Mixing planting proportions in a plantation affects functional traits and biomass allocation of Cunninghamia lanceolata and Phoebe bournei seedlings

Functional traits of trees are significantly associated with their adaptation strategies and productivity.However,the effects of species composition and mixing proportion on the functional traits of trees grown in mixed plantations have not been studied extensively.In this study,planting experiments(duration about seven months)were used to study variations in functional traits and biomass allocation of C unninghamia lanceolata(Lamb.)Hook and Phoebe bournei(Hemsley)Yang seedlings in five different mixes(0C:4P,1C:3P,1C:1P,3C:1P,and 4C:0P).Total leaf area per seedling increased in each species as its respective proportion in the mixture decreased.However,the specific leaf area decreased for P.bournei under low percent composition,and the specific leaf area for C.lanceolata differed only marginally among the plantings.The net photosynthetic rates of the two species were higher in the mixed plantings than in their corresponding monocultures,whereas the transpiration rate,stomatal conductance,and instantaneous water use efficiency were not different among the plantings.The average root length and root surface area of C.lanceolata and P.bournei were higher in the mixed plantings than in their monocultures.Specifically,root surface area of C.lanceolate and both root length and surface area of P.bournei increased significantly in the 1C:3P and 2C:2P mixed plantings.Leaf,stem,root,and total dry mass per seedling for C.lanceolata decreased with its increasing percent composition in the mixed plantings,while these variables varied less for P.bournei.The plasticity of biomass allocation was relatively low for both species.Total biomass per planting was higher in the mixed plantings than in the monocultures.Our study indicates that species composition and mixing proportion can considerably affect the functional traits of C.lanceolata and P.bournei.The increase in productivity in the mixed plantings may be partially attributed to low rates of competition between the two species,and future studies should examine the different interspecies relationships.The results of this study can be used to improve plantation productivity and ultimately increase the sustainability of tree products and help to better understand the adaptation strategies of plant coexistence.

Mixed-Effects Parametric Proportional Hazard Model with Generalized Log-Logistic Baseline Distribution

Clustered survival data are widely observed in a variety of setting. Most survival models incorporate clustering and grouping of data accounting for between-cluster variability that creates correlation in order to prevent underestimate of the standard errors of the parameter estimators but do not include random effects. In this study, we developed a mixed-effect parametric proportional hazard (MEPPH) model with a generalized log-logistic distribution baseline. The parameters of the model were estimated by the application of the maximum likelihood estimation technique with an iterative optimization procedure (quasi-Newton Raphson). The developed MEPPH model’s performance was evaluated using Monte Carlo simulation. The Leukemia dataset with right-censored data was used to demonstrate the model’s applicability. The results revealed that all covariates, except age in PH models, were significant in all considered distributions. Age and Townsend score were significant when the GLL distribution was used in MEPPH, while sex, age and Townsend score were significant in MEPPH model when other distributions were used. Based on information criteria values, the Generalized Log-Logistic Mixed-Effects Parametric Proportional Hazard model (GLL-MEPPH) outperformed other models.

Relationship between Physico-Mechanical Properties, Compacting Pressure and Mixing Proportion of Briquettes Produced from Maize Cobs and Sawdust

This study examined the relationship between selected physico-mechanical properties, compacting pressure and mixing proportion of briquettes produced from combination of maize cob particles and sawdust of low, medium and high density timber species. Particle sizes of maize cobs and sawdust used for the study were ≤1 mm. The two materials were combined at mixing percentages of 90:10, 70:30 and 50:50 (Sawdust:maize cobs). Briquettes were produced at room temperature (28°C) using compacting pressures 20, 30, 40 and 50 MPa. The results suggested that combining maize cob particles with sawdust of low, medium and high density wood species could significantly enhance the relaxed density, compressive strength in cleft and impact resistance index of briquettes produced from agricultural biomass residue like maize cobs. The results further indicated that the physical and mechanical characteristics of briquettes produced from combinations of sawdust of low density species and maize cobs were exceptionally higher than that produced from combinations of maize cob particles, and medium density and high density timber species. The R2 values for the regression model between the independent variables (mixing percentage and compacting pressure) and relaxed density, compressive strength in cleft and impact resistance index of briquettes produced from combinations of maize cob particles and sawdust of low density species (Ceiba pentandra) were 0.966, 0.932 and 0.710 respectively. This study provides a hope for briquetting maize cobs at room temperature using a low compacting pressure.

A Simple Mix Proportion Design Method Based on Frost Durability for Recycled High Performance Concrete Using Fully Coarse Recycled Aggregate

Durability design of recycled high performance concrete（RHPC） is fundamental for improving the use rate and level of concrete waste as coarse recycled aggregate（CRA）. We discussed a frostdurability-based mix proportion design method for RHPC using 100 % CRA and natural sand. Five groups of RHPC mixes with five strength grades（40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 MPa） were produced using CRA with four quality classes, and their workability, 28 d compressive strengths and frost resistances（measured by the compressive strength loss ratio and the relative dynamic modulus of elasticity） were tested. Relationships between the 28 d compressive strength, the frost resistance and the CRA quality characteristic parameter, water absorption, were then developed. The criterion of a CRA maximum water absorption limit value for RHPC was suggested, independent of its source and quality class. The results show that all RHPC mixes achieve the expected target workability, strength, and frost durability. The research results demonstrate that the application of the proposed method does not require trial testing prior to use.

A successful case of hydrocarbon dew point analysis during mixing of natural gases in transmission pipeline

The occurrence of liquid condensation in natural gas accounts for new challenges during the interoperability between transmission networks,where condensation would lead to higher pressure drops,lower line capacity and may cause safety problem.A successful case of hydrocarbon dew point(HCDP)analysis is demonstrated during the mixing of natural gases in the transmission pipeline.Methods used to predict the HCDP are combined with equations of state(EOS)and characterization of C6+heavy components.Predictions are compared with measured HCDP with different concentrations of mixed gases at a wide range of pressure and temperature scopes.Software named"PipeGasAnalysis"is developed and helps to systematic analyze the condensation problem,which will provide the guidance for the design and operation of the network.

EFFECT OF NON-PROPORTIONAL OVERLOADING ON FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH

The effect of proportional and non-proportional overloading on mode l fatigue crack growth have been studied,and the influences of crack tip plastic zone,crack tip blunting as well as crack closure were discussed.Proportional(model I)overloading may cause more serious crack growth retardation than non-proportional(mixed mode)overloading.Therefore,for estimating the fatigue life of engineering structures to simplify a real overload which may of- ten be non-proportional as a proportional one is not always safe.

闽楠-杉木人工混交林混交比对闽楠生长形质和空间利用能力的影响

为了分析混交比例对闽楠-杉木人工混交林中闽楠生长形质性状、空间利用能力的影响,明确珍贵用材树种闽楠的经营方向,以江西省分宜县上村实验林场6年生闽楠-杉木人工混交林和闽楠纯林为研究对象,分析不同混交比例处理对闽楠生长、干形形质、空间利用能力的影响,并通过主成分分析方法综合评价不同混交比例的闽楠生长表现,筛选出最佳混交模式。结果表明:(1)混交处理促进了闽楠生长,改善了闽楠干形形质。2楠1杉混交处理中,闽楠的胸径、树高、单株材积、枝下高、枝下高比例均为最大,分别比闽楠纯林增加了21.44%、31.78%、79.41%、48.00%、30.23%(P<0.05);但尖削度和胸高形数均小于闽楠纯林,尖削度和胸高形数分别降低了24.43%、7.20%。(2)混交处理提升了闽楠的空间利用能力。混交林的平均冠幅、冠高、树冠体积、树冠表面积、生长空间指数均显著高于闽楠纯林,各指标分别提高了6.49%~10.27%、11.28%~27.89%、45.36%~86.09%、27.56%~44.39%、13.24%~36.76%;但混交林的树冠圆满度均低于闽楠纯林。(3)混交处理能够改善闽楠的生长特征和空间利用能力,综合评价得分由高到低依次为2楠1杉(2.282)、1楠1杉(1.479)、3楠1杉(0.973)、纯林(-1.365),2楠1杉混交处理为最优混交比例。因此,营建闽楠-杉木人工混交林可提升闽楠的生长形质和空间利用能力。

基于力学性能指标与耐久性能指标联合的夯土改性配比优化设计方法

素土强度低、耐久性差且各改性材料掺量往往由工匠凭经验大致确定,导致夯土表面时常容易开裂剥落,故应根据现场土质状况以及合理试验方法来设计夯土改性配比。现有研究大都局限于单一性能指标最优的配比,而现实中夯土既要考虑针对多项力学性能指标与耐久性能指标的同步优化,还要考虑不同地域与气候条件下各指标的重要性不同。另外,现有研究仅能确定若干预设配比中的最优组,而非改性材料预设掺量范围内的最优配比。为此,文章提出一种基于力学性能指标与耐久性能指标联合的夯土改性配比优化设计方法,其包括:(1)土料选用原则与土质鉴定方法;(2)考虑夯土多性能指标的综合赋权方法;(3)基于加权评分和回归分析的夯土改性配比综合比选与优化方法。文章方法通过调整指标权重筛选出适应指标重要性不同时的夯土改性配比,并通过优化设计获得各改性材料预设掺量范围内的最优配比。最后通过设计实例证明了文章方法的确可得到最优的夯土改性配比。

基于正交试验的生态混凝土孔隙环境优化研究

为使生态混凝土力学性能满足要求的同时改善其孔隙环境,通过设计有交互作用的正交试验,采用正交试验的敏感性分析方法,探究硅灰、苯丙乳液、尿素对生态混凝土抗压强度、孔隙率、孔隙环境pH值、总氮累积释放率4个指标的影响规律,并构建多元回归方程验证可靠性并得出最优配合比。结果表明:硅灰、尿素及两者交互作用下对抗压强度与孔隙率的影响显著;硅灰与尿素对降低孔隙内pH值有利,苯丙乳液会影响硅灰的降低效果;尿素能提高总氮累积释放率,硅灰与苯丙乳液能起到制约作用,且苯丙乳液效果较为明显。回归方程拟合曲线与试验结果曲线形态及趋势相似,生态混凝土的最优配合比为硅灰掺量9%、苯丙乳液掺量5%、尿素掺量10%。

混交比例对桉树-乡土树种混交林优势树种叶片资源获取性状的影响

桉树-乡土树种混交林在提高林分生产力和生态系统功能等方面具有较大潜力。该研究以南亚热带4种桉树-乡土树种混交林(桉树与乡土树种混交比例分别为5׃5、6׃4、7׃3、8׃2)和桉树纯林为研究对象,研究了3种优势乡土树种华润楠(Machilus chinensis)、阴香(Cinnamomum burmannii)、灰木莲(Manglietia glauca)和速生树种尾叶桉(Eucalyptus urophylla)的叶片生理、结构和化学性状在不同比例混交林中的差异。结果表明,4优势造林树种的叶片性状存在明显的种间差异,其中灰木莲的比叶面积(SLA)、光合磷利用效率(PPUE)、单位质量叶片最大光合速率(A_(mass))和蒸腾速率(T_(mass))以及叶片养分含量最高,说明灰木莲采取资源获取型的生态策略;尾叶桉的SLA、A_(mass)、T_(mass)及叶片养分含量最低,但具有最高的PPUE,说明尾叶桉兼顾了资源获取型和保守型的物种特征。灰木莲与尾叶桉在SLA、A_(mass)、T_(mass)、PPUE、叶片氮含量和氮磷比等叶片性状上几乎没有任何重叠,说明灰木莲与尾叶桉之间的叶片资源利用高度互补,可能是与尾叶桉混交的理想树种。物种水平上,灰木莲叶片氮含量、华润楠叶片磷含量以及干季时阴香叶片A_(mass)和PPUE随乡土树种混交比例增加有增加的趋势,但总体上树种混交比例对于4造林树种的叶片结构、化学和生理性状的影响不大;林分水平上,桉树-乡土树种混交林的比叶面积、光合能力以及叶片氮磷比显著高于尾叶桉纯林,说明桉树与乡土树种混交能够提高林分整体的光捕获和光合能力,但同时也加剧了植物生长的磷限制。因此,建议在未来南亚热带桉树人工林的构建与改造中,应优先挑选与桉树资源利用互补并能够优化混交林磷素循环利用的乡土树种。

多因素对透水混凝土配合比及性能的影响研究

基于正交试验法,研究了骨料粒径、水胶比、目标孔隙率、粉煤灰掺量、硅灰掺量对透水混凝土抗压强度、透水系数、孔隙率的影响。结果表明:骨料粒径、水胶比、目标孔隙率对透水混凝土性能的影响较大,掺入适量粉煤灰、硅灰能在一定程度上提高透水混凝土性能;28 d抗压强度最优组合为骨料粒径6~9 mm、水胶比0.28、目标孔隙率20%、粉煤灰掺量20%、硅灰掺量2%;透水系数最优组合为骨料粒径9~12 mm、水胶比0.31、目标孔隙率30%、粉煤灰掺量15%、硅灰掺量4%;孔隙率最优组合为骨料粒径3~6 mm、水胶比0.31、目标孔隙率30%、粉煤灰掺量15%、硅灰掺量8%。

混播比例及乳酸菌剂对燕麦-饲用豌豆发酵TMR品质及瘤胃降解特性的影响

为探究燕麦和饲用豌豆混播比例及乳酸菌剂对发酵全混合日粮(TMR)品质和瘤胃降解特性的影响,筛选出适宜制作发酵TMR的燕麦饲用豌豆混播比例,本试验将青海甜燕麦和青建一号饲用豌豆进行混播种植,混播比例为(燕麦∶饲用豌豆)0∶10,5∶5,6∶4,7∶3,8∶2,10∶0。在燕麦乳熟期和豌豆结荚期刈割后调制袋装发酵TMR,共设计12个处理,其中6个不接种乳酸菌,按照6个不同混播比例分别为C_(1)、C_(2)、C_(3)、C_(4)、C_(5)、C_(6);另外6个处理在各比例基础上均匀加入混合乳酸菌(植物乳杆菌160∶短乳杆菌248∶戊糖乳杆菌260,比例为1∶1∶1,菌活:10^(6) cfu·mL^(-1)左右),即分别为I_(1)、I_(2)、I_(3)、I_(4)、I_(5)、I_(6)。所有处理按照饲草和农副7∶3的比例加入农副产品(青稞秸秆∶油菜秸秆∶油菜粕=1∶1∶1),实验室温度(20±5)℃下发酵60 d后对其营养成分、发酵品质及瘤胃降解特性进行测定。结果表明,随原料中燕麦比例的增加,中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量呈上升趋势,粗蛋白呈下降趋势,产气量呈下降趋势;添加混合乳酸菌显著降低了干物质损失(P<0.05)、pH和NH_(3)-N/TN(P<0.05),其中C_(3)和I3的干物质损失为0.38%和0.15%,显著低于同组其他处理(P<0.05);各混合比例的燕麦-饲用豌豆发酵TMR的粗蛋白降解率和酸性洗涤纤维降解率显著高于单一燕麦发酵TMR和单一豌豆发酵TMR(P<0.05),其中I2的瘤胃降解率最优。C_(3)和I3的瘤胃NH_(3)-N含量为29.65%和31.68%,显著高于同组其他处理(P<0.05)。通过隶属函数法和主成分分析对发酵TMR品质进行综合评价,得分最高的为I2(0.868),其次是I3(0.610)和C_(3)(0.469)。因此当燕麦和饲用豌豆混播比例为6∶4或5∶5时,可将其作为主要饲草来源生产高品质发酵TMR饲料。

沥青混合料目标配合比级配优选的灰度模型评价法

沥青混合料目标配合比级配组成设计时有多种选择,存在如何获得最优级配的问题,这关乎配合比设计的质量,直接影响铺面质量和路面的服役寿命,为此需要一种科学方法进行级配优选。基于优选理论,分析混合料性能指标特征,构建非定量指标、常规定量指标及路用性能指标3层次优选指标体系;设计3组典型级配,开展典型性能试验和分析,得到各评价指标值;采用德尔斐专家调查法进行隶属度、盲度分析和总体认识度指标赋权;采用灰度模型理论,对评价指标进行归一化处理,对各指标进行关联度分析,逐级对灰度模型体系进行综合评价和排序,根据排序结果最终选出最优的目标配合比级配。研究中,提出了灰度模型分析法的指标体系和流程,并讨论了方法中分辨系数的取值对优选结果的影响。结果表明:该方法可系统全面分析级配组成对应的性能指标体系,可筛选出符合路用性能指标的最优特征,可为沥青混合料目标配合比设计的级配优选提供一种有效技术方法。

CFB灰渣混凝土的组成设计与应用研究

随着循环流化床(CFB)锅炉清洁燃烧技术的大规模应用,所排放的CFB灰渣的处理成为亟待解决的问题。本文以碎石作粗集料、CFB炉渣作细集料以及CFB飞灰作矿物掺合料来制备CFB灰渣混凝土,探讨了CFB炉渣砂率、CFB飞灰掺量对CFB灰渣混凝土的工作性能与力学性能的影响,优化设计了CFB灰渣混凝土配合比,对比研究了CFB灰渣混凝土与机制砂混凝土抗Cl-渗透性能、抗冻性和干燥收缩等耐久性能,并进行了CFB灰渣混凝土小型预制构件的工程应用。结果表明:随着CFB炉渣砂率的增加,CFB灰渣混凝土的抗压强度先增大后降低,随着CFB飞灰掺量的增加,CFB灰渣混凝土的坍落度逐渐降低,抗压强度先增大后降低,优化的最佳配合比为水泥280 kg/m^(3)、CFB飞灰120 kg/m^(3)、矿粉40 kg/m^(3)、CFB炉渣620 kg/m^(3)、碎石1 013 kg/m^(3)、水223 kg/m^(3)、减水剂8.8 kg/m^(3);相比于机制砂混凝土,CFB灰渣混凝土具有良好的抗Cl-渗透性能、抗冻性和较小的干燥收缩,且采用CFB灰渣混凝土制备的小型预制构件在实际工程中具有更好的应用效果。

橡胶水泥土动剪模量和阻尼比共振柱试验研究

橡胶水泥土作为一种经济环保的耐腐蚀轻质填筑材料,在沿海港口工程及灯塔等基础建设中具有广泛的应用前景。基于共振柱试验,对不同橡胶掺量、水泥掺量和围压下橡胶水泥土动力特性展开研究,重点探究各影响因素对其动剪模量和阻尼比的影响规律。结果表明:固结压力下橡胶水泥土的累计轴向应变随着橡胶掺量和围压的增大而增大,随水泥掺量增大而减小;橡胶水泥土动剪模量曲线衰减程度随橡胶掺量的增加和水泥掺量的减小而减弱,非线性特征减弱,而受围压影响则较小;最大动剪模量随着橡胶掺量的增大而减小,随水泥掺量和围压的增大而增大。当橡胶掺量较低或水泥掺量较高时,其掺量改变对最大动剪模量影响最大;橡胶的掺入减缓了动剪模量衰减幅度,并且在较低围压下促使其更早地发生衰减。而水泥掺量的减小和围压的增大则会推迟衰减,衰减幅度也相对更大;阻尼比随动剪应变的增加而单调递增,增大橡胶掺量和减小围压会使其阻尼比增大,当水泥掺量小于15%时,阻尼比随水泥掺量增加而增大,而当水泥掺量大于15%时,阻尼比反而随之降低。

图木舒克市不同播种比例紫花苜蓿与黑麦草的产量和营养品质探究

紫花苜蓿与黑麦草均为优质饲草。为探究图木舒克市紫花苜蓿与黑麦草最佳混播比例,对紫花苜蓿与黑麦草设置M_(5)+H_(5)(5:5)、M_(4)+H_(6)(4:6)、M_(3)+H_(7)(3:7)、M_(6)+H_(4)(6:4)和M_(7)+H_(3)(7:3)五个混播比例,进行牧草鲜草产量、干物质、粗蛋白、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维以及相对饲喂价值等指标研究。结果表明:各混播处理在牧草产量及营养品质上存在显著差异(P<0.05);各混播处理牧草产量与混播体系中黑麦草占比呈现正相关;各混播处理牧草营养品质与混播体系中,紫花苜蓿占比呈现出正相关。综上所述,紫花苜蓿与黑麦草混播处理中以M_(4)+H_(6)(紫花苜蓿播种量9.00 kg·hm^(-2)+黑麦草播种量36.00 kg·hm^(-2))的牧草产量及营养品质最佳。

高强高保坍钢管拱机制砂自密实混凝土配制技术

根据重庆某钢管拱桥结构特征与“泵送顶升压注法”施工工艺特点,提出了高强高保坍钢管拱机制砂自密实混凝土性能需求。针对高强与超高工作性的矛盾问题,通过配合比参数优化、骨料优化、矿物掺合料复掺优化、外加剂复配优化和配合比综合优化等技术,配制出初始坍落度≥260 mm、扩展度≥600 mm、倒坍落度筒流出时间≤8 s、4 h工作性基本无损失、强度等级达C60以上的钢管拱机制砂自密实混凝土,形成了高强高保坍钢管拱机制砂自密实混凝土的配制技术,为工程实际施工提供了良好的技术支撑。

造林密度和混交比例对水曲柳生长形质及空间利用能力的影响

【目的】探究不同造林密度和混交比例下水曲柳生长形质及空间利用能力的变化规律,为培养大径材水曲柳人工林提供理论依据。【方法】选择帽儿山林场1998年营造的4种不同造林密度(分别为10000、4400、2500和2200株/hm^(2))的水曲柳纯林以及两种不同混交行数比(分别为1∶1和3∶3)、造林密度为2500株/hm^(2)的长白落叶松-水曲柳混交林作为研究对象,调查了水曲柳的生长指标、形质指标和空间利用能力指标,运用改进层级分析法获得综合评价值。【结果】4400株/hm^(2)、10000株/hm^(2)纯林中水曲柳生长指标评价值和空间利用能力评价值比2500株/hm^(2)纯林分别降低3.15%、2.58%和8.62%、2.58%,2200株/hm^(2)纯林中水曲柳生长指标评价值、形质指标评价值和空间利用能力指标评价值分别比2500株/hm^(2)纯林提高21.89%、7.41%和2.94%。混交行数比1∶1和3∶3长白落叶松-水曲柳混交林生长指标评价值、形质指标评价值和空间利用能力指标评价值分别比2500株/hm^(2)纯林提高12.18%、9.05%、17.92%和22.98%、12.14%、25.77%。水曲柳综合评价值从大到小为混交行数比3∶3长白落叶松-水曲柳混交林、2200株/hm^(2)纯林、混交行数1∶1长白落叶松-水曲柳混交林、2500株/hm^(2)纯林、4400株/hm^(2)纯林和10000株/hm^(2)纯林。【结论】随着造林密度的降低纯林水曲柳个体质量显著提高,混交林能显著提高水曲柳个体质量,建议营造密度为2500株/hm^(2)混交行数比为3∶3的长白落叶松-水曲柳混交林。

超长底板混凝土配合比设计与跳仓法有限元分析

深圳市新华医院项目超长地下室底板达340m,为提高超长底板混凝土施工效率和质量,采用跳仓法施工技术取消后浇带留置,提出了超长底板混凝土配合比优化设计,明确了跳仓法施工方案的仓块划分和浇筑顺序,通过Midas有限元模拟,分析了跳仓法施工方案对底板温度场的影响,以超长底板混凝土的最大温升、里表最大温差和表面与大气最大温差为评价指标,验证了跳仓法施工方案的可行性,有效控制了地下室超长底板混凝土裂缝的产生。

混播比例对拉巴豆/青贮玉米混合青贮发酵质量及有氧稳定性的影响

【目的】探究拉巴豆(Dolichos lablab)与青贮玉米(Zea mays)混播对混合饲草青贮质量及有氧稳定性的影响。【方法】以青贮玉米单播后青贮为对照(CK),设置青贮玉米与拉巴豆1∶1(D1)、1∶2(D2)、1∶3(D3)、1∶4(D4)4个混播比例进行混合青贮,室温发酵60 d后测定各处理营养成分、发酵质量和有氧稳定性。【结果】青贮玉米与拉巴豆混播的混合饲草青贮后,干物质损失率和粗蛋白含量均显著升高(P<0.05),可溶性碳水化合物显著降低(P<0.05);CK pH值显著低于其他处理(P<0.05);D2处理乳酸含量最高,显著高于CK处理(P<0.05);D1处理乙酸含量最高,显著高于CK青贮(P<0.05),与其他处理组差异不显著(P>0.05)。【结论】青贮玉米/拉巴豆混合青贮能有效延长有氧稳定性时间,在暴露环境下不易发生二次发酵。综合有氧稳定时间和发酵质量,建议青贮玉米与拉巴豆的混播比例为1∶1时混合青贮较适宜。