Thermal Performance of a 4 K High-Frequency Pulse Tube Cryocooler with Different Working Fluids

The high-frequency pulse tube cryocooler(HPTC)represents a promising miniature cryocooling technology due to its compact structure and the absence of low-temperature moving components.However,limited to the non-ideal gas effect of4He,the HPTC is hard to obtain high cooling performance in the liquid helium temperature range.3He as the working fluid can effectively improve the cooling performance of the HPTC,but the high cost hinders its wide application.In consideration of both cooling performance and cost-effectiveness,this paper explores the feasibility of utilizing^(3)He-^(4)He mixtures as the working fluid for HPTCs.Firstly,the experimental results of a developed HPTC based4He are reported.With a total power consumption of 575 W,the lowest temperature of 3.26 K was observed.And the measured cooling power at 4.2 K was 20.8 mW.Then the theoretical utmost efficiency of the cryocooler was calculated in terms of the thermophysical properties of the working fluids,using ^(3)He-^(4)He mixtures with different compositions as the working fluids.The whole machine modeling of the HPTC was further carried out,and the influence of the working fluids with different components on the structural parameters such as double-inlet and inertance tube,and operating parameters such as pressure and frequency were analyzed.The calculated results show that the cooling power is expected to be increased to36 mW and 53 mW if the equimolar ^(3)He-^(4)He mixture and pure ^(3)He are used,respectively.

A novel variable polarity welding power based on high-frequency pulse modulation

A new type of variable polarity welding power modulated with high-frequency pulse current is developed. Series of high-frequency pulse current is superimposed on direct-current-electrode-negative （DCEN）, which can improve the crystallization process in the weld bead as a result of the electromagnetic force generated by pulse current. Digital signal processor （DSP） is used to realize the closed-loop control of the first inverter, variable polarity output of the second inverter and high-frequency pulse current superposition.

Influence of regenerator flow resistance on stability of pulse tube cooler

Based on the fluid network theory,the possibility of utilizing regenerator flow resistance to suppress the direct current （DC） flow induced by the introduction of a double-inlet in a pulse tube cooler is investigated theoretically. The calculation results show that increasing regenerator flow resistance can lead to a smaller extent of DC flow.Therefore,a better stability performance of the cooler can be realized.On this basis,the stability characteristics of the cooler with various regenerator matrix arrangements are studied by experiments.By replacing 30% space of 247 screens of stainless steel mesh at the cold part of the regenerator by lead balls of 0.25 mm diameter,a long-time stable temperature output at 80 K region is achieved. This achievement provides a new way to obtain stable performance for pulse tube coolers at high temperature and is helpful for its application.

Study on a 5.0 W/80 K single stage Stirling type pulse tube cryocooler

A single stage Stifling pulse tube cryocooler was designed based on REGEN 3.2 and fabricated for testing. The experimental results show that the cooler can provide a cooling capacity of 5.0 W at 79.1 K, and produce a no-load temperature of 57.0 K, operating with an average pressure of 2.50 MPa and a frequency of 60 Hz, performance results that are very close to the calculated values. The cryocooler can be cooled from room temperature to 80 K in 8.5 min. The fast cooldown time is a result of the small regenerator.

Gas Flow in Unilateral Opening Pulse Tubes Based on Real Gas Equation of State

The real gas effect is dominant at high pressure and low temperature, and it is modeled by complex equations of state other than perfect gas law. In the vicinity of liquid-vapor critical point, the real gas exhibits unusual gas dynamic behavior. In the present work, a transient wave fields in unilateral opening pulse tube is simulated by solving the Navier-Stokes equations incorporated with the Peng-Robinson thermodynamic model. The computational fluid dynamics （CFD） results show a remarkable deviation between perfect gas model and real gas model for contact interface and shockwave. The wave diagram based on the real gas model can help to solve the problem of offset design point.

Extended Anode Effect for Tube Inner Coating of Non-Conductive Ceramics by Pulsed Coaxial Magnetron Plasma

For uniform tube inner coating of non-conductive thin films, the double-ended coaxial magnetron pulsed plasma (DCMPP) method was investigated. In this study, coating of TiN and TiO2 was performed. It was clearly shown that the extended anode effect was strongly influenced by the electric resistance of the coated thin films on the inner surface of an insulator tube. Additionally, high frequency (100 kHz) was better for relatively high plasma density. On the other hand, in the case of titanium oxide deposition, negative ion productions drastically decrease the deposition rate and the shifting velocity of plasma main position for coated TiO2 films.

An Improved Water-filled Pulse Tube Method Using Time Domain Pulse Separation Method

Based on existing low-frequency water-filled impedance tube testing facilities, which is a part of the Low Frequency Facility of the Naval Undersea Warfare Center in Beijing, an improved water-filled pulse tube method is presented in this short paper. This proposed study is significantly different from the conventional pulse tube method because of the capability for a single plane damped sine pulse wave to generate in the water-filled pulse tube with a regular waveform and short duration time of about 1ms. During the generation process of the pulse, an inverse filter principle was adopted to compensate the transducer response. The effect of the characteristics of tube termination can be eliminated through the generation process of the pulse. Reflection coefficient from a water/air interface was measured to verify the proposed method. When compared with the expected theoretical values, a relatively good agreement can be obtained in the low frequency range of 500-2 000 Hz.

Experimental Investigation of a Single-Stage Four-Valve Pulse Tube Refrigerator

In order to simplify the structure of the cold end of the pulse tube refrigerator (PTR) and have a better utilization of the cold energy of the system, a one-stage four-valve pulse tube refrigerator (FVPTR) with an "L" type pulse tube structure and two orifice valves at the hot end of pulse tube has been constructed. Verification experiments show that the two orifice valve structure performs better than one orifice valve structure. A lowest temperature of 67.5 K was obtained at a frequency of 2.5 Hz under a system average pressure of 1.5 MPa with 200 mesh bronze screens as regenerator material, 80 mesh copper screens as stuffing material of heat exchanger. Due to the difficulty in manufacturing the thin "L" type pulse tube, the wall thickness of the pulse tube in the experiment was relatively difficult for us to reach 0.5 mm as that of the ordinary pulse tube, which resulted in relatively big system loss and affected the minimum temperature of the system to some degree.

Suppression of Natural Convection in a Thermoacoustic Pulse Tube Refrigerator

The effects of gravity on the efficiency of thermoacoustic engines are investigated theoretically and experimentally,especially for thermoacoustic pulse tube refrigerators.The significant effects of gravity are found to be due to the presence of natural convection in the thermoacoustic pulse tube when the hot side of the tube is lower than the cold side.This kind of natural convection influences and reduces the efficiency of the thermoacoustic working system.Thus,how to suppress this natural convection becomes important for increasing the efficiency of thermoacoustic engines.Unlike the method of inserting a silk screen in a pulse tube,the present study uses a numerical simulation method to research the natural convection in pulse tubes,and we try to change the shape of the pulse tube to suppress this convection.

DC FLOW SUPPRESSION IN A SINGLE-STAGE G-M TYPE PULSE TUBE COOLER

An experimental investigation on DC flow suppression in a single-stage G-M type pulse tube cooler is made. The influence of DC flow induced by the introduction of the double-inlet on the refrigeration performance of the cooler is experimentally examined. Two parallelplaced needle valves with an opposite flow direction called as double-valved configuration, instead of conventional single-valved configuration as the double-inlet is used to reduce the DC flow. With the double-valved configuration, the minimum temperatures of 18.4 K and 14.7 K, and the cooling powers of 11.5 W and 29.5 W are also obtained by RW2 and CP4000, respectively.

Computational fluid dynamic simulation of an inter-phasing pulse tube cooler

An inter-phasing pulse tube cooler (IPPTC) consists of two pulse tube units, which are connected to each other at hot ends of the pulse tubes through a needle valve. This paper presents the computational fluid dynamic (CFD) results of an IPPTC using a 2D axis-symmetrical model. General results such as the phase difference between pressure and velocity at cold end and hot end, the temperature profiles along the wall, the available lowest temperature as well as its oscillations and the coefficient of performance (COP) for IPPTC are presented. The formation of DC flow and its effects on the performance of the cooler are investigated and analyzed in detail. Turbulence, which is partially responsible for the poor overall performance of a single orifice pulse tube cooler (OPTC), is found to be much reduced in IPPTC and its performance is improved significantly compared with the single OPTC.

Treatment of Dye Wastewater by Using a Hybrid Gas/Liquid Pulsed Discharge Plasma Reactor

A hybrid gas/liquid pulsed discharge plasma reactor using a porous ceramic tube is proposed for dye wastewater treatment. High voltage pulsed discharge plasma was generated in the gas phase and simultaneously the plasma channel was permeated through the tiny holes of the ceramic tube into the water phase accompanied by gas bubbles. The porous ceramic tube not only separated the gas phase and liquid phase but also offered an effective plasma spreading channel. The effects of the peak pulse voltage, additive gas varieties, gas bubbling rate, solution conductivity and TiO2 addition were investigated. The results showed that this reactor was effective for dye wastewater treatment. The decoloration efficiency of Acid Orange II was enhanced with an increase in the power supplied. Under the studied conditions, 97% of Acid Orange II in aqueous solution was effectively decolored with additive oxygen gas, which was 51% higher than that with argon gas, and the increasing 02 bubbling rate also benefited the decoloration of dye wastewater. Water conductivity had a small effect on the level of decoloration. Catalysis of TiO2 could be induced by the pulsed discharge plasma and addition of TiO2 aided the decoloration of Acid Orange II.

Influence of high frequency pulse on electrode wear in micro-EDM

An electromagnetic coupling mathematical model is established by finite element method and is verified by the contrastive experiments of copper matrix Ni-TiN cylindrical coating electrode,copper electrode and Cu50 W electrode.The wear mechanism of Ni-TiN/Cu composite electrode in the case of high-frequency pulse current is studied,and the influence of the fluctuation frequency of discharge current on electrode wear in micro-EDM is found out.Compared with the electrode made from homogeneous material,the high frequency electromagnetic properties of Ni-TiN composite layer can be used effectively to inhibit the effect of high frequency pulse on the electrode and improve the distribution trend of current density.

Simulation method of near-fault pulse-type ground motion

The two characteristics of near-fault ground motions, i.e., the forward directivity effect and permanent displacement effect, result in long period and large velocity pulse in the velocity time history and large step pulse in the displacement time history. Considering the two effects, a simple expression of continuous function for equivalent velocity pulse time history is presented in this paper. The equivalent pulse model, in which the pulse period, peak velocity and pulse shape are described by five parameters, is highly advantageous to fit and simulate the pulse-type velocity time history. The equivalent pulse model comprises only one low-frequency component while the high-frequency component of a pulse-type earthquake record cannot be considered. Based on 28 records of 11 earthquakes, the pulse frequency of pulse-type records is generally less than 1 Hz. Therefore the low-frequency component and high-frequency component are simulated respectively and combined them together to generate a pulse-type ground motion.

Reducing Radiation Dose by Using Pulse X-Ray Apparatus

Pulse X-ray diagnostics is capable of reducing the radiation exposure considerably. As for pulse X-ray diagnostic machines, which form pulses with the duration of 0.1 μs, using them one can get outstanding results in this area. This fact can be explained by the long period of luminophor persistence in intensifying X-ray luminescent screens. In this paper we present experimental data, comparing radiation doses, measured at pulse X-ray apparatus and apparatus of constant radiation.

磁聚焦分幅变像管空间分辨特性

针对磁聚焦分幅变像管短磁透镜个数与微通道板(MCP)面曲率、成像范围、旋转角度之间的关系,采用蒙特卡罗方法、有限差分法和有限元法,分别对单磁透镜、双磁透镜和三磁透镜3种磁聚焦分幅变像管的空间分辨特性进行理论和实验研究。仿真结果表明,磁聚焦分幅变像管的短磁透镜个数越多,成像面曲率越小,像面越接近平面;随着短磁透镜个数的增加,成像范围也逐渐增大;同时,在MCP面落点位置处电子的旋转角度随着短磁透镜个数的增加而减小。采用3个磁透镜时,在阴极面直径36 mm内,磁聚焦分幅变像管空间分辨力为10 lp/mm。

6 W@80 K空间同轴脉管制冷机设计与实验研究

针对某空间红外载荷需求,基于Sage平台搭建了同轴脉管制冷机整机模型,根据仿真结果对冷头结构参数进行了设计计算。在此基础上,利用实验方法探究了回热器填充方式、惯性管组合方式、充气压力、输入功率、冷头方向对制冷机性能的影响,并与仿真结果比较,两者吻合度较高。研制成功的脉管制冷机整机质量为3.5 kg,输入功率150 W时,无负荷制冷温度为39.74 K,可获得7.23 W@80 K的冷量,整机相对卡诺效率13.26%,在空间用同轴脉管制冷机中处于先进水平。

35 K空间深低温热传输系统性能天地差异

为了解决空间红外探测系统的深低温散热问题,保证红外探测器的低温工作环境,基于脉冲管制冷机和深冷环路热管,设计研制了一套35 K温区的深低温获取与热传输集成系统.该系统由一套35 K温区氖工质深冷环路热管、两台35 K温区脉冲管制冷机、一台150 K温区脉冲管制冷机、隔热冷屏、测温/加热组件、控制系统等组成.完成了地面单机级、整星级热真空测试,并于2020年完成空间飞行测试.在地面单机试验中开展了水平姿态和逆重力恶劣姿态下的传热测试,保证了空间微重力下必定能稳定工作;整星级测试验证了系统在卫星平台散热工况下的工作特性,空间飞行测试获得了系统的空间微重力下的工作性能.本文分析了系统在上述不同阶段的热性能,包括超临界启动特性,稳态运行性能等,验证了相关设计的正确性,重点对比了不同阶段的性能差异,分析其可能的原因.

可见光脉冲输入下微通道板光电倍增管的动态范围研究

结合理论分析与实验测试,研究了在可见光脉冲输入条件下频率以及第二片微通道板与阳极之间电势差对微通道板光电倍增管动态范围的影响。研究结果表明:随着信号光脉冲频率的增大,微通道板壁面电荷补充不充分致使阳极输出偏离线性,并逐渐趋于饱和。当输入可见光脉冲宽度为50 ns,频率为500 Hz时,阳极的最大线性输出达到2 V(即40 mA);当输入光频率增加到1000 Hz,阳极输出在1 V(即20 mA)时线性偏离程度达到10%以上;当输入光频率增加到5000 Hz,阳极输出在0.3 V(即6 mA)时线性偏离程度达到约15%。随着第二片微通道板与阳极之间电势差的增大,阳极最大线性输出电压呈现波动性变化而非与其呈线性关系。当第二片微通道板与阳极之间的电势差在200 V左右时,阳极线性输出电压达到峰值,随着电势差不断增大,阳极线性输出电压开始出现波动,在电势差为500 V左右时达到第二个峰值,这主要是由于极板间电场强度与空间电荷效应共同作用的结果。该研究可为提升微通道板光电倍增管的动态范围提供指导,便于其应用于强辐射脉冲测量、激光通信等领域。

有限填料热容下脉管制冷机内的热输运效应

为了优化脉管制冷机的泵热特性,探讨有限填料热容对回热器内部热输运过程的影响。基于回热器的2维模型,获得了有限填料体积热容下的热声输运过程的解析解。结果表明脉管制冷机内的热输运过程包括3个部分:声压热输运、壁温热输运、速度热输运。壁温热输运效应产生于壁面温度周期变化,它不同于基于壁面轴向温度梯度的导热过程,也区别于速度热输运过程。当温度从300 K降低到40 K时,壁温热能通量不断减小,不过壁温热能通量相对于截面热能通量的大小从5%增加到12%。