Detection of aac(3)IIc, aac(6)Ib, armA Genes Coding for Escherichia coli Resistance to Aminoglycosides in Burkina Faso

Background and Prupose: Antibiotic resistance is a major global health concern. In addition to the existing data on the prevalence of bacterial resistance to antibiotics, there are patchy data on bacterial resistance to aminoglycosides in Burkina Faso. In this study, we determined the prevalence of aminoglycoside resistance genes in E. coli, including aac(3)-IIc, aac(6)-Ib and armA in Ouagadougou, and determined which antibiotics in this class are most affected by resistance. Material and Methods: This study was conducted on 216 E. coli strains collected from the biomedical analysis laboratories of Saint Camille and Schiphra hospitals. E. coli strains were isolated from pus and urine samples collected between September 2018 and January 2019. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using aminoglycosides, β-lactams, fluoroquinolones, and sulfonamides. Aminoglycoside resistance genes were detected in strains with at least one aminoglycoside resistance gene using conventional/multiplex PCR. Results: Aminoglycoside resistance was observed in 46.8% (101/216) of strains. The resistance rates were respectively 45.37% for Tobramycin, 32.40% for Gentamicin, 14.81% for Kanamycin, 2.31% for Netilmicin, 1.84% for Neomycin, and 0.46% for Amikacin. PCR showed that 86 strains (85.15%) possessed the aac(3)-IIc gene, 71 strains or 70.30%) possessed the aac(6’)-Ib gene, and nine strains (8.91%) possessed the armA gene. Conclusion: Aminoglycoside resistance in pathogenic E. coli strains is mainly due to the presence of the aac(3’)-IIc and aac(6’)-Ib genes. The presence of armA was first reported in Burkina Faso. Netilmicin, Neomycin and Amikacin are good therapeutic options for treating urinary tract and pus-forming infections.

Sensorineural Hearing Loss in Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Patients in Kinshasa (Democratic Republic of Congo): Prospective Cohort Study of Therapeutic Regimen with Aminoglycoside versus Bedaquiline

Context: Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) remains a major public health problem in developing countries such as the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), which continues to face the emergence of MDR-TB cases. Because of the ototoxic effects of AGs, the World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended the introduction of the bedaquiline regimen. However, very few data are available regarding the susceptibility of bedaquiline to induce hearing loss, hence the present study set out to compare the AG-based regimen and the bedaquiline-based regimen in the occurrence of hearing loss in MDR-TB patients. Methods: This is a prospective multicenter cohort study that included 335 MDR-TB patients, performed in Kinshasa (DRC) during the period from January 2020 to January 2021. Sociodemographic, clinical, biological and audiometric data were analyzed using Stata 17. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to compare changes in the degree of hearing loss over time between the two groups of patients on AG and bedaquiline regimens. The double-difference method was estimated using regression with fixed-effects. A p value < 0.05 was considered the threshold for statistical significance. Results: The degree of hearing loss was similar between the two groups at the first month [AGs (28 dB) vs BDQ (30 dB);p = 0.298]. At six months, the mean degree of hearing loss was significantly greater in the aminoglycoside regimen group [AGs (60.5 dB) vs BDQ (44 dB);p < 0.001]. The double difference was significant, with a greater increase in hearing loss in the AGs group (diff-in-diff 18.3;p < 0.001). After adjustment for age and serum albumin, the group receiving the AG-based regimen had a 2-point greater worsening than those with bedaquiline at the sixth month (diff-in-diff 19.8;p Conclusion: Hearing loss is frequent with both treatment regimens, but more marked with the Aminoglycoside-based regimen. Thus, bedaquiline should also benefit for audiometric monitoring in future MDR-TB patients.

Prevalence and trends of aminoglycoside resistance in Shigella worldwide, 1999-2010

Shigellosis causes diarrheal disease in humans in both developed and developing countries, and multi-drug resistance in Shigella is an emerging problem. Understanding changing resistance patterns is important in determining appropriate antibiotic treatments. This meta-analysis systematically evaluated aminoglycoside resistance in Shigella. A systematic review was constructed based on MEDLINE and EMBASE databases. Randomeffect models or fixed-effect models were used based on P value considering the possibility of heterogeneity between studies for meta-analysis. Data manipulation and statistical analyses were performed using software STATA 11.0. By means of meta-analysis, we found a lower resistance to three kinds of aminoglycosides in the Europe-America areas during the 12 year study period than that of the Asia-Africa areas. Kanamycin resistance was observed to be the most common drug resistance among Shigella isolates with a prevalence of 6.88% （95%CI： 6.36%-7.43%）. Comparison of data from Europe-America and Asia-Africa areas revealed that Shigella flexneri resistance was greater than the resistance calculated for Shigella sonnei. Importantly, Shigella sonnei has played a significant role in aminoglycoside-resistance in recent years. Similarly, data showed that resistance to these drugs in children was higher than the corresponding data of adults. In conclusion, aminoglycoside-resistant Shigella is not an unusual phenomenon worldwide. Distribution in Shigella resistance differs sharply based on geographic areas, periods of time and subtypes. The results from the present study highlight the need for con- tinuous surveillance of resistance and control of antibiotic usage.

The Central Cattle Breeding and Dairy Farm, Bangladesh waste contributes in emergence and spread of aminoglycoside-resistant bacteria

Aminoglycosides are one of the categories of antibiotics most frequently used in treating several cattle diseases at the Central Cattle Breeding and Dairy Farm (CCBDF), Savar,Dhaka,Bangladesh. Untreated veterinary clinical healthcare waste (VCHW) of diseased cattle at CCBDF which directly disposed to surrounding may contribute to the antibiotic resistant bacteria pollution (ARB) pollution. The investigation analyses the role of VCHW of CCBDF in spreading ARB. Here we studied:1) veterinary clinical data and antibiotics treatment history;2) total and resistant bacteria counts in fecal samples of healthy and diseased cattles as well as VCHW of CCBDF;and 3) finally, data analysis to estimate the burden of VCHW of CCBDF in the pollution of environment with aminoglycoside antibiotics resistant bacteria. The results conclusively demonstrate the spread of 3 different aminoglycoside antibiotics, namely genta- mycin, kanamycin and streptomycin resistant bacte- ria in the surrounding environment alarmingly with high significant value (p < 0.01 - 0.05). This study re- veals the risks to the cattle as well as public health posed by the random VCHW disposal at the CCBDF, Bangladesh.

The prevalence and distribution of aminoglycoside resistance genes

Choosing the appropriate antibiotics to treat bacterial infections has grown more challenging as a result of the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.Aminoglycosides,as broad-spectrum antibiotics,are increasingly being used clinically;however,for most effective employment of aminoglycosides,a comprehensive understanding of aminoglycoside resistance genes’prevalence and dissemination is required.Therefore,to better understand the global resistance status of aminoglycoside antibiotics and the prevalence of antibiotic-resistance genes(ARGs)in various bacterial species,this systematic review gathered relevant data from multiple studies.Two primary resistance mechanisms-aminoglycoside enzymatic modification and 16S rRNA methylation-were assessed,and the prevalence of the corresponding ARGs was described.The coexistence of aminoglycoside ARGs with other ARGs was also demonstrated,as was the relationship between aminoglycoside ARGs and resistant phenotypes.The lack of effective therapeutic agents to combat resistant pathogens presents a real threat to public health.The combination of aminoglycosides with other antibiotics may provide a novel treatment strategy.

Study of Klebsiella pneumoniae producing extendedspectrum β-lactamases against aminoglycosides

Klebsiella pneumoniae(K.pneumoniae)is one of the main gram-negative bacilli in clini- cal practice.Nosocomial infections caused by K.pneumoniae producing extended-spectrumβ-lactama- ses(ESBLs)are very difficult to treat.This paper investigated the resistant characteristics of K.pneu- moniae producing ESBLs and their aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme gene expressions including N- acetyhransferases and O-adenyhransfemses.Bacteria identification and ESBLs confirmatory tests were performed by Phoenix^(TM)-100 system.And minimum inhibitory concentrations(MICs)of gentamicin, amikacin,kanamycin,tobramycin,netilmicin and neomycin in 53 K.pneumoniae isolates were de- tected by agar dilution.In addition,six aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme genes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction(PCR)and verified by DNA sequencer.It was found that imipenem and meropenem against 120 K.pneumoniae isolates produced powerful antimicrobial activities.The resis- tant rates of gentamicin and amikacin were 55.0% and 46.7%,respectively.Except neomycin, MIC_(50)and MIC_(90)of gentamicin,amikacin,kanamycin,tobramycin and netilmicin in 53 K.pneumoni- ae were all>128μg/ml,and the resistant rates were 83.0%,52.3%,75.5%,81.1% and 69.8%,respectively.However,neomycin was only 39.6%.In addition,five modifying enzyme genes,including aac(3)-Ⅰ,aac(3)-Ⅱ,aac(6')-Ⅰb,ant(3″)-Ⅰ,ant(2″)-Ⅰgenes,were found in 53 isoahes except aac(6')-Ⅱ,and their positive rates were 11.3%,67.9%,47.2%, 1.9% and 39.6%,respectively.It was also confirmed by nucleotide sequence analysis that the above resistant genes shared nearly 100% identities with GenBank published genes.The results obtained in the present study indicated that K.pneumoniae producing ESBLs strains are rapidly spreading in our hospital,and their resistance to aminoglycosides may be associated with aminoglycoside-modifying enz- yme gene expressions.

mcr-1基因阳性禽源性大肠埃希菌耐药基因研究

目的调查鲁中地区禽源性大肠埃希菌mcr-1基因的携带情况,了解mcr-1基因阳性禽源性大肠埃希菌对常用β-内酰胺类药物、氨基糖苷类药物、喹诺酮类药物耐药基因的携带情况,掌握其耐药性。方法收集2020年4月至2021年10月鲁中地区3家大规模养殖场302份健康活鸡、鸭肛拭子新鲜粪便,对分离的大肠埃希菌用聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测mcr-1基因的携带率。对mcr-1阳性大肠埃希菌,采用BD凤凰hoenix TM 100 NMIC/ID-4复合板鉴定菌种及进行药敏试验,采用PCR检测各种β-内酰胺类药物耐药基因、氨基糖苷类修饰酶耐药基因、16S rRNA甲基化酶耐药基因和质粒介导的喹诺酮类药物耐药基因。结果302份样品中共分离出291株禽源性大肠埃希菌,其中27株携带mcr-1基因,mcr-1基因携带率为9.3%。27株mcr-1基因阳性禽源性大肠埃希菌中:超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBL)基因CTX-M-14、CTX-M-15、TEM-1携带率分别为100.00%(27/27)、70.37%(19/27)、74.07%(20/27);质粒介导AmpC酶耐药基因CMY-2携带率为14.81%(4/27);未检出bla SHV、bla DHA、OXA等β-内酰胺类药物相关耐药基因;未检出碳青霉烯酶基因;16S rRNA甲基化酶耐药基因rmtB及氨基糖苷类修饰酶耐药基因aac(6′)-Ⅰb-cr、ant(3″)-Ⅰ的携带率分别为25.93%(7/27)及25.93%(7/27)、92.59%(25/27);喹诺酮类药物耐药基因qnrS的携带率为81.48%(22/27),未检出qnrA、qnrB基因。对多黏菌素B、头孢噻肟、头孢西丁、左氧氟沙星、复方磺胺甲噁唑表现出了100.00%耐药,对头孢吡肟、头孢他啶、氨曲南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、阿米卡星和庆大霉素的耐药率分别为85.19%、33.33%、62.96%、14.81%、25.93%和77.78%,未出现对碳青霉烯类药物耐药的菌株。结论禽源性大肠埃希菌mcr-1基因的携带率为9.3%,是引起多黏菌素耐药的主要耐药机制。mcr-1基因阳性禽源性大肠埃希菌同时携带多种耐药基因,表现出多重耐药的特征。

多重耐药假单胞菌属细菌对碳青霉烯类和氨基糖苷类抗生素耐药的分子机制研究

【目的】探讨多重耐药假单胞菌属细菌对碳青霉烯类和氨基糖苷类抗生素耐药的分子机制。【方法】选2022年1月至12月于本院检验科收到的来自该医院不同病区的6株多重耐药恶臭假单胞菌和铜绿假单胞菌。采用Vitek-2compact全自动鉴定仪和16s rDNA序列引物鉴定并核实细菌种属。E-test药敏试条法测定菌株对临床抗生素抑菌浓度。PCR扩增和序列对比明确氨基糖苷类和碳青霉烯酶类甲基化酶的基因亚型。【结果】6株假单胞菌属细菌中有4株铜绿假单胞菌、2株恶臭假单胞菌,均为Carba NP阳性,且产碳青霉烯酶;菌株对青霉素类、碳青霉烯类、氨基糖苷类、头孢菌素类、四环素类抗生素均显示为耐药性。6株菌株中,仅SY456为氨曲类耐药,最小抑菌浓度值(MIC值)为92μg/mL,而其他菌株均为氨曲类耐药中介或敏感。Carba NP法筛查出6株菌均产耐药B类碳青酶烯酶。经与overlap PCR序列比对显示,6株菌株携带armA基因和blaIMP-45基因,3株恶臭假单胞菌SY47、SY153和SY434之间的脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)带型差异显著。【结论】本院存在同时携带armA和blaIMP-45的多重耐药恶臭假单胞菌和铜绿假单胞菌,临床医师需根据耐药菌株类型调整用药策略。

牛、羊源大肠杆菌对氨基糖苷类抗生素的耐药性及其耐药基因检测

为研究陕西榆林地区牛、羊源大肠杆菌的流行特点及其对氨基糖苷类抗生素的耐药情况,采集746份牛、羊粪便样本进行细菌分离纯化和大肠杆菌特异性引物phoA PCR鉴定,并对鉴定得到的大肠杆菌进行氨基糖苷类抗生素耐药性试验,对5种钝化酶基因AadA1、AbdB、Aph(3′)-Ⅰ、Aac(6′)-Ⅰb、Aac(3′)-Ⅱ进行PCR检测和同源性序列分析。结果显示,榆林地区大肠杆菌总检出率为42.49%;牛、羊源大肠杆菌对6种氨基糖苷类药物的耐药率从高到低依次为链霉素(70.7%)、卡那霉素(64.3%)、阿米卡星(47.9%)、庆大霉素(45.1%)、新霉素(39.4%)和妥布霉素(30.3%);多重耐药率(耐3种及3种以上药物)为67.0%;耐药基因AadA1和Aph(3′)-Ⅰ的检出率分别为79.5%和83.0%。综上表明,榆林地区检出的牛、羊大肠杆菌对氨基糖苷类抗生素的耐药性比较强,耐药基因以AadA1、Aph(3′)-Ⅰ为主。

阴沟肠杆菌的耐药性分析及氨基糖苷类相关耐药基因的初步研究

目的分析阴沟肠杆菌的耐药性,探讨氨基糖苷类相关耐药基因情况。方法应用PCR技术扩增阴沟肠杆菌的6种AMEs基因,2种16SrRNA甲基化酶基因和I类整合子基因(intI),分析这些基因与氨基糖苷类抗生素耐药的相关性。结果本院阴沟肠杆菌除对一代头孢、个别β-内酰胺酶抗生素耐药率较高外,其他抗生素耐药情况较好。9株氨基糖苷类耐药株共检出AMEs基因5种,其中aac(6')-Ib检出率最高,为66.67%,未检出aac3-Ⅲ基因;armA检出率44.44%;intI检出率77.78%。阴沟肠杆菌的耐药表型和基因型的相符合率为84.24%。结论本院阴沟肠杆菌耐药情况尚可,氨基糖苷类药物耐药性与AMEs基因密切相关,说明临床仍需加强对抗生素的监测与合理应用。

Relationship between antimicrobial resistance and aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme gene expressions in Acinetobacter baumannii

Background Acinetobacter baumannii is one of the main gramnegative bacilli in clinical practice Nosocomial infections caused by multidrug resistance Acinetobacter baumannii is very difficult to treat This study was designed to investigate the antimicrobial resistance characteristics and four resistant gene expressions of aminoglycosidemodifying enzymes including Nacetyltransferases and Ophosphotransferases in Acinetobacter baumannii Methods Bacterial identification and antimicrobial susceptibility test were performed by PhoenixTM system in 247 strains of Acinetobacter baumannii Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of seven aminoglycosides including gentamicin, amikacin, kanamycin, tobramycin, netilmicin, neomycin and streptomycin in 15 strains of multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii were detected by agar dilution Four aminoglycosidemodifying enzyme genes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and verified by DNA sequencerResults The resistance rates of 247 strains of Acinetobacter baumannii against cefotaxime, levofloxacin, piperacillin, aztreonam, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin and chloramphenicol were more than 50% Imipenem and meropenem showed high antibacterial activities with resistance rates of 32% and 41% MIC50 and MIC90 of gentamicin, amikacin, streptomycin and kanamycin in 15 strains of multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumanii were all more than 1024 mg/L, and the resistance rates were 100%, 100%, 100% and 933%, respectively But their resistance rates to tobramycin, netilmicin and neomycin were 867%, 933% and 467%, respectively Three modifying enzyme genes, including aacC1, aacC2 and aacA4 genes, were found in 15 strains, but aphA6 had not been detected Their positive rates were 933%, 200% and 200%, respectively These three genes existed simultaneously in No19 strain Nucleotide sequences of aacC1, aacC2 and aacA4 genes shared 100%, 979% and 997% identities with GenBank genes (AY307113, S68058 and AY307114)Conclusion Multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strains are rapidly spreading in our hospital, and their resistance to aminoglycosides may be associated with aminoglycosidemodifying enzyme gene expressions

Characteristics of two transferable aminoglycoside resistance plasmids in Escherichia coli isolated from pig and chicken manure

Plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) have recently become a more prominent concern in the global environment. However, the prevalence of aminoglycoside resistance plasmids in the livestock industry is under reported. In this study, two transferable aminoglycoside resistance plasmids, pRKZ3 and pKANJ7, isolated from pig and chicken manure, were characterized. Results showed that pRKZ3 (8236 bp) is a non-conjugative IncQ plasmid and contains genes encoding for plasmid replication and stabilization (repA, repB and repC), mobilization (mob), and antibiotic resistance (arr-3 and aacA). pKANJ7 (30142 bp) is a conjugative IncX plasmid which codes for a type IV secretion system (T4SS). Conjugative transfer experiments showed that the optimal mating time of pKANJ7 was 8 h under the starvation condition, but the number of tranconjugants increased with time under the nutrient condition. Statistical analysis indicated that the two plasmids had little impact on the growth of their hosts, but a relatively high level of fitness cost due to pKANJ7 was observed. We also found that the fitness cost of plasmids depended on their hosts. Compared with pKANJ7, the relative fitness cost index of pRKZ3 varied within a narrow range during the 10 days of competition. The low level of fitness cost of pRKZ3 might contribute to the persistence of the plasmid in the environment. Our study provides new information for understanding the characterizations of antibiotic resistance plasmids (ARPs) in manure sources and helps to clarify the transfer and persistence of ARPs in the environment following the application of manure.

雏鸭腹泻大肠埃希菌耐药性和氨基糖苷类抗生素耐药基因检测与分析

目的 研究雏鸭腹泻大肠埃希菌的耐药性和氨基糖苷类抗生素耐药基因的存在情况。方法 采取山东济宁某养鸭场腹泻雏鸭粪便病料,通过实验室分离培养,对雏鸭腹泻大肠埃希菌进行药敏试验,比较雏鸭腹泻大肠埃希菌分离株对抗菌药物的敏感性,并采用PCR法对氨基糖苷类抗生素耐药菌株进行氨基糖苷类抗生素耐药基因aac(3)-Ⅰ、aac(3)-Ⅱ、aac(6’)-Ⅰb、aac(6’)-Ⅱ、ant(3”)-Ⅰ和aph(3’)-Ⅱ的检测。结果 在24种药物敏感性试验中,雏鸭腹泻大肠埃希菌对头孢他啶、头孢哌酮、头孢吡肟和阿米卡星4种药物敏感,对氧氟沙星、头孢曲松、头孢噻肟和大观霉素4种药物中度敏感;对青霉素、链霉素、庆大霉素和四环素等16种药物耐药。在20株菌株中,检测的氨基糖苷类抗生素耐药基因中5株细菌检测出aac(3)-Ⅰ,10株细菌检测出aac(3)-Ⅱ,5株细菌检测出aac(6’)-Ⅰb,6株细菌检测出aac(6’)-Ⅱ,8株细菌检测出ant(3”)-Ⅰ,17株细菌检测出aph(3’)-Ⅱ。结论此次试验分离培养出的雏鸭腹泻大肠埃希菌呈现普遍耐药性,普遍检测出氨基糖苷类抗生素耐药基因aac(3)-Ⅰ、aac(3)-Ⅱ、aac(6’)-Ⅰb、aac(6’)-Ⅱ、ant(3”)-Ⅰ和aph(3’)-Ⅱ,其中aph(3’)-Ⅱ检出率高达85%。

患病和痊愈牦牛源大肠杆菌对氨基糖苷类和磺胺类耐药性比较分析

[目的]为了探讨患病和痊愈牦牛源大肠杆菌的抗菌药物及其耐药性之间的相关性。[方法]采用微量肉汤稀释法对91株牦牛源大肠杆菌进行氨基糖苷类药物(链霉素和庆大霉素)和磺胺类药物(磺胺甲噁唑和磺胺二甲基嘧啶)敏感性试验,同时采用PCR方法检测氨基糖苷类相关耐药基因aac(6')-Ib、aac(3')-IV及磺胺类相关耐药基因sul2、sul3的携带情况。[结果]结果表明:39株患病牦牛源菌株对链霉素、庆大霉素、磺胺甲噁唑和磺胺二甲基嘧啶的耐药率分别为30.77%、5.13%、61.54%和87.18%,aac(6')-Ib、aac(3')-IV、sul2和sul3的检出率分别为43.59%、25.64%、38.46%和41.03%;52株痊愈牦牛源菌株对链霉素、庆大霉素、磺胺甲噁唑和磺胺二甲基嘧啶的耐药率分别为42.30%、21.15%、94.23%和71.15%,aac(6')-Ib、aac(3')-IV、sul2和sul3的检出率分别为71.15%、19.23%、69.23%和51.92%。[结论]试验结果表明,痊愈牦牛源大肠杆菌对氨基糖苷类和磺胺类药物耐药率及相关耐药基因检出率均高于患病动物源大肠杆菌,应科学合理选用和使用抗菌药物以减少耐药性的产生以提升牦牛大肠杆菌病的治疗效果。

动物源性大肠杆菌的耐药性和氨基糖苷类耐药基因的检测

为调查不同动物源性大肠杆菌的耐药性,本试验对65株源于畜禽的大肠杆菌进行18种常见抗菌药的药敏试验,用PCR法检测3种氨基糖苷类耐药基因aac(3)-II、arm(A)和aac(6′)-Ib。结果显示:65株大肠杆菌中对氨基糖苷类药物链霉素耐药率最高(75.38%),其次为复方新诺明(69.23%),耐药率最低的是头孢哌酮舒巴坦(0%);耐药基因aac(3)-II、arm(A)和aac(6′)-Ib的检出率分别为29.23%、1.54%和9.23%;有51株分离菌株存在多重耐药,占总株数的78.46%。结果表明,动物源大肠杆菌对多种抗菌药具有耐药性,在氨基糖苷类耐药基因中以携带aac(3)-II为主。

患病牦牛和藏猪源沙门菌对氨基糖苷类、喹诺酮类和β-内酰胺类药物敏感性试验

为了解川西北高原牦牛和藏猪源沙门菌对氨基糖苷类、喹诺酮类和β-内酰胺类抗生素的耐药情况,本研究采用沙门菌选择培养基对采集的样本进行沙门菌分离,利用PCR扩增保守基因invA的方法进行沙门菌鉴定。采用微量肉汤释法对分离鉴定的沙门菌进行氨基糖苷类(庆大霉素、大观霉素、卡那霉素、妥布霉素、链霉素和阿米卡星)、喹诺酮类(沙拉沙星、环丙沙星、达氟沙星、恩诺沙星和萘啶酸)和β-内酰胺类(头孢噻呋)抗生素敏感性实验。试验结果显示,从198份肛拭子样本中分离鉴定得到24株沙门菌,分离率为12.12%。24株沙门菌对庆大霉素的耐药率最高,为66.7%,对链霉素和阿米卡星敏感。对大观霉素、萘啶酸、沙拉沙星、环丙沙星、达氟沙星、卡那霉素、妥布霉素、头孢噻呋和恩诺沙星耐药率分别为33.3%、33.3%、29.2%、25.0%、25.0%、16.7%、16.7%、16.7%和4.2%。分离的24株沙门菌牦牛和藏猪源沙门菌耐药性严重并存在多重耐药现象,临床上应强调加强沙门菌的耐药性检测以合理选用抗菌药物。

西藏牦牛源牛支原体对氨基糖苷类抗生素耐药靶位突变分析

掌握西藏牦牛源牛支原体对氨基糖苷类药物的敏感性及其耐药机制,为牛支原体病的临床治疗与预防提供依据。本研究通过微量稀释法对10株牦牛源牛支原体进行了氨基糖苷类药物敏感性与耐药性试验,并对敏感株进行体外高度耐药诱导,同时分别提取敏感株、临床耐药株和体外诱导高度耐药株基因组进行氨基糖苷类药物耐药基因靶位分析与药物主动外排系统研究。结果显示,敏感株和耐药株在靶位基因中未检测到相应位点的碱基突变,体外诱导高度耐药株M.bovis 3和M.bovis 7发生了A1409G基因位点突变,M.bovis 1和M.bovis 5发生了A1409G和C1192T基因位点突变,M.bovis 4和M.bovis 9发生了A1408T和C1192T基因位点突变;经药物主动外排系统检测分析,结果显示,西藏牦牛源牛支原体不存在以氨基糖苷类抗生素为底物的主动外排系统。研究结果表明,西藏牦牛源牛支原体不同分离株对氨基糖苷类药物敏感性存在较大差异,其耐药菌株的产生可能与临床长期使用单一抗生素有关。体外诱导高度耐药株对大观霉素、卡那霉素和庆大霉素产生高度耐药的原因是其耐药基因发生碱基突变,但碱基突变在牛支原体对氨基糖苷类药物耐药中是否起主导作用还有待深入研究。

大肠杆菌ydiB基因敲除和过表达对氨基糖苷类抗生素的耐受性分析

为了寻找新靶点解决抗生素滥用所造成的细菌耐药问题,通过比较氨基糖苷类抗生素(庆大霉素、妥布霉素、链霉素、阿米卡星、新霉素)、喹诺酮类抗生素(氧氟沙星、环丙沙星)和β-内酰胺类抗生素(氨苄西林、羧苄西林)对大肠杆菌野生型BW25113(WT)和ydiB基因敲除菌株(△ydiB)杀菌表型的差异,并且通过进一步测试以庆大霉素为代表的氨基糖苷类抗生素对过表达菌株BW25113-pCA24N和BW25113-pCA24N(ydiB)的杀菌表型,以此来确认ydiB基因对细菌耐药的重要性。结果表明:与大肠杆菌野生型BW25113(WT)相比,ydiB基因敲除菌株(△ydiB)仅对氨基糖苷类抗生素耐受,并且发现过表达菌株BW25113-PCA24N(ydiB)能恢复对庆大霉素的敏感性。因此,证明ydiB基因是氨基糖苷类抗生素作用的关键基因,有望成为氨基糖苷类抗生素作用的新靶点。

肠外致病性大肠埃希菌多重耐药性及氨基糖苷类耐药基因分析

目的检测临床分离猪、鸡源肠外致病性大肠埃希菌的耐药性,分析其携带的氨基糖苷类耐药基因,以指导临床用药,探究细菌对氨基糖苷类抗生素的抗性机制。方法应用K-B法测定分离株对19种常用抗生素的耐药情况。用双纸片法检测产ESBLs菌株并进行基因分型。用PCR和测序方法检测氨基糖苷类抗性基因aadA1,aadA2,strA-strB,aadB,aacC2,aac(3)-IV,aph(3′)-Ia,aph(3′)-IIa。结果临床分离株表现多重耐药性,对头孢菌素类药物和阿米卡星的敏感性最高(63%～97%),93%的菌株耐药谱值≥10。共检测到两株产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)菌株,基因型属TEM-1+CTX-M-14。耐药菌株与相应的氨基糖苷类耐药基因符合率高(≥74%)且序列保守。结论猪、鸡源肠外致病性大肠埃希菌呈多重耐药性,其对氨基糖苷类抗生素的抗性机制以产生针对该类抗生素的修饰酶为主。

氨基苷类高水平耐药肠球菌的耐药性及修饰酶基因分布

目的明确临床分离的氨基苷类高水平耐药肠球菌(HLAR)耐药性及修饰酶基因类型。方法用琼脂筛选法筛选出HLAR、庆大霉素高水平耐药肠球菌(HLGR)及链霉素高水平耐药肠球菌(HLSR);采用K-B法测定粪肠球菌及屎肠球菌对12种抗菌药物的耐药性;PCR及序列分析法检测7种氨基苷类修饰酶基因。结果肠球菌中HLAR为73.6%。利奈唑胺、万古霉素和替考拉宁对HLAR的抗菌作用最好,未检出耐药株。屎肠球菌中β内酰胺类抗生素耐药株以及喹诺酮类药物耐药株明显高于粪肠球菌。所有的屎肠球菌氨基苷类高耐株对氨苄西林、氨苄西林-舒巴坦及环丙沙星均耐药。aac(6')-Ie-aph(2")-Ia基因是HLGR的主要耐药基因,占HLGR的92.6%;3株HLGR存在与aph(2")-Id高同源性的基因。而6-'ant、3"-ant及str基因在HLSR中的检出率低。结论HLAR已成为医院感染的重要耐药菌。HLGR主要通过aac(6')-Ie-aph(2")-Ia基因编码的修饰酶造成对庆大霉素高度耐药。