面以上桩长1/5~1/3处,而主要抗力部位在滑面以下桩前部分。

考虑植被力学水力作用的洪泽湖堤防加固效果分析

为研究植被力学水力作用的机理,引入根系吸水分布函数描述不同根系构型的吸水特性,建立了一个用于边坡稳定计算的植被力学水力加固模型,并结合试验结果验证了模型的合理性和有效性。考虑不同根系构型的力学水力作用,对洪泽湖堤防岸坡的典型断面进行加固效果分析,结果表明:根系吸水显著提高了土体基质吸力,其影响范围大约为2.5倍根系深度;在根系吸水的初始阶段,不同根系构型所产生的差异较小,但随着时间逐渐增加,不同根系构型的差异逐渐增大;植被力学水力作用可以显著提高堤防岸坡的稳定性,24 h降雨后,根系加固下的安全系数约为裸土岸坡的1.4倍。

波动水位下河道堤防壤土斜墙截渗分析

考虑水位波动和防渗墙的尺寸结构对堤防渗流特性的影响,共设计了28种工况,对比分析波动水位下防渗墙的厚度、防渗墙的嵌入深度和堤基的渗透性对堤防的渗流量、膜后浸润线高度、防渗墙底部及溢出点水力坡降的影响。结果表明,相比防渗墙的厚度变化,增加防渗墙的嵌入深度更能有效控制堤防渗流量、降低膜后浸润线高度和溢出点水力坡降;当嵌入深度为0~2 m时,水力坡降随嵌入深度的增加而减少,且呈现先快后慢的变化趋势,当嵌入深度超过2 m以后,水力坡降随嵌入深度的增加而增加,且在5 m时达到峰值,超过5 m时水力坡降骤降;此外,对于悬挂式防渗墙设计,当坝基渗流量控制在75%时,溢出点水力坡降均小于0.25,防渗墙嵌入深度与坝基渗透系数之间存在强对数线性关系,所建拟合公式可用于类似代建工程防渗墙嵌入深度的初步设计或已建工程的渗流控制评估。

填方路堤水毁滑坡机理及加固措施比选研究

路堤水毁病害严重影响公路正常运行,确保路堤的稳定极其重要,故开展填方路堤水毁滑坡机理分析及安全控制措施研究非常必要。该文以某高速公路路基填方路段为例,通过现场变形监测及稳定性计算,定性分析滑坡原因及形成机理,计算不同加固方案的稳定性系数,并考虑工程造价、施工工艺及施工周期等因素,推荐适宜的加固方案。结果表明:受持续强降雨影响,路堤地层不均匀沉降是造成滑塌的根本原因;因路堤左侧现存洼地,降雨汇集并渗入土层,使黏土层膨胀软化及排水通道堵塞,进一步加快滑坡的形成;采用钢管桩与回填反压的复合加固方案,其稳定性满足要求,现场监测表明加固效果良好。

基于指标体系法的改扩建路堤高边坡施工安全风险评估

为建立改扩建路堤高边坡施工安全风险评估方法,通过对改扩建路堤高边坡施工特点分析,结合福建省的地质地貌、气候条件和自然灾害等方面资料进行分析,提出适用于福建地区路堤高边坡施工安全风险评估指标体系即一级指标2个二级指标11个,以及施工安全风险评估模型,并依托某公路改扩建项目,采用指标体系法进行改扩建路堤高边坡施工安全风险评估。结果表明:经过合理时间安排及有效的工程措施处理,路基高边坡1路段和路基高边坡2路段的施工安全风险评估值分别为35.288和39.020,施工安全风险等级均为中等风险,风险等级较低。提出的施工安全风险评估指标体系及评估模型,运用在项目改扩建路堤高边坡施工安全总体风险评估是可行的。

干旱和局部渗水对膨胀土渠堤稳定性影响研究

为探究膨胀土渠堤表面风干、地下水位升高和侧坡渗水等因素对其稳定性的影响,防控由此引发的现场灾害,开展了填方渠坡室内模型试验,研究了南水北调渠堤膨胀土含水量波动对渠坡变形和裂缝发育规律的影响,分析了边坡变形值、裂缝长度宽度与含水率、时间和渗水位置的关系,揭示了膨胀土含水量波动的致灾过程和时空发育规律。试验结果表明:(1)旱季坡面水分蒸发导致渠坡表层200 mm深度内首先产生垂直坡表面的“V”形簇状纵向裂缝,后逐渐水平发育,坡面最大沉降值为4 mm, 15 d后沉降趋于稳定;(2)雨季渠堤下部地基水位抬升使渠堤底部膨胀土发生显著膨胀,渠堤整体抬升3.32 mm;(3)在渠堤侧坡渗水中心点附近土体含水量上升8%以上,坝堤内自由水沿纵横向不均匀扩散而引起土体各向不均匀膨胀变形,并在右坡坡脚处产生长400 mm、宽14 mm的宽大裂缝;(4)基于膨胀系数的地基变形计算公式可以较好地预测渠坡浸水后各位置的变形量,有助于依据土体含水量判别各点的变形状态,为渠堤稳定性分析提供参考。

鄱阳湖防洪圩堤坝潜在破坏风险及治理方案研究

本文围绕鄱阳湖经济区防洪圩堤的安全保障问题展开研究,详细分析了防洪圩堤坝的潜在破坏风险,包括流土破坏、管涌破坏和脱坡破坏等,并提出了判别这些潜在破坏风险的方法,深入探讨了除险加固方案。研究结果表明,采用复合土工膜、斜墙、透水戗台和心墙等加固措施,结合适当的防渗措施,可以有效提高防洪圩堤的安全性和稳定性。本文的研究对于指导鄱阳湖经济区防洪圩堤的加固工作,保障湖区百姓生命财产安全具有重要的理论和实践价值。