A note for the mechanism of high-frequency oscillation instability resulted from absorbing boundary conditions

In this paper the explanation of the mechanism of high-frequency oscillation instability resulted from absorbing boundary conditions is further improved. And we analytically prove the proposition that for one dimensional discrete model of elastic wave motion, the module of reflection factor will be greater than 1 in high frequency band when artificial wave velocity is greater than 1.5 times the ratio of discrete space step to discrete time step. Based on the proof, the frequency band in which instability occurs is discussed in detail, showing such high-frequency waves are meaningless for the numerical simulation of wave motion.

Review of the Analysis and Suppression for High-frequency Oscillations of the Grid-connected Wind Power Generation System

High-frequency oscillation(HFO)of gridconnected wind power generation systems(WPGS)is one of the most critical issues in recent years that threaten the safe access of WPGS to the grid.Ensuring the WPGS can damp HFO is becoming more and more vital for the development of wind power.The HFO phenomenon of wind turbines under different scenarios usually has different mechanisms.Hence,engineers need to acquire the working mechanisms of the different HFO damping technologies and select the appropriate one to ensure the effective implementation of oscillation damping in practical engineering.This paper introduces the general assumptions of WPGS when analyzing HFO,systematically summarizes the reasons for the occurrence of HFO in different scenarios,deeply analyses the key points and difficulties of HFO damping under different scenarios,and then compares the technical performances of various types of HFO suppression methods to provide adequate references for engineers in the application of technology.Finally,this paper discusses possible future research difficulties in the problem of HFO,as well as the possible future trends in the demand for HFO damping.

Derivation of a Revised Tsiolkovsky Rocket Equation That Predicts Combustion Oscillations

Our study identifies a subtle deviation from Newton’s third law in the derivation of the ideal rocket equation, also known as the Tsiolkovsky Rocket Equation (TRE). TRE can be derived using a 1D elastic collision model of the momentum exchange between the differential propellant mass element (dm) and the rocket final mass (m1), in which dm initially travels forward to collide with m1 and rebounds to exit through the exhaust nozzle with a velocity that is known as the effective exhaust velocity ve. We observe that such a model does not explain how dm was able to acquire its initial forward velocity without the support of a reactive mass traveling in the opposite direction. We show instead that the initial kinetic energy of dm is generated from dm itself by a process of self-combustion and expansion. In our ideal rocket with a single particle dm confined inside a hollow tube with one closed end, we show that the process of self-combustion and expansion of dm will result in a pair of differential particles each with a mass dm/2, and each traveling away from one another along the tube axis, from the center of combustion. These two identical particles represent the active and reactive sub-components of dm, co-generated in compliance with Newton’s third law of equal action and reaction. Building on this model, we derive a linear momentum ODE of the system, the solution of which yields what we call the Revised Tsiolkovsky Rocket Equation (RTRE). We show that RTRE has a mathematical form that is similar to TRE, with the exception of the effective exhaust velocity (ve) term. The ve term in TRE is replaced in RTRE by the average of two distinct exhaust velocities that we refer to as fast-jet, vx1, and slow-jet, vx2. These two velocities correspond, respectively, to the velocities of the detonation pressure wave that is vectored directly towards the exhaust nozzle, and the retonation wave that is initially vectored in the direction of rocket propagation, but subsequently becomes reflected from the thrust surface of the combustion chamber to exit through the exhaust nozzle with a time lag behind the detonation wave. The detonation-retonation phenomenon is supported by experimental evidence in the published literature. Finally, we use a convolution model to simulate the composite exhaust pressure wave, highlighting the frequency spectrum of the pressure perturbations that are generated by the mutual interference between the fast-jet and slow-jet components. Our analysis offers insights into the origin of combustion oscillations in rocket engines, with possible extensions beyond rocket engineering into other fields of combustion engineering.

Identification and Analysis of High-Frequency Oscillations in the Eyewalls of Tropical Cyclones

High-frequency oscillations, with periods of about 2 hours, are first identified by applying wavelet analysis to observed minutely wind speeds around the eye and eyewall of tropical cyclones（TCs）. Analysis of a model simulation of Typhoon Hagupit（2008） shows that the oscillations also occur in the TC intensity, vertical motion, convergence activity and air density around the eyewall. Sequences of oscillations in these variables follow a certain order.

Variations in High-frequency Oscillations of Tropical Cyclones over the Western North Pacific

Variations in the high-frequency oscillations of tropical cyclones （TCs） over the western North Pacific （WNP） are studied in numerical model simulations. Power spectrum analysis of maximum wind speeds at 10 m （MWS10） from an ensemble of 15 simulated TCs shows that oscillations are significant for all TCs. The magnitudes of oscillations in MWS10 are similar in the WNP and South China Sea （SCS）; however, the mean of the averaged significant periods in the SCS （1.93 h） is shorter than that in the open water of the WNP （2.83 h）. The shorter period in the SCS is examined through an ensemble of simulations, and a case simulation as well as a sensitivity experiment in which the continent is replaced by ocean for Typhoon Hagupit （2008）. The analysis of the convergence efficiency within the boundary layer suggests that the shorter periods in the SCS are possibly due to the stronger terrain effect, which intensifies convergence through greater friction. The enhanced convergence strengthens the disturbance of the gradient and thermal wind balances, and then contributes to the shorter oscillation periods in the SCS.

COMPARISON OF HIGH-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION VEN-TILATION WITH CONVENTIONAL MANDATORY VENTILATION IN ANIMAL ARDS MODEL

To compare effect of high-frequency oscillation ventilation （HFOV） and conventional mandatory ventilation （CMV） on lung injury development in rabbit with acute respiratory distress syndrome （ ARDS）. Methods Animals that underwent saline lung lavage to produce lung injury were randomized to one of the two treatment groups （ HFOV or CMV, n =6）. PaCO2 was maintained between 35 -45mmHg and arterial oxygen saturation （ SaO2 ） was maintain 〉 88% by adjusting corresponding ventilator parameters. Ventilation period was 6h. Lung fluids were aspirated before and at the end of ventilation for cell analysis. Then the animals were euthanized, lung tissue was removed for wet/dry weight measurement, light and electron microscopic examination. Besults The difference of artery blood gas analyses（pH, PaO2, PaCO2 ） between HFOV and CMV was insignificant. The difference between HFOV and CMV in cytological examination of lung fluids, wet/dry weight measurement was also insignificant. But compared with CMV, HFOV not only reduced the area of lung injury, but also reduced lung injury score in light and electron microscopic examination. Conclusion When same artery blood gas analysis was obtained, HFOV significantly reduced lung injury development in ARDS animal than CMV. As a lung protection strategy, HFOV can be used in the treatment of ARDS.

Radio-frequency measurements of energetic-electron-driven emissions using high-frequency magnetic probe on XuanLong-50 spherical torus

A high-frequency magnetic probe is designed and developed on the XuanL ong-50(EXL-50)spherical torus to measure high-frequency magnetic field fluctuation.The magnetic loop,radio filters,radio-frequency limiter,and data acquisition system of the probe are comprehensively examined.The fluctuation data from the EXL-50 plasma are analyzed in the time–frequency domain using fast Fourier transforms.Moreover,distinct high-frequency instabilities are detected using this diagnostic system.In particular,significant frequency chirping is observed,which is consistent with the bumpon-tail drive instability predicted using the Berk–Breizman model.

Observation of low-frequency oscillation in argon helicon discharge

We present here a kind of low-frequency oscillation in argon helicon discharge with a half helical antenna.This time-dependent instability shows a global quasi-periodic oscillation of plasma density and electron temperature,with a typical frequency of a few tens of Hz which increases with external magnetic field as well as radiofrequency(RF)power.The relative oscillation amplitude decreases with magnetic field and RF power,but the rising time and pulse width do not change significantly under different discharge conditions.The oscillation can only be observed in some specific conditions of low magnetic fields and low RF power when the gas flows in from one end of the discharge area and out from another end.This global instability is suggested to be attributed to the pressure instability of neutral depletion,which is the result of compound action of gas depletion by heating expansion and gas replenishment from upstream.There are two kinds of oscillations,large and small amplitude oscillations,occurring in different discharge modes.This study could be a good verification of and complement to earlier experiments.This kind of spontaneous pulse phenomenon is also helpful in realizing a pulsing plasma source without a pulsed power supply.

Cold Flow Experiments and Acoustic Investigation on Pressure Oscillation Induced by Flow Instability

Pressure oscillation in solid rocket motor is believed to be the results of the interaction between the flow instability and the acoustics of combustion chamber.Several reasonable and necessary hypothesizes are given to establish an equation to describe this coupling.A cold flow motor called CVS60D(corner vortex shedding 60°)was designed to study the flow-acoustic coupling based on theoretical analysis.Experimental investigations were carried out to determine the acoustics of CVS60D.Corner vortex shedding is generated at the backward facing step which is designed similar to the geometry of the motor with finocyl propellant after the burnout of its fins.A pintle was used to modify the velocity in the duct to change the frequency of vortex shedding.It is found that large amplitude pressure oscillation occurs when the pintle moves to a range of specific position,which indicates that the frequency of vortex shedding is close to one order of acoustic modes of combustion chamber.The amplitude of pressure oscillation changes as the pintle moves.

Review of relaxation oscillations in plasma processing discharges

Relaxation oscillations due to plasma instabilities at frequencies ranging from a few Hz to tens of kHz have been observed in various types of plasma processing discharges. Relaxation oscillations have been observed in electropositive capacitive discharges between a powered anode and a metallic chamber whose periphery is grounded through a slot with dielectric spacers. The oscillations of time-varying optical emission from the main discharge chamber show, for example, a high-frequency （- 40 kHz） relaxation oscillation at 13.33Pa, with an absorbed power being nearly the peripheral breakdown power, and a low-frequency （- 3 Hz） oscillation, with an even higher absorbed power. The high-frequency oscillation is found to ignite plasma in the slot, but usually not in the peripheral chamber. The kilohertz oscillations are modelled using an electromagnetic model of the slot impedance, coupled to a circuit analysis of the system including the matching network. The model results are in general agreement with the experimental observations, and indicate a variety of behaviours dependent on the matching conditions. In low-pressure inductive discharges, oscillations appear in the transition between low-density capacitively driven and high-density inductively driven discharges when attaching gases such as SF6 and Ar/SF6 mixtures are used. Oscillations of charged particles, plasma potential, and light, at frequencies ranging from a few Hz to tens of kHz, are seen for gas pressures between 0.133 Pa and 13.33 Pa and discharge powers in a range of 75 1200 W. The region of instability increases as the plasma becomes more electronegative, and the frequency of plasma oscillation increases as the power, pressure, and gas flow rate increase. A volume-averaged （global） model of the kilohertz instability has been developed; the results obtained from the model agree well with the experimental observations.

Universality of Periodic Oscillation Induced in Side Branch of a T-Junction in Numerical Simulation

The flow instability through the side branch of a T-junction is analyzed in a numerical simulation. In a previous experimental study, the authors clarified the mechanism of fluid-induced vibration in the side branch of the T-junction in laminar steady flow through the trunk. However, in that approach there were restrictions with respect to extracting details of flow behavior such as the flow instability and the distribution of wall shear stress along the wall. Here the spatial growth of the velocity perturbation at the upstream boundary of the side branch is investigated. The simulation result indicates that a periodic velocity fluctuation introduced at the upstream boundary is amplified downstream, in good agreement with experimental result. The fluctuation in wall shear stress because of the flow instability shows local extrema in both the near and distal walls. From the numerical simulation, the downstream fluid oscillation under a typical condition has a Strouhal number of 1.05, which approximately agrees with the value obtained in experiments. Therefore, this periodic oscillation motion is a universal phenomenon in the side branch of a T-junction.

High-Frequency Trading:Deception and Consequences

This commentary is based on the work of Cooper,Davis,and Van Vliet(2016)and the commentary focuses on what problem high-frequency trading poses.It lists key literature on high-frequency trading that is missing and points out that the poker analogy to defend deception in financial markets is weak and misleading.The article elaborates on the negative impact created by spoofing and quote stuffing,the two typical deceptive practices used by high-frequency traders.The recent regulations regarding high-frequency trading,in response to the“Flash Crash”of 2010,are preventive,computerized and more effective.They reflect ethical requirements to maintain fair and stable financial markets.

Wave Instability and Spatiotemporal Chaos in Reaction-Diffusion System with Oscillatory Dynamics

We investigate the Turing-like wave instability of the uniform oscillator in oscillatory mediums using theoretical and flumerical methods. A propagating wave pattern originated at the corner of the system emerges when the uniform oscillator becomes unstable via Thring-like wave instability. Bifurcations from periodically propagated wave patterns to quasi-periodically propagated wave patterns, then to spatiotemporal chaos occur, as the system size increases from the instability threshold of the uniform oscillator.

Simulation of wind-induced near-inertial oscillations in a mixed layer near the east coast of Korea in the East/Japan Sea

Using a simple damped slab model, it was possible to show that a local wind induced 88% （15 of 17） of the near-inertial oscillations （NIO） observed in the mixed layer near the east coast of Korea from 1999 to 2004. The model, however, overestimated the energy level in about two-thirds of the simulated cases, because the slab model was forced with winds whose characteristic period was shorter than the damping time scale of the model at 1.5 d. At the observation site, due to typhoons and orographic effects, high-frequency wind forcing is quite common, as is the overestimation of the energy level in the slab model results. In short, a simple slab model with a damping time-scale of about 1.5 d would be enough to show that the local wind was the main energy source of the near-inertial energy in this area, but the model could not be used to accurately estimate the amount of the work done by the wind to the mixed layer.

长波段半导体激光泵浦光纤激光器实现2 kW功率输出

半导体激光(LD)泵浦的高功率光纤激光器具有效率高、体积小、重量轻、稳定性好等优点,在工业加工等诸多领域都有着广泛的应用。为了提高泵浦光吸收率,传统光纤激光器常用915 nm和976 nm波段的LD作为激光的泵浦源。在该类LD泵浦的光纤激光器中,由于量子亏损和泵浦吸收系数相对较高,光纤激光器的热致模式不稳定(TMI)阈值相对较低。为了提高量子效率和潜在的TMI阈值,提出采用大于1010 nm波段的LD直接泵浦光纤激光器,产生高量子效率激光。搭建了振荡放大一体化的全光纤激光器,采用总泵浦功率为2.56 kW的1010 nm波段LD泵浦,首次获得输出功率2.05 kW、光束质量M^(2)约1.7的激光。后续将通过进一步增大泵浦功率、优化光纤特性以实现更高功率、更优光束质量的光纤激光输出。

黏性对内空泡诱导柱状液滴界面不稳定性的影响

Rayleigh-Taylor不稳定性存在于爆炸、液滴形成和液体喷雾等工程应用过程中,是流体力学关注的经典问题之一.内空泡振荡诱导液滴界面演化问题是其研究中基本模型之一,空泡振荡作用下液滴界面发生扰动并发展,其特征形态主要表现为破碎、通气和稳定.液体黏性是影响界面不稳定性发展的重要因素,文章通过建立高精度的数值模拟方法,开展液体黏性对内空泡诱导柱状液滴界面不稳定性的影响研究.在数值模拟中,基于开源OpenFOAM框架的多相可压缩求解器直接求解Navier-Stokes方程,采用isoAdvector的几何流体体积法捕捉界面演化特征.结果表明,液体黏性的增加会减缓空泡的收缩,进而减缓液滴界面扰动的发展,该影响下通气工况液滴通气发生时间增加,而稳定工况最大扰动幅值减小.最大扰动幅值的减小直接影响了液滴的特征形态,基于一系列数值模拟结果归纳得到液滴不稳定性相图.在文章讨论的参数范围内,随着黏性增加,小液滴(R_(d0)<2 mm)的形态从破碎转变为通气进而变成稳定;中液滴(2 mm <R_(d0)<3 mm)的形态从通气转变为稳定,不出现破碎形态;而大液滴(R_(d0)> 3 mm)的形态不随液体黏性改变,液滴形态会随着液体黏性增加趋于稳定.

极区受激电磁辐射实验研究

受激电磁辐射(stimulated electromagnetic emissions, SEE)复杂的谱线特征,为研究电离层加热物理机制提供了强有力的研究手段.本文基于2017年和2022年我国学者利用EISCAT加热系统开展电离层加热实验期间的SEE数据,分析了加热电磁波的极化、频率、功率以及波束指向对SEE谱线特征的影响,研究结果表明:(1)相比于非寻常波,加热波为寻常波实验期间更易观测到丰富的SEE谱线结构,如频率上移分量最大值(upshifted maximum, UM)、热窄带连续谱(thermal narrow continuum, NCth)及向下偏移最大值(downshifted maximum, DM)等;(2)加热频率由4.07 MHz增至4.10 MHz,向下偏移峰值(downshifted peak, DP)频移与加热频率呈强线性相关,当加热频率达到电子回旋倍频时,DP和DM谱消失,上混杂波的产生过程被抑制.因此,结合电离层加热过程中DP和DM谱特征可以实时快速估算加热区内电子回旋频率的大小;(3)加热功率由24 MW增至192 MW,在DM和加热频率之间出现了一种新型下移谱特征,即中间向下偏移最大值(intermediate downshifted maximum, IDM),本实验中观测到UM随功率的变化是IDM相对于加热波频率的镜像行为;(4)结合超高频非相干散射雷达联合探测发现,加热波束指向为垂直方向逆时针夹角6°时,更易激励振荡双流不稳定性的密度纯增长模式,形成更多人工密度不均匀体,从而获得更强DM谱线.

声振和静电场耦合作用下漏电介质平面液膜的线性不稳定性

在超声电喷推力器中,声振与电场力共同作用使得液膜界面失稳破裂,进而发射液滴并产生推力.为了揭示超声电喷推力器中液膜初始失稳的物理机制,针对超声与电场力耦合作用下液膜的线性不稳定性进行了理论研究.基于Floquet理论,对声振和静电场耦合作用下漏电介质平面液膜进行了线性不稳定性分析,求解了扰动增长率、频率与波数之间的色散关系,通过绘制色散曲线,获得电学、振荡及物性参数对线性失稳的影响规律.结果表明,根据极板间距与液膜厚度之比的不同,液体电导率和介电常数对不稳定性的影响规律会发生改变.当参数不稳定区域增长率较大时,电场力的增强会促进失稳,而当参数不稳定区域增长率较小时,电场力的增强会抑制失稳.

法向声场中粘弹性平面液膜的线性不稳定性研究

针对液体火箭发动机中可能出现的声学振荡工况,对法向声场中平面液膜的线性不稳定性进行了理论分析。采用粘势流理论,描述了液膜的动量方程和边界条件。基于Floquet理论,获得了正弦、曲张双模态耦合的色散方程。结果表明,气液剪切引起的Kelvin-Helmholtz(K-H)不稳定和声振引起的参数不稳定之间存在竞争关系。奥内佐格数的增大、弹性数的减小和时间常数比的增大会抑制液膜的失稳。韦伯数的增大对K-H不稳定有促进作用,但是对参数不稳定具有双重作用,一方面韦伯数的增大减弱了表面张力,促进液膜失稳,另一方面韦伯数的增大使得参数不稳定区域的波数增大,增强粘性对不稳定的抑制作用,抑制液膜失稳。邦德数的增大促进了参数不稳定,抑制了K-H不稳定。声振频率的增大使得K-H不稳定增强,参数不稳定减弱。

基于海表温度遥感资料重构的热带不稳定波特征分析

[目的]研究赤道东太平洋热带不稳定波(tropical instability waves,TIWs)的时空分布特征及其驱动机制.[方法]利用数据插值经验正交函数方法对MODIS卫星2003-2018年赤道东太平洋海表面温度(sea surface temperature,SST)数据进行重构,进而提取TIWs的波长和速度,并分析其时空分布特征以及与赤道风场和流场的关系.[结果]研究发现:TIWs在纬向上呈正负相位交替分布,在经向上则表现为双峰结构.季节性方面,TIWs在3-5月强度最弱,而在8-10月强度最强.纬向风场通过影响赤道纬向流场,特别是南赤道流(South Equatorial Current,SEC)的北分支(SEC-N)和北赤道逆流(North Equatorial Countercurrent,NECC)的剪切调控TIWs的生成;经向风场则通过调制“冷舌”边缘的SST梯度影响TIWs的生成.在年际尺度上,TIWs在厄尔尼诺(El Nino)年受到抑制,在拉尼娜(La Nina)年得到加强.纬向风场、纬向流场和TIWs三者的异常均超前于厄尔尼诺-南方涛动(El Nino-Southern Oscillation,ENSO)指数所刻画的赤道东太平洋SST异常,这表明纬向风场影响下的纬向流场剪切同样驱动TIWs的年际变化.NECC上空纬向风异常较弱,而SEC-N上空纬向风异常较强,这使得SEC-N年际变化主导流场剪切的强度,对TIWs的年际特征有重要作用.[结论]这一发现强调了大气风场和海洋动力过程共同驱动TIWs的季节性特征和年际变化.