China’s Industrial Modernization:Development Rationale,Current Status,and Policy Directions

Economies that have effectively escaped the“middle-income trap”demonstrate common traits in their industrial restructuring as they progressed to high-income status.These include a relatively stable share of an economy’s manufacturing sector,a reasonable economic structure,enhanced industrial capabilities,and growth driven by innovation.However,late-moving countries face a number of hurdles as they strive to cross this threshold.China’s development advantages include,among other things,a complete industrial system,a more balanced industrial structure,growing indigenous innovation capabilities,continual expansion and upgrading of domestic demand,and a greater degree of openness.These capabilities have provided continuous momentum for industrial growth,allowing China to capitalize on the next wave of technological and industrial revolutions while also promoting long-term,steady industrial development.During its modernization efforts,China has seen substantial changes in the external environment surrounding its industrial development.We must not only recognize the increasing complexity,intensity,and uncertainty of these changes,but also take proactive steps to solve diverse issues and capitalize on opportunities arising from global digital and green transitions.Equal focus should be placed on strengthening reforms and promoting high-level openness,improving policy coordination and consistency,and pursuing an innovation-driven strategy.This will speed the development of a modern industrial system and encourage the formation of new,high-quality productive forces.

Influence of shielding gas and non-consumable electrode configuration on weld formation

The effect of the shielding gas composition and the cathode processing history on the weld formation quality during welding with a non-consumable electrode at high current was studied. The major reasons for pores, “waists” and undercuts formation during welding at high currents and speed are discrete melt movement to the solidification front due to the arc decline from the cathode axis and significant melt overhanging in the pool tail part caused by excessive peak pressure on the discharge axis. Cathode flow dispersion causes the lack of displacement of the molten metal which results in its laminar flow in the weld pool, uniform flow of the metal to the crystallization front and sound weld formation. The melt movement in the weld pool and eventually the welded joint quality is determined by the pressure distribution pattern on the welded metal surface and the anode spot lag from the electrode. It was demonstrated that non-consumable electrode configurations that provide arcing with a diffuse cathode spot and increased helium concentration in the inert atmosphere during welding with a conical electrode allow sound weld formation.

Contamination in Non-consumable Melting

Preparation of materials is the basis ofresearch in materials science.In fundamen-tal research,to obtain a material with highpurity for study becomes a key to the suc-cess,because even minute amount of con-tamination can disturb or suppress thephenomena to be studied or cause someanomalous behaviour,which may result inerroneous conclusions.A large number of

Optimal allocation of watershed management cost among different water users

The issue of water scarcity highlights the importance of watershed management. A sound watershed manage- ment should make all water users share the incurred cost. This study analyzes the optimal allocation of watershed management cost among different water users. As a consumable, water should be allocated to different users the amounts in which their marginal utilities (MUs) or marginal products (MPs) of water are equal. The value of MUs or MPs equals the water price that the watershed manager charges. When water is simultaneously used as consumable and non- consumable, the watershed manager produces the quantity of water in which the sum of MUs and/or MPs for the two types of uses equals the marginal cost of water production. Each water user should share the portion of watershed management cost in the percentage that his MU or MP accounts for the sum of MUs and/or MPs. Thus, the price of consumable water does not equal the marginal cost of water production even if there is no public good.

China's Oral Care System in Transition:Lessons to be Learned from Germany

Aim The objective of this discussion paper is to investigate whether the experience gained through the German paradigm shift in dental care can be of benefit in China＇s deliberations on the introduction of universal dental care for its people. Methodology A comparison of representative oral health outcome data from China and Germany, two countries at different stages in their development, is presented here in order to analyse whether the findings meet expected outcome and confirm the presumption that more developed countries perform better. Results The epidemiological comparison reveals surprising findings concerning the severity of dental diseases and, in particular, missing teeth per person in adults and rates of total edentulousness in seniors. In all of these areas German adults and seniors show significantly inferior outcomes compared with the Chinese population. The mainreason for these striking discrepancies, as it turned out, is the decisive role played by the treatment philosophies and strategies of German dentists. Conelusion and recommendations If dentists take a less interventionist approach, checking as well as treating dental diseases with preventive and strictly tooth-preserving methods, dental treatment results in oral health. Under these condi- tions it can be assumed that modem dentistry is generally good for the teeth. These findings are important for developing countries that are seeking to integrate dental care into their health care system. On the basis of long-term experience from highly industrialized Western countries and especially from Germany we will attempt to put forward proposals for creating an effective and efficient dental care system in China.

A Literature Survey of Disaggregating General Well-Being： Empirical Capability Approach Assessments of Young and Old Generations in Affluent Countries

This paper explores how empirical capability approach studies assess well-being for young and old generations in affluent countries, defined as high-income OECD countries. After a brief overview on the theoretical capability background and empirical core decisons, the authors discuss empirical capability studies on the well-being of children, adolescents and the elderly. The authors find that the issues of child and youth well-being have been increasing interested by capability researchers while despite of the importance of demographic change, few researchers deal with old-age issues. The authors conclude that for young as well as old generations, capability approach studies confirm that income assessment is not sufficient to capture well-being for the young and the old but has to be enriched by a more comprehensive perspective on capabilities and functionings. Moreover, it is recommendable and issues that have already entered the agenda of studies on for research on elderly to adopt research methods, questions capabilities of children and young adults. As capability sets for both, young and old generations are in general characterized by changes, i.e., expansions in the case of children, declines in the case of older people, both may benefit from a more dynamic perspective on life cycles on their way to potential dynamic capability theories and empirics.

Zero Net Energy Consuming Residential Houses

Preliminary investigation of the assigned task shows that the energy efficiency of residential houses is conditioned by the quantity of energy,consumed by all internal energy providing systems that serve for creation of comfort microclimate in all rooms of the building.The energy consuming systems of residential houses are:heating,ventilation,air conditioning,domestic hot water providing,tap water supplying systems and other life supporting facilities.If the listed systems consume possibly least quantity of energy or so cold zero net energy,the building can be qualified as energy efficient.The authors of this article try to give right answers how to provide the best,cheapest and ecologically safe solutions of assigned tasks.One of the radical solutions of the problem is the development and use of fossil fuel non-consuming installations of energy production.To overcome of mentioned problems the authors developed new type of thermal and electrical energy generating high efficiency local and central systems.For this reason,the authors of this study decided to develop new generation of heating,ventilation and domestic hot water supplying high efficiency integrated systems.