High-intensity interval training for health benefits and care of cardiac diseases——The key to an efficient exercise protocol

Aerobic capacity, which is expressed as peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak), is well-known to be an independent predictor of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular prognosis. This is true even for people with various coronary risk factors and cardiovascular diseases. Although exercise training is the best method to improve VO2peak, the guidelines of most academic societies recommend 150 or 75 min of moderate- or vigorous- intensity physical activities, respectively, every week to gain health benefits. For general health and primary and secondary cardiovascular prevention, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) has been recognized as an efficient exercise protocol with short exercise sessions. Given the availability of the numerous HIIT protocols, which can be classified into aerobic HIIT and anaerobic HIIT [usually called sprint interval training (SIT)], professionals in health-related fields, including primary physicians and cardiologists, may find it confusing when trying to select an appropriate protocol for their patients. This review describes the classifications of aerobic HIIT and SIT, and their differences in terms of effects, target subjects, adaptability, working mechanisms, and safety. Understanding the HIIT protocols and adopting the correct type for each subject would lead to better improvements in VO2peak with higher adherence and less risk.

How does high-intensity intermittent training affect recreational endurance runners? Acute and chronic adaptations: A systematic review

Objective: This systematic review aimed to critically analyze the literature to determine how high-intensity intermittent training(HIIT) affects recreational endurance runners in the short-and long-term.Methods: Electronic databases were searched for literature dating from January 2000 to October 2015. The search was conducted using the key words "high-intensity intermittent training" or "high-intensity interval exercise" or "interval running" or "sprint interval training" and "endurance runners" or "long distance runners". A systematic approach was used to evaluate the 783 articles identified for initial review. Studies were included if they investigated HIIT in recreational endurance runners. The methodological quality of the studies was evaluated using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database(PEDro) scale(for intervention studies) and the modified Downs and Black Quality Index(for cross-sectional studies).Results: Twenty-three studies met the inclusionary criteria for review. The results are presented in 2 parts: cross-sectional(n = 15) and intervention studies(n = 8). In the 15 cross-sectional studies selected, endurance runners performed at least 1 HIIT protocol, and the acute impact on physiological, neuromuscular, metabolic and/or biomechanical variables was assessed. Intervention studies lasted a minimum of 4 weeks, with 10 weeks being the longest intervention period, and included 2 to 4 HIIT sessions per week. Most of these studies combined HIIT sessions with continuous run(CR) sessions; 2 studies' subjects performed HIIT exclusively.Conclusion: HIIT-based running plans(2 to 3 HIIT sessions per week, combining HIIT and CR runs) show athletic performance improvements in endurance runners by improving maximal oxygen uptake and running economy along with muscular and metabolic adaptations. To maximize the adaptations to training, both HIIT and CR must be part of training programs for endurance runners.

Impact of a single bout of high-intensity interval exercise and short-term interval training on interleukin-6, FNDC5, and METRNL mRNA expression in human skeletal muscle

Background: Exercise promotes numerous phenotypic adaptations in skeletal muscle that contribute to improved function and metabolic capacity. An emerging body of evidence suggests that skeletal muscle also releases a myriad of factors during exercise, termed "myokines". The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of high-intensity interval training(HIIT) on the acute regulation of the mRNA expression of several myokines, including the prototypical myokine interleukin-6(IL-6), and recently identified myokines fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5(FNDC5)(irisin) and meteorin-like protein(METRNL).Methods: Both before and after a 20-day period of twice-daily high-volume HIIT, 9 healthy males(20.5 ± 1.5 years performed a standardized bout of high-intensity interval exercise(HIIE; 5 × 4 min at ~80% pretraining peak power output) with skeletal muscle biopsy samples(vastus lateralis) obtained at rest, immediately following exercise, and at 3 h recovery.Results: Before training, a single bout of HIIE increased IL-6(p < 0.05) and METRNL(p < 0.05) mRNA expression measured at 3 h recovery when compared to rest. Following 20 days of HIIT, IL-6 and FNDC5 mRNA were increased at 3 h recovery from the standardized HIIE bout when compared to rest(both p < 0.05). Resting METRNL and FNDC5 mRNA expression were higher following training(p < 0.05), and there was an overall increase in FNDC5 mRNA post-training(main effect of training, p < 0.05).Conclusion: In human skeletal muscle(1) an acute bout of HIIE can induce upregulation of skeletal muscle IL-6 mRNA both before and after a period of intensified HIIT;(2) Resting and overall FNDC5 mRNA expression is increased by 20 days of HIIT; and(3) METRNL mRNA expression is responsive to both acute HIIE and short-term intense HIIT. Future studies are needed to confirm these findings at the protein and secretion level in humans.

High-Intensity Interval Training v/s Steady-State Cardio in Rehabilitation of Neurological Patients

Neuropathy is nerve damage that can cause chronic neuropathic pain, which is challenging to cure and has a significant financial burden. Exercise therapies, including High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) and steady-state cardio, are being explored as potential treatments for neuropathic pain. This systematic review compares the effectiveness of HIIT and steady-state cardio for improving function in neurological patients. This article provides an overview of the systematic review conducted on the effects of exercise on neuropathic patients, with a focus on high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and steady-state cardio. The authors conducted a comprehensive search of various databases, identified relevant studies based on predetermined inclusion criteria, and used the EPPI automation application to process the data. The final selection of studies was based on validity and relevance, with redundant articles removed. The article reviews four studies that compare high-intensity interval training (HIIT) to moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on various health outcomes. The studies found that HIIT can improve aerobic fitness, cerebral blood flow, and brain function in stroke patients;lower diastolic blood pressure more than MICT and improve insulin sensitivity and skeletal muscle mitochondrial content in obese individuals, potentially helping with the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes. In people with multiple sclerosis, acute exercise can decrease the plasma neurofilament light chain while increasing the flow of the kynurenine pathway. The available clinical and preclinical data suggest that further study on high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and its potential to alleviate neuropathic pain is justified. Randomized controlled trials are needed to investigate the type, intensity, frequency, and duration of exercise, which could lead to consensus and specific HIIT-based advice for patients with neuropathies.

Exercise interventions for patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus:A narrative review with practical recommendations

Type 1 diabetes mellitus(T1DM)is a chronic endocrine disease that results from autoimmune destruction of pancreatic insulin-producingβcells,which can lead to microvascular(e.g.,retinopathy,neuropathy,and nephropathy)and macrovascular complications(e.g.,coronary arterial disease,peripheral artery disease,stroke,and heart failure)as a consequence of chronic hyperglycemia.Despite the widely available and compelling evidence that regular exercise is an efficient strategy to prevent cardiovascular disease and to improve functional capacity and psychological well-being in people with T1DM,over 60%of individuals with T1DM do not exercise regularly.It is,therefore,crucial to devise approaches to motivate patients with T1DM to exercise,to adhere to a training program,and to inform them of its specific characteristics(e.g.,exercise mode,intensity,volume,and frequency).Moreover,given the metabolic alterations that occur during acute bouts of exercise in T1DM patients,exercise prescription in this population should be carefully analyzed to maximize its benefits and to reduce its potential risks.

Importance of physical capacity and the effects of exercise in heart transplant recipients

One of the most important prognostic factors in heart failure patients is physical capacity. Patients with very poor physical performance and otherwise eligible, may be listed as candidates for heart transplantation(HTx). After such surgery, life-long immunosuppression therapy is needed to prevent rejection of the new heart. The dark side of immunosuppression is the increased risk of infections, kidney failure, cancer and advanced atherosclerosis(cardiac allograft vasculopathy), with the two latter conditions as the main causes of later mortality. In a worldwide perspective, 50% of the HTx patients survive past 10 years. Poor aerobic capacity prior to graft deterioration is not only limited to the failing heart, but also caused by peripheral factors, such as limited function in the skeletal muscles and in the blood vessels walls. Exercise rehabilitation after HTx is of major importance in order to improve physical capacity and prognosis. Effects of high-intensity interval training(HIT) in HTx recipients is a growing field of research attracting worldwide focus and interest. Accumulating evidence has shown that HIT is safe and efficient in maintenance HTx recipients; with superior effects on physical capacity compared to conventional moderate exercise. This article generates further evidence to the field by summarizing results from a decade of research performed at our center supported by a broad, but not strict formal, literature review. In short, this article demonstrates a strong association between physical capacity measured after HTx and long-term survival. It describes the possible "HITeffect" with increased levels of inflammatory mediators of angiogenesis. It also describes long-term effects of HIT; showing a positive effect in development of anxiety symptoms despite that the improved physical capacity was not sustained, due to downregulation ofexercise and intensity. Finally, our results are linked to the ongoing HITTS study, which investigates safety and efficiency of HIT in de novo HTx recipients. Together with previous results, this study may have the potential to change existing guidelines and contribute to a better prognosis for the HTx population as a whole.

Intense Exercise in the Quality of Life of Breast Cancer Survivors:A Meta-Analysis

The treatment of breast cancer (BC) leaves emotional and functional sequels affecting the quality of life (QOL) of the survivors. We aim to investigate, intense exercises in the rehabilitation of BC survivors. Using the systematic search model in the PubMed databases;Lilacs Bireme and Scielo. Meta-Analysis used the Meta package implemented in software R (version 3.3.2) p < 0.05. We selected 29 articles, and after reading in the Integra, we excluded 27 texts being included in the meta-analysis only 2. In the QOL, the heterogeneity in the emotional function showed a difference of 75%, in the social function 36% and in the physics 32%. Using intense exercises in BC survivors during rehabilitation improves overall QOL, muscle structure, and preserves functional capacity.

全身振动训练和高强度间歇运动上调MGF/MEK/ERK对心梗大鼠心功能和骨骼肌的保护作用

目的:探讨全身振动训练和高强度间歇运动对心肌梗死(myocardial infarction,MI)后机械生长因子(mechanical growth factor,MGF)表达的影响及对受损心功能和骨骼肌的改善效应,探索用于安全有效的心梗康复方案。方法:3月龄清洁级雄性SD大鼠40只,分别进行假心梗手术和心梗手术,随机分为4组:假手术对照组(SHAM组,n=10)、心梗组(MI组,n=10)、心梗+高强度间歇运动组(ME组,n=10)和心梗+全身振动训练组(MV组,n=10)。采用左冠脉前降支结扎法制备大鼠心梗模型。ME和MV组在手术1周后开始训练,ME组采用小动物跑台进行高强度间歇运动,MV组采用小动物振动台进行全身振动训练,共持续训练8周。测定大鼠血流动力学、心率和心电图指标评价心功能。石蜡切片、Masson、TTC和H.E.染色法观察、测算心脏和骨骼肌形态结构变化;Western blot方法测定心肌α-actin和α-myosin表达,心肌和腓肠肌MGF、ERK1/2、pERK1/2和MEK1/2表达,RT-qPCR测定腓肠肌和心肌mgf mRNA表达。结果:1)与SHAM组比较,MI组心肌CVF显著增加,心系数和心功能显著降低(P<0.01),心梗边缘区α-actin和α-myosin蛋白表达显著降低(P<0.01),腓肠肌质量和CSA显著降低(P<0.01),心肌和腓肠肌mgf mRNA表达,MGF和MEK1/2蛋白表达及pERK1/2与ERK1/2比值显著性升高(P<0.01)。2)与MI组比较,MV组与ME组心肌CVF显著降低,心系数和心功能显著升高,心梗边缘区α-actin和α-myosin蛋白表达显著升高(P<0.01),腓肠肌质量和CSA显著增加(P<0.05,P<0.01),心肌和腓肠肌mgf mRNA表达、MGF和MEK1/2蛋白表达及pERK1/2与ERK1/2比值进一步升高(P<0.01),且MV组均优于ME组。结论:全身振动训练和高强度间歇运动显著提高心梗心肌和骨骼肌MGF-MEK1/2-ERK1/2表达水平,缩小心梗面积扩大并改善心功能,缓解心梗诱导的骨骼肌减少。MGF-MEK1/2-ERK1/2通路在全身振动训练和高强度间歇运动改善心梗心功能和骨骼肌减少中发挥重要作用,且全身振动训练优于高强度间歇运动的效果。

Comparison of Cardiovascular Parameters and Internal Training Load of Different 1-h Training Sessions in Non-elite CrossFit^(®)Athletes

Purpose The fact that CrossFit^(®)is the best-known and rapidly growing concept for high-intensity interval training(HIIT)and high-intensity functional training(HIFT)results in a continuous increase of athletes performing CrossFit^(®).In the more than 15,000 CrossFit^(®)Affiliates worldwide,the training concept is usually offered in 1-h training sessions containing the CrossFit^(®)-related workout of the day(WOD),as well as a general warm-up,movement demonstrations,and skill training.Here,we report how physiological parameters measured by heart rate(HR)values vary during four different 1-h CrossFit^(®)training sessions of non-elite athletes(n=27)in a local affiliated training center and what influencing factors may exist.Methods The duration of the 1-h training sessions were divided into a warm-up part(WU-part),a skill development part combined with strength exercises(A-part),followed by the WOD part(B-part).Results Analysis of HR values shows high training intensity(≥91%HR_(max))not throughout the duration of each training session,only during B-part.The mean HR values in B-part differ significantly compared to the remaining training parts(P<0.001)for all four training sessions.Comparison of different CrossFit^(®)experience levels revealed no significant differ-ence in acute physiological demands and training load between beginner and experienced CrossFit^(®)athletes.Conclusion Our results may suggest that practicing CrossFit^(®)in 1-h training sessions combined anaerobic and aerobic exercise intensities,with the training concept allows beginners and experienced athletes to be trained with the same cardio-vascular responses and training intensities.

间歇性高强度训练-耐力运动联合前列地尔对冠心病合并糖尿病患者心肺康复的影响

目的探讨间歇性高强度训练-耐力运动联合前列地尔对冠心病合并糖尿病患者心肺康复的影响。方法前瞻性选取2020年1月至2023年1月南京脑科医院收治的冠心病并糖尿病患者104例,按随机数字表法分成常规组与间歇高强度组,每组各52例。两组均给予前列地尔治疗,用药2周,常规组进行常规康复指导,间歇高强度组采用间歇性高强度训练-耐力运动模式,康复训练干预12周。比较两组干预前后的心功能指标[左室射血分数(LVEF)、左室收缩末内径(LVESD)、左室舒张末内径(LVEDD)、心输出量(CO)]、肺功能指标[第1秒用力呼气容积(FEV1)、用力肺活量(FVC)、FEV1/FVC、最大自主通气量(MVV)]、运动耐力指标[运动持续时间(ED)、无氧阈值(AT)、峰值摄氧量(VO 2peak)],记录两组再发心绞痛、心力衰竭、恶性心律失常发生率与再住院率。结果干预后,两组LVEF、CO均高于干预前,LVESD、LVEDD均低于干预前,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);干预后间歇高强度组LVEF、CO分别为(65.32±2.87)%、(4.67±0.17)L/min,均高于常规组[(61.29±3.55)%、(4.44±0.24)L/min],差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),但两组LVESD、LVEDD比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。干预后,两组FEV1、FVC、FEV1/FVC、MVV均高于干预前,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);干预后间歇高强度组FEV1、FEV1/FVC、MVV水平分别为(1.73±0.31)L、0.70±0.09、(75.31±1.18)L/min,均高于常规组[(1.59±0.24)L、0.65±0.07、(73.67±1.65)L/min],差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),但两组FVC比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。干预后,两组ED、AT、VO 2peak均高于干预前,且间歇高强度组ED、AT、VO 2peak分别为(439.65±15.59)s、(14.91±0.87)mL·min^(-1)·kg^(-1)、(20.05±1.37)mL·min^(-1)·kg^(-1),均高于常规组[(411.08±12.88)s、(14.60±0.62)mL·min^(-1)·kg^(-1)、(18.64±1.05)mL·min^(-1)·kg^(-1)],差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。间歇高强度组不良事件发生率及住院率均为3.85%,与常规组(9.62%、11.54%)比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论间歇性高强度训练-耐力运动联合前列地尔能提高冠心病并糖尿病患者的心肺功能与运动耐力,但对近期不良事件发生率与再住院率未见明显影响。

运动训练和营养补剂对大鼠骨骼肌糖原生成素基因表达的影响

目的 :探讨不同运动训练方式和补剂对耗竭运动后恢复期骨骼肌糖原生成素 (GN)基因表达的影响 ,并观察GN基因和α -actin基因表达之间是否关联。方法 :以成年雄性SD大鼠为研究对象 ,采用正交设计法安排实验 ,研究耐力游泳训练、间歇高强度训练、肌酸、谷氨酰胺 4因素对上述指标的效应 ,实验期 2周。结果 :在糖原耗竭运动后恢复期 ,耐力训练和间歇高强度训练大鼠骨骼肌GN基因表达增高 ,运动后 2 4小时呈显著性差异 (P <0 . 0 5 ) ;补充肌酸或谷氨酰胺对GN基因表达未见明显影响。运动后骨骼肌α -actin基因表达各研究因素间无显著差异 ;GN基因和α -actin基因表达之间无时效关联。结论 :耐力训练和间歇高强度训练大鼠在糖原耗竭运动后恢复期骨骼肌GN基因表达增高 ,补充肌酸和谷氨酰胺对运动后GN基因表达无显著影响 ,运动后骨骼肌GN基因与α -actin基因表达不同步。

不同运动训练方式和补剂对大鼠肌糖原生物合成的影响

以成年雄性SD大鼠为研究对象 ,采用正交设计法安排实验 ,研究了耐力训练、间歇高强度训练、肌酸、谷氨酰胺四因素对耗竭运动后恢复期及正常训练后安静状态下大鼠肌糖原合成量的影响 ,结果显示 :耐力训练和间歇高强度训练大鼠在耗竭运动后 2 4小时 ,前糖原 (PG)、大糖原(MG)以及总糖原的累计合成量均显著高于未训练大鼠 (P <0 0 5 ) ,补充谷氨酰胺可使正常训练大鼠安静状态下肌糖原水平显著增高 (P <0 0 5 ) ,补肌酸对肌糖原合成量未见明显影响 (P >0 0 5 )。同时 ,耐力训练与间歇高强度训练的交互作用也使肌糖原合成量显著增加 (P <0 0 5 )。

不同训练强度对间歇性缺氧大鼠骨骼肌NO和NOS的影响

利用低氧舱技术模拟“高住低练”环境,观察间歇性缺氧条件和两种不同运动训练强度对骨骼肌NO和NOS的共同作用效应。SD雄性大鼠50只,随机分为6组:(1)常氧对照组(NC),(2)常氧低强度运动组(NEL),(3)常氧高强度运动组(NEH),(4)低氧对照组(HC),(5)低氧低强度运动组(HEL),(6)低氧高强度运动组(HEH)。低氧组每日20时至次日8时置于低氧舱中,其余时间置于常氧环境下。低氧舱氧浓度控制在14.7%,相当于海拔高度大约2800米。运动组每天在常氧环境中进行30分钟跑台训练,速度定为26.8米/分钟,低强度运动组坡度0度,高强度运动组坡度15度。9周后各组大鼠于安静状态进行宰杀,取股四头肌,匀浆进行NO含量和NOS活性检测。结果显示:常氧高强度运动组股四头肌NO水平与常氧对照组相比呈升高趋势并接近显著性水平(p=0.052)。低氧低运动强度组NO显著高于其他组,NOS变化组间比较均未达显著性水平。说明常氧条件下,高强度运动强度才能使NO释放增加。而在间歇性缺氧条件下,较低强度运动即可使NO释放明显增加。提示间歇性缺氧条件可使引起NO释放的运动强度阈值下降。

短期有氧运动与高强度间歇运动对男性青年血脂代谢指标的影响

为了比较短期有氧运动与高强度间歇训练后机体BMI及血脂代谢的变化,探讨短期高强度间歇训练对促进血脂代谢的作用。对16名广州体育学院男学生进行最大摄氧量测试后分为2组,实施各为期8 d每天1次的有氧运动(运动强度为60%VO2max,2×30 min,间歇5 min)和高强度间歇训练(运动强度为80%VO2max,坡度8%,4×12 min,间歇5 min),试验前和两种方式最后1次运动结束后第2天早晨测量受试者身高、体重并计算BMI;采集空腹肘静脉血测血脂相关指标,并计算TC与HDL-C、LDL-C与HDL-C的比值。结果发现与试验前比较,有氧运动和高强度间歇训练后受试者BMI未见明显差异(P>0.05),两种不同运动方式间也没有差异(P>0.05);有氧运动训练后仅TG、LDL-C与HDL-C的比值出现显著性降低(P<0.05);高强度间歇运动后TC、TG、NEFA及LDL-C、TC与LDL-C、LDL-C与HDL-C的比值等指标均出现显著性或非常显著性降低(P<0.05,P<0.01),HDL-C出现显著性升高(P<0.05);与有氧训练后比较,高强度间歇运动后TC出现非常显著性下降(P<0.01),TC与HDL-C、LDL-C与HDL-C的比值出现显著性下降(P<0.05)。结果表明:相对于短期有氧运动锻炼,高强度间歇训练更能改善体内血脂环境。

间歇低氧暴露预防SD大鼠大运动负荷训练期血红蛋白下降及其机制探讨

目的:探讨大运动负荷训练期间采用间歇低氧暴露预防运动性血红蛋白低下的效果及其机制。方法:将53只SD大鼠随机分为常氧安静组和常氧运动组、运动低氧暴露1h组、运动低氧暴露2h组、运动低氧暴露(1+1)h组。各运动组进行6周递增负荷跑台运动,各低氧暴露组从第4周起在运动后分别进行人工常压低氧(14.5%O2)暴露1h、2h和(1+1)h。6周实验结束后安静时测试血液Hb、RBC、Hct及血清IL-1、IL-3、IL-6、G-CSF、T、EPO、GM-CSF含量。结果:(1)6周递增负荷运动后,常氧运动组大鼠Hb、RBC、Hct显著低于常氧安静组,而各运动低氧暴露组与常氧安静组比较未见显著下降且显著高于常氧运动组。(2)与常氧运动组相比,仅运动低氧暴露(1+1)h组IL-6显著升高,而各运动低氧暴露组G-CSF、IL-3、EPO未见显著变化,但均出现上升趋势,且运动低氧暴露(1+1)h组上升幅度最大;而GM-CSF、T和IL-1未见规律性变化。结论:间歇低氧暴露能有效预防大运动负荷训练期间血红蛋白降低的发生与发展,其作用机理可能与间歇低氧暴露提高机体红系造血生长因子水平有关。

间歇训练对负荷游泳力竭运动后即刻及恢复期大鼠心肌脂质过氧化及钙离子代谢的影响

方法:将大鼠随机分为两大组:对照组(A组)和间歇训练保护组(B组),A组常规喂养6周,B组间歇训练6周,6周后,除安静组外,其它组进行一次性力竭游泳训练,分别在即刻、6小时和24小时取材。测定血清CK及心肌组织SOD、GSH-PX、MDA、Ca2+。结果:B组力竭后3个时相点较A组SOD、GSH-Px活性非常显著性升高;A、B组力竭后3个时相点与安静时比MDA水平均非常显著地升高,A组在6小时最高,但B组力竭后3个时相点升高幅度均较A组低,在6小时有非常显著性差异:A、B组力竭后2个时相点与安静时比Ca2+水平均非常显著地升高,但B组力竭后3个时相点升高幅度均较A组低:在6小时B组CK非常显著地低于A组。结论:间歇训练作为一种运动预处理可显著提高力竭运动后的心肌组织SOD、GSH—PX活性,减轻脂质过氧化程度,保护细胞膜的完整性,改善钙离子代谢。

训练和补剂因素对运动后恢复期大鼠骨骼肌糖原合成酶(GS)活性的影响

目的 :探讨不同运动训练方式和补剂对骨骼肌糖原合成酶 (GS)活性的影响。方法 :以成年雄性SD大鼠为研究对象 ,采用正交实验设计 ,研究因素包括耐力游泳训练、间歇性高强度训练、肌酸和谷氨酰胺 ,实验期 2周 ,最后进行一次糖原耗竭性运动 ,测定耗竭运动后恢复期大鼠骨骼肌GS活性。结果 :糖原耗竭运动后 1小时 ,耐力训练大鼠总GS活性和d型GS(潜 )活性显著升高(P <0 .0 5 ) ;耗竭运动后 6小时 ,耐力训练大鼠i型GS活性显著升高 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;运动后 2 4小时 ,耐力训练和间歇性高强度训练大鼠总GS活性和d型GS(潜 )活性均显著增高 (P <0 .0 5 )。以GS活性比 (i型GS活性 /总GS活性 )进行观察则见 :耐力训练大鼠在耗竭运动后 1小时、2 4小时的GS活性比显著降低 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,间歇性高强度训练大鼠在耗竭运动后各时相上GS活性比无显著变化。补充肌酸或谷氨酰胺对耗竭运动后恢复期大鼠GS活性也未见明显影响。结论 :(1)耐力训练大鼠在耗竭运动后 2 4小时恢复期中骨骼肌GS活性呈现运动后即刻降低、1小时内迅速升高、6小时后再次降低、2 4小时后重又增高的波浪式变化 ;间歇性高强度训练大鼠运动后骨骼肌GS活性延迟性增高。 (2 )

高水平自行车耐力运动员高强度间歇训练方案优化研究述评

就高水平耐力自行车运动员高强度间歇训练方案最优化的研究加以总结和展望。高水平自行车耐力运动员高强度间歇训练方案优化的研究主要涉及训练强度、持续时间、组数,间歇恢复形式(主动或被动)、间歇恢复时间,踏车节奏和成绩模型。这些变量需要根据训练时期、训练状态、个体身体反应来进行实践。

运动训练与外周动脉疾病关系的研究进展

外周动脉疾病是诱发心血管病的危险因素,运动训练通过保持或提高运动功能,减少心血管病风险,对外周动脉疾病产生有益影响。本文综述运动训练对外周动脉疾病产生的有益影响及其机制。

运动训练和补充肌酸增强大鼠骨骼肌葡萄糖转运能力

目的 :探讨运动训练和营养补剂对骨骼肌糖代谢能力的影响。方法 :以成年雄性SD大鼠为研究对象 ,采用正交设计法安排实验 ,研究耐力游泳训练、间歇高强度训练、肌酸、谷氨酰胺四因素对大鼠安静状态下或耗竭运动后恢复期骨骼肌葡萄糖转运能力的影响 ,实验为期 2周。结果 :糖原耗竭运动后 1小时 ,间歇高强度训练大鼠骨骼肌葡萄糖转运显著增高 (P <0 0 5 ) ;耗竭运动后6～ 2 4小时 ,耐力训练大鼠骨骼肌葡萄糖转运呈持续增强的趋势 ;补充肌酸或谷氨酰胺对耗竭运动后恢复期大鼠骨骼肌葡萄糖转运未见明显影响 ,但耐力训练或补肌酸均能使安静状态下胰岛素刺激的葡萄糖转运显著增强 (P <0 0 5 )。结论 :( 1)耐力训练和间歇高强度训练均能增强大鼠骨骼肌葡萄糖转运能力。 ( 2 )补充肌酸或谷氨酰胺对大鼠骨骼肌葡萄糖转运无影响。 ( 3)耐力训练和补肌酸可增强胰岛素敏感性 。