Dynamic physical characteristics of DC arc on arcing horn for HVDC grounding electrode line

The dynamic physical characteristics of a DC arc on an arcing horn for a high voltage direct current(HVDC)grounding electrode line are significantly different from those of the switching device arc,secondary arc,AC fault arc and pantograph-catenary arc.In this work,an experimental platform for the DC arc on the arcing horn was built,and mechanisms of the arc column short circuit and arc root movement were studied.This work further analyzes the characteristics and mechanisms of the arc motion when wind speed and direction,magnetic field and the expansion angle of the electrode are varied.Arc root movement is more likely to occur at the upper electrode.There is a competitive relationship between arc expansion and the transferring effect.The effect of wind on the arc column is greater than the effect on the arc root.The magnetic field has a significant driving effect on both the arc column and the arc root.The research results provide a comprehensive experimental basis for forther probing the method of DC arc suppression,and the improvement of the arcing horn.

The changing process and trend of ground temperature around tower foundations of Qinghai-Tibet Power Transmission line

After the construction of Qinghai-Tibet Highway and Railway, the Qinghai-Tibet Power Transmission(QTPT) line is another major permafrost engineering project with new types of engineering structures. The changing process and trend of ground temperature around tower foundations are crucial for the stability of QTPT. We analyzed the change characteristics and tendencies of the ground temperature based on field monitoring data from 2010 to 2014. The results reveal that soil around the tower foundations froze and connected with the artificial permafrost induced during the construction of footings after the first freezing period, and the soil below the original permafrost table kept freezing in subsequent thawing periods. The ground temperature lowered to that of natural fields, fast or slowly for tower foundations with thermosyphons,while for tower foundations without thermosyphons, the increase in ground temperature resulted in higher temperature than that of natural fields. Also, the permafrost temperature and ice content are significant factors that influence the ground temperature around tower foundations. Specifically, the ground temperature around tower foundations in warm and ice-rich permafrost regions decreased slowly, while that in cold and ice poor permafrost regions cooled faster. Moreover, foundations types impacted the ground temperature, which consisted of different technical processes during construction and variant of tower footing structures. The revealed changing process and trend of the ground temperature is beneficial for evaluating the thermal regime evolution around tower foundations in the context of climate change.

Determination of grounding line on the Amery Ice Shelf using Sentinel-1 radar interferometry data

Delineation of the grounding line(GL) is necessary for calculating the mass balance of Antarctica, but GL measurements for most of the continent remain at a relatively coarse level. We used Sentinel-1 constellation data to map the GL of the Amery Ice Shelf(AIS) using double-differential synthetic aperture radar interferometry. The ice thickness anomaly deduced from hydrostatic equilibrium and existing Antarctic GL products is compared with our result. With this new and very accurate GL, we detected new ice rises in the north of the AIS. Our new measurement shows no major change of the AIS GL, particularly in the southernmost part.

Fault Line Selection Method Considering Grounding Fault Angle for Distribution Network

In the distribution network system with its neutral point grounding via arc suppression coil, when single-phase grounding fault occurred near zero-crossing point of the phase voltage, the inaccuracy of the line selection always existed in existing methods. According to the characteristics that transient current was different between the fault feeder and other faultless feeders, wavelet transformation was performed on data of the transient current within a power frequency cycle after the fault occurred. Based on different fault angles, wavelet energy in corresponding frequency band was chosen to compare. The result was that wavelet energy in fault feeder was the largest of all, and it was larger than sum of those in other faultless feeders, when the bus broke down, the disparity between each wavelet energy was not significant. Fault line could be selected out by the criterion above. The results of MATLAB/simulink simulation experiment indicated that this method had anti-interference capacity and was feasible.

Protection of Zero-Sequence Power Variation in Mountain Wind Farm Collector Lines Based on Multi-Mode Grounding

The arc-suppression coil(ASC)in parallel low resistance(LR)multi-mode grounding is adopted in the mountain wind farm to cope with the phenomenon that is misoperation or refusal of zero-sequence protection in LR grounding wind farm.If the fault disappears before LR is put into the system,it is judged as an instantaneous fault;while the fault does not disappear after LR is put into the system,it is judged as a permanent fault;the single-phase grounding fault(SLG)protection criterion based on zerosequence power variation is proposed to identify the instantaneous-permanent fault.Firstly,the distribution characteristic of zero-sequence voltage(ZSV)and zero-sequence current(ZSC)are analyzed after SLGfault occurs in multi-mode grounding.Then,according to the characteristics that zero-sequence power variation of non-fault collector line is small,while the zero-sequence power variation of fault collector line can reflect the active power component of fault resistance,the protection criterion based on zero-sequence power variation is constructed.The theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the protection criterion can distinguish the property of fault only by using the single terminal information,which has high reliability.

Characteristics of Cloud-to-ground Lightning during a Squall Line Process outside of the Subtropical High

Based on the monitoring data of cloud-to-ground( CG) lightning positioning network and Doppler weather radar as well as MICAPS1°× 1° objective analysis field,a squall line process outside of the subtropical high in low-latitude plateau on May 7,2010 was analyzed. The results showed that wind direction shear between low and high levels and low-level convergence zones provided favorable circulation background for the strong thunderstorm process,while high energy and high humidity,strong thermal instability and ascending motion at low and middle levels offered beneficial environmental conditions for the formation of the thunderstorm. 9 620 return strokes of cloud-to-ground lightning were monitored by the lightning positioning network,and cloud-to-ground lightning was distributed like bands between 584 and 586 hP a. The occurrence of cloud-to-ground lightning was mainly related to echo top and echo intensity at-10 ℃ stratification height,and it mainly appeared in zones where echo top height was larger than 13 km and echo intensity at-10 ℃ stratification height was 35-40 dB Z. Wind convergence and maintaining of high radial velocity were favorable for the development of convective echoes and occurrence of cloud-to-ground lightning.

Single Phase-to-Ground Fault Line Identification and Section Location Method for Non-Effectively Grounded Distribution Systems Based on Signal Injection

A diagnostic signal current trace detecting based single phase-to-ground fault line identifica- tion and section location method for non-effectively grounded distribution systems is presented in this paper.A special diagnostic signal current is injected into the fault distribution system,and then it is detected at the outlet terminals to identify the fault line and at the sectionalizing or branching point along the fault line to locate the fault section.The method has been put into application in actual distribution network and field experience shows that it can identify the fault line and locate the fault section correctly and effectively.

Pressure-Induced Shifts of R, R＇, and B Line-Groups and Ground-State Zero-Field-Splitting of Ruby

By means of improved ligand-field theory, the 'pure electronic' presure-induced shifts (PS's) and the PS's due to electron-phonon interaction (EPI) of the R1, R2, B1, B2, B3, and R'3 lines and the ground-state zero-field-splitting of ruby have been uniformly calculated. The calculation results are in very good agreement with all the experimental data. At normal pressure, ruby is a crystal with very strong crystal field. Thus, the admixture of |t22 (3T1)e4T2> and |t3 2 2 E> bases in the wavefunction of R1 level of ruby is small at normal pressure, and it gradually decreases with increasing pressure, which causes the R1-line PS of ruby to monotonously red shift with approximate linearity. The combined effect of the pure electronic PS of R1 line and the PS of R1 line due to EPI gives rise to the total PS of R1 line. The analyses and comparisons among the features of R1-line PS's of three laser crystals (ruby, GSGG:Cr3+ and GGG:Cr3+ ) have been made, and the origin of their difference has been revealed.

风电场集电线路单相接地故障柔性电压消弧与动态保护新原理

为解决风电场集电系统长期存在的线路单相接地故障处理难题,提出风电场中性点柔性接地方式,理论推导获得柔性接地风电场三序等效电路,与集电线路单相接地故障复合序网模型,建立风电场零序电压柔性调控理论,提出集电线路单相接地故障柔性电压消弧方法,可主动将故障点电压及故障残流迅速抑制到零,实现单相接地故障电弧的可靠消除。进一步提出基于零序电流动态增量的高阻故障辨识与保护方法,通过柔性调控零序补偿电流,逐渐放大故障残流,实现永久性单相接地故障的灵敏感知与保护。利用PSCAD/EMTDC搭建含双馈异步风电机(doubly-fedinduction generator,DFIG)的规模化风电场模型,模拟多种运行与故障条件对所提方法进行验证,仿真结果表明,该方法能够在考虑系统不平衡电压的情况下精准调控集电线路故障点电压,实现瞬时性单相接地故障快速可靠消弧,动态感知并持续抑制永久性单相接地故障残流,实现集电线路高阻接地故障的灵敏保护。该技术有望提升风电场运行灵活性与故障防御能力,有力保障新能源电能外送的持续性、可靠性。

基于有源消弧暂态衰减信息的配电网接地故障跟踪检测方法

现有配电网单相接地故障检测技术缺乏消弧过程的故障程度跟踪与选线能力。该文充分利用消弧过程中的暂态信息,建立考虑线路参数不对称的集总参数等效模型,论证消弧过程零序电压衰减直流特征的物理意义,提出考虑快速消弧的配电网故障检测新方法,对于低、高阻接地故障均有较高的检测灵敏度。实际应用中,仅需观测消弧全补偿电流投切过程中零序电压及零序电流波形,即可实现过渡电阻测量、故障程度跟踪与故障选线,具有瞬时性故障实时跟踪、故障检测与故障消弧同步进行的优势,操作简单、易于实现。仿真实验证实了方法的有效性,为配电网故障检测提供了新的理论依据。

盾尾注浆材料硬化特性对隧道和地层力学响应影响的有限元模拟研究

为了探究注浆材料硬化和注浆压力的消散过程对软土地层和隧道衬砌受力变形的影响,以青岛某地铁隧道为背景,考虑盾构机与土体相互作用、衬砌-注浆层-土体相互作用,以及注浆材料硬化和注浆压力消散过程,基于ABAQUS有限元平台建立了盾构施工精细化的有限元数值仿真模型,并利用实测地层沉降和隧道衬砌的收敛变形验证了数值模型的合理性。同时,对注浆材料初凝时间分别为0、2、6、12 h的数值模型进行了计算,获得了地层和隧道衬砌受力变形随注浆材料硬化过程的发展规律,以及注浆材料硬化特性对地层和隧道衬砌受力变形的影响规律。模拟结果表明:盾尾注浆8 h以内,地层的沉降和水平位移以及隧道衬砌的围岩压力和内力增加显著,注浆时间超过8 h后增加变得缓慢;注浆材料的初凝时间越长,地表沉降、地层水平位移和竖向位移则越大;衬砌拱顶和拱腰的径向收敛越大,拱底径向收敛则越小;衬砌的轴力和弯矩在注浆8 h以内增加显著。

新线引入既有客运专线车站软土地基加固技术

以新线引入既有客运专线车站软土地基加固工程为依托,开展布袋注浆桩试桩研究,分析不同浆液配比布袋注浆桩复合地基加固效果,对布袋注浆桩施工工艺、质量检验进行了研究。结果表明:布袋注浆桩机械设备高度低,对既有线影响小,对于空间受限的邻近营业线地基加固工程适用性强;提高单位面积布袋质量、采用桶式钻头引孔等可解决碎石成分类填土地基应用布袋注浆桩技术时遇到的布袋破裂、塌孔等问题。浆液质量配比水泥∶水∶粉煤灰=0.70∶0.55∶0.45时桩身无侧限抗压强度平均值9.6 MPa,加固效果优于高压旋喷桩;采用低应变反射波法检测桩体完整性效果较差,工程应用中应加强桩身取芯检测。

融合稳态和暂态特征量的接地故障选线方法研究

单相接地故障是配电网运行时发生概率最高的故障,但接地时存在电气故障特征弱、外界干扰大的情况,使得配电网存在接地选线困难的问题。对此,提出基于稳态和暂态故障特征量相融合的配电网接地选线方法,分析单相接地时接地故障线路与非故障线路对地电容电流突变量五次谐波分量在幅值和相位上的差异性,利用经验小波变换提取故障零序电流的低频分量综合相关系数和高频分量相对权重系数,并利用模糊神经网络实现融合特征量与故障的非线性映射诊断。建立配电网接地故障仿真模型,通过多重干扰下的选线对比分析,验证了本文方法的有效性和优越性。

西南山区铁路客运专线隧道底鼓病害变形监测研究

西南山区铁路客运专线具有高桥隧比、沿线地质条件复杂恶劣等特征,在建设和运营过程中易出现各类工程病害。文章基于某隧道底鼓变形病害,设计并开展包含围岩变形、仰拱受力和道床板沉降变形3个监测指标的隧道变形监测方案。通过对监测数据进行分析,获取隧道和围岩受力变形的演化规律,据此提出后续加密轨道几何形位静态、动态检测和衬砌结构贯通裂缝观测、实施列车降速运行等处理措施。相关研究可为该客运专线的安全运营提供有力保障,同时为类似工程隧道病害的监测和整治工作提供有益参考。

并阻尼谐振接地系统对地参数测量与高阻故障选线新方法

针对谐振接地系统对地参数测量不准确以及高阻接地故障选线困难的问题,提出了并阻尼谐振接地系统对地参数测量与高阻故障选线新方法。基于消弧线圈并联阻尼电阻的投切特性,利用投切阻尼电阻前后零序电压幅值与相位的变化关系,测量系统对地电导与电容参数。在系统正常运行时,通过调整并联阻尼电阻值大小,测量各馈线零序导纳值。在发生接地故障后退出阻尼电阻,测量故障后各馈线零序导纳值,可消除系统参数不对称、互感器采样不同步的影响,主动构造故障前后各馈线的零序导纳相角差,实现故障线路的准确判别。在PSCAD仿真环境下对所提方法进行验证,结果表明:所提方法能够精确测量对地电导与电容参数,测量相对误差不高于0.6%;在不同馈线、不同过渡电阻下发生接地故障时,能准确判别故障线路,耐过渡电阻能力达10 kΩ。

地面堆载下盾构隧道结构韧性演化规律研究

韧性理论的提出和发展为盾构隧道结构性能评估提供了新思路。在提出考虑历史最大变形的衬砌性能指标基础上,建立包含管片、接头和非线性土弹簧的精细化三维有限元分析模型,研究了地面堆卸载作用下,不同埋深盾构隧道结构响应特征和韧性演化规律。结果表明:地面堆载下拱顶、拱底内弧面受拉,拱腰外弧面受拉,受错缝拼装影响,结构内力和损伤集中于边环纵缝相邻的中环管片处;卸载阶段隧道水平收敛减小,完全卸载后的残余变形随堆载量增加而增大,相同水平收敛情况下浅埋隧道卸载后变形恢复率大;隧道结构韧性随着水平收敛的增大快速降低,而缩短响应时间、提高修复措施效率可以提升隧道结构韧性;将隧道结构韧性分为4个等级,当结构进入极低韧性阶段时,应采取更加高效快速的综合修复方案,同时避免造成结构的二次损伤。

基于变压器故障量的分布式小电流接地选线方法

提出并分析了一种基于变压器工频故障量的分布式选线方法和一种基于变压器暂态故障量的分布式选线方法。分析表明,工频故障量选线方法可用于中性点经消弧线圈接地系统欠补偿状态的一部分场景;暂态故障量选线方法比较的是变压器负荷侧暂态故障参考量与被保护线路暂态故障量,这两个暂态故障量具有近距离串行的电流关系,两者的幅值与波形变化都很小,因此具有受干扰小和可靠性高的优点。

一种低驻波宽角波束超宽带双锥线阵列天线研制

设计和制作了一种实现宽角波束扫描的1×3超宽带双锥线极化阵列天线,可以应用于无人机上实现空地宽带通信。由于无人机平台安装尺寸受限,通过用椭球形阵子代替传统锥形阵子,并切割椭球振子外部轮廓使其安装在250 mm×130 mm×90 mm的空间内,实现了低剖面、小型化等特点。仿真结果表明,该阵列天线在0.8~2.4 GHz的频带范围内电压驻波比均小于2.5,在±45°波束扫描范围内的4个波束的最低增益均超过了2 dBi,满足实际的应用需求。

基于探地雷达的隧道衬砌空洞检测方法

隧道衬砌内部空洞等病害检测已经成为隧道检修人员的主要工作之一。本文提出一种将探地雷达与深度学习相结合的隧道衬砌空洞检测方法,通过雷达探测和仿真模拟,得到大量衬砌雷达图像,并对图像进行标注和制作数据集。基于YOLOv5(You Only Look Once version 5)目标检测模型,结合数据集目标特征,提出一种检测衬砌空洞的算法,引入特征融合模块提高网络感受野,并采用K-means聚类算法提高检测准确率。通过现场检测,本文的检测方法准确率达到了97.7%,准确可靠,可在工程中进行应用。