Investigation of hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene propellant breaking characteristics and mechanism impacted by submerged cavitation water jet

A submerged cavitation water jet(SCWJ)is an effective method to recycle solid propellant from obsolete solid engines by the breaking method.Solid propellant's breaking modes and mechanical process under SCWJ impact are unclear.This study aims to understand those impact breaking mechanisms.The hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene(HTPB)propellant was chosen as the research material,and a self-designed test system was used to conduct impact tests at four different working pressures.The high-speed camera characterized crack propagation,and the DIC method calculated strain change during the impact process.Besides,micro and macro fracture morphologies were characterized by scanning electron microscope(SEM)and computed tomography(CT)scanning.The results reveal that the compressive strain concentration region locates right below the nozzle,and the shear strain region distributes symmetrically with the jet axis,which increases to 4% at first 16th ms,the compressive strain rises to 2% and 6% in the axial and transverse direction,respectively.The two tensile cracks formed first at the compression strain concentrate region,and there generate many shear cracks around the tensile cracks,and those shear cracks that develop and aggregate cause the cracks to become wider and cut through the tensile cracks,forming the tensile-shear cracks and the impact parts eventually fail.The HTPB propellant forms a breaking hole shaped conical after impact 10 s.The mass loss increases by 17 times at maximum,with the working pressure increasing by three times.Meanwhile,the damage value of the breaking hole remaining on the surface increases by 7.8 times while 2.9 times in the depth of the breaking hole.The breaking efficiency is closely affected by working pressures.The failure modes of HTPB impacted by SCWJ are classified as tensile crack-dominated and tensile-shear crack-dominated damage mechanisms.

Application of high-pressure water jet technology and the theory of rock burst control in roadway

This paper puts forward using high-pressure water jet technology to control rock burst in roadway, and analyzes the theory of controlling rock burst in roadway by the weak structure zone model. The weak structure zone is formed by using high-pressure water jet to cut the coal wall in a continuous and rotational way. In order to study the influence law of weak structure zone in surrounding rock, this paper numerically analyzed the influence law of weak structure zone, and the disturbance law of coal wall and floor under dynamic and static combined load. The results show that when the distance between high-pressure water jet drillings is 3 m and the diameter of drilling is 300 mm, continuous stress superposition zone can be formed. The weak structure zone can transfer and reduce the concentrated static load in surrounding rock, and then form distressed zone. The longer the high-pressure water jet drilling is, the larger the distressed zone is. The stress change and displacement change of non-distressed zone in coal wall and floor are significantly greater than that of distressed zone under dynamic and static combined load. And it shows that the distressed zone can effectively control rock burst in roadway under dynamic and static combined load. High-pressure water jet technology was applied in the haulage gate of 250203 working face in Yanbei Coal Mine, and had gained good effect. The study conclusions provide theoretical foundation and a new guidance for controlling rock burst in roadway.

In situ experimental study on TBM excavation with high-pressure water-jet-assisted rock breaking

China’s first high-pressure hydraulically coupled rock-breaking tunnel boring machine(TBM) was designed to overcome the rock breaking problems of TBM in super-hard rock geology, where high-pressure water jet system is configured, including high-flow pump sets, high-pressure rotary joint and high-pressure water jet injection device. In order to investigate the rock breaking performance of high-pressure water-jet-assisted TBM, in situ excavation tests were carried out at the Wan’anxi Water Diversion Project in Longyan, Fujian Province, China, under different water jet pressure and rotational speed. The rock-breaking performance of TBM was analyzed including penetration, cutterhead load, advance rate and field penetration index. The test results show that the adoption of high-pressure water-jet-assisted rock breaking technology can improve the boreability of rock mass, where the TBM penetration increases by 64% under the water jet pressure of 270 MPa. In addition, with the increase of the water jet pressure, the TBM penetration increases and the field penetration index decreases. The auxiliary rock-breaking effect of high-pressure water jet decreases with the increase of cutterhead rotational speed. In the case of the in situ tunneling test parameters of this study, the advance rate is the maximum when the pressure of the high-pressure water jet is 270 MPa and the cutterhead rotational speed is 6 r/min. The technical superiority of high-pressure water-jet-assisted rock breaking technology is highlighted and it provides guidance for the excavation parameter selection of high-pressure hydraulically coupled rock-breaking TBM.

High Speed Observation of Periodic Cavity Behavior in a Convergent-Divergent Nozzle for Cavitating Water Jet

Cloud cavitation shows an unsteady periodic tendency under a certain flow condition. In a cavitating water jet flow with cavitation clouds, the cavities or the clouds produce high impact at their collapse. In order to make clear a mechanism of the periodic cavity behavior, we experimentally examine the behavior in a transparent cylindrical convergent-divergent nozzle using a high-speed video camera. An effect of upstream pressure fluctuation due to a plunger pump is investigated from a viewpoint of unsteady behavior in a cavitating water jet. As a result, it is found that the cavitating flow has two kinds of oscillation patterns in the cavity length (cavitation cloud region). One is due to the upstream pressure fluctuation caused by the plunger pump. The other is much shorter periodic motion related to the characteristic oscillation of cavitation clouds accompanied with the shrinking (reentrant), growing and shedding motion of the clouds.

Numerical simulation of bubble chaotic motion in a cavitating water jet

A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method is developed to investigate the radical motion of single cavitating bubble in the oscillating pressure field of a cavitating water jet. Regarding water as a compressible fluid, the simulation is performed at different oscillating frequencies. It is found that the bubble motion presents obvious nonlinear feature, and bifurcation and chaos appear on some conditions. The results manifest the indetermination of the cavitating bubble motion in the oscillating pressure field of the cavitating water jet.

Impingement capability of high-pressure submerged water jet: Numerical prediction and experimental verification

At jet pressures ranging from 80 to 120 MPa, submerged water jets are investigated by numerical simulation and experiment. Numerical simulation enables a systematic analysis of major flow parameters such as jet velocity, turbulent kinetic energy as well as void fraction of cavitation. Experiments facilitate an objective assessment of surface morphology, micro hardness and surface roughness of the impinged samples. A comparison is implemented between submerged and non-submerged water jets. The results show that submerged water jet is characterized by low velocity magnitudes relative to non-submerged water jet at the same jet pressure. Shear effect serves as a key factor underlying the inception of cavitation in submerged water jet stream. Predicted annular shape of cavity zone is substantiated by local height distributions associated with experimentally obtained footprints. As jet pressure increases, joint contribution of jet kinetic energy and cavitation is demonstrated. While for non-submerged water jet, impingement force stems exclusively from flow velocity.

Periodic Behavior of Cavitation Cloud Shedding in Submerged Water Jets Issuing from a Sheathed Pipe Nozzle

The behavior of cavitation cloud shedding in submerged water jets issuing from a sheathed pipe nozzle is investigated experimentally by high-speed camera visualization observation. Experiments are carried out under different cavitation numbers decreased to 0.01 with increase of the injection pressure, and the frequency spectrum of cavitation cloud shedding is evaluated by statistical analysis of a sequence of high-speed camera images. Experiments demonstrate that cavitation clouds appear when the cavitation number σ decreases to the level of 0.5-0.7 and developed cavitation clouds shed downstream periodically at multiple frequencies. The low frequency components of cavitation cloud shedding is basically dependent upon the pressure pulsation of plunger pump, which is often employed in various industry application of water jets. However, the high frequency components are closely related to the shedding of vortexes and the collapsing of cavitation clouds, which are dependent on the flow structure of submerged jets and the property of cavitation clouds consisted of numerous bubbles.

Dynamic effects of high-pressure pulsed water jet in low-permeability coal seams

Mine gas extraction in China is difficult due to the characteristics such as micro-porosity,low-permeability and high adsorption of coal seams.The pulsed mechanismof a high-pressure pulsed water jet was studied through theoretical analysis,experimentand field measurement.The results show that high-pressure pulsed water jet has threedynamic properties.What's more,the three dynamic effects can be found in low-permeabilitycoal seams.A new pulsed water jet with 200-1 000 Hz oscillation frequency andpeak pressure 2.5 times than average pressure was introduced.During bubble collapsing,sound vibration and instantaneous high pressures over 100 MPa enhanced the cuttingability of the high-pressure jet.Through high-pressure pulsed water jet drilling and slotting,the exposure area of coal bodies was greatly enlarged and pressure of the coal seamsrapidly decreased.Therefore,the permeability of coal seams was improved and gas absorptionrate also decreased.Application results show that gas adsorption rate decreasedby 30%-40%and the penetrability coefficient increased 100 times.This proves that high-pressurepulsed water is more efficient than other conventional methods.

Energy Consumption in Comminution of Mica with Cavitation Abrasive Water Jet

We have studied the efficiency of energy consumption in the comminution of mica powder with cavitation abrasive water jet technology. The energy required to create new surfaces in the comminution of mica powder with cavitation abrasive water jet was calculated,in order to estimate its efficiency of energy consumption. The particle size distribution and the specific surface area were measured by applying a JEM-200CX transmission electron microscope and an Autosorb-1 automatic surface area analyzer. The study results show that the efficiency of energy consumed in creating new surface areas is as high as 2.92%,or 4.94% with the aid of cavitation in the comminution of mica powder. This efficiency will decrease with an increase in the number of comminutions. After three comminutions,the efficien-cies will become 1.91% and 2.29% for comminution without cavitation and with cavitation,respectively. The abrasive water jet technology is an effective way for comminution of mica powder.

Phenol Oxidation by Combined Cavitation Water Jet and Hydrogen Peroxide

The paper presents results of phenol oxidized under the conditions of high temperature created during collapse of cavitation bubbles.The degradation efficiency has been greatly improved by using cavitation water jets combined with H2O2 as demonstrated in laboratory tests.Various factors affecting phenol removal ratio were ex-amined and the degradation mechanism was revealed by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC).The re-sults showed that 99.85% of phenol was mineralized when phenol concentration was 100 mg·L-1 with pH value of 3.0,H2O2 concentration of 300 mg·L-1,confining pressure of 0.5 MPa,and pumping pressure of 20 MPa.The in-termediate products after phenol oxidation were composed of catechol,hydroquinone and p-benzoquinone.Finally,phenol was degraded into maleic acid and acetic acid.Furthermore,a dynamic model of phenol oxidation via cavi-tation water jets combined with H2O2 has been developed.

Flow Characteristics and Cavitation Effect of the Submerged Water Jet Discharged from a Central-Body Nozzle

To assess the impingement capability of water jet, submerged water jet discharged from a centralbody nozzle is investigated. Efforts are devoted to both the wavy jet edge and the cavitation phenomenon involved. Three configurations of the central body are examined and jet pressure is fixed at 15 MPa. Jet edge is visualized using high speed photography. Numerical simulation is performed to extract flow parameter distributions in the jet stream and to predict cavity profiles. Furthermore, an impingement experiment with target sandstone samples is conducted as well. The results indicate that both lateral fluctuation amplitude and frequency of the jet stream vary with axial position of the central body. Cavitation tongues of different stream wise dimensions are manifested in the wake flows downstream of the central body. In case of the downstream end of the central body parallel with nozzle outlet section, the largest stream wise dimension of cavitation zone is obtained. Relative to the round nozzle with the same equivalent outlet diameter, the central-body nozzle yields preferable impinging effect.

Comminution of Mica by Cavitation Abrasive Water Jet

The comminution of mica with an abrasive water jet is mainly based on three knids of effects, that is, high-speed collision, cavitating effect and shearing effect. Cavitation abrasive water jet was applied for the comminution of mica because cavitation abrasive water jet can make full use of the three effects mentioned above. Besides high speed impacting among particles,cavitation and shearing were also enhanced due to the divergent angle at the outlet of the cavitation nozzle.A JME-200CX transmission electron microscope was used for observing the size distribution of particles.Variance analysis on the experimental results indicates that the effect of cavitation is much more significant than that of collision.The effect of pressure on comminution results becomes less with the decrease of the particle size.

Adaptability research of hydrofoil surface water injection on cavitation suppression

To study the effectiveness of hydrofoil surface water injection on cavitation suppression,the unsteady cavitation flow field around the NACA0066 hydrofoil at attack angle of 6°was simulated by the modified RNG k-εturbulence model combined with the full-cavitation model.The structure of cavitation flow field and the hydrodynamic performance of hydrofoil were analyzed at the cavitation number of 0.85,0.70,0.55,respectively.The results show that barriered by the jet,the momentum of the reentrant jet was reduced;The development of cavitation and the strength of cavity shedding were weakened to some extent.Cavitation suppression effect was very obvious in the cavitation conditions with the cavitation number of 0.7 and above when the injection position was at 37% chord length from the hydrofoil leading edge and the jet-flow ratio kept 0.3.Time-averaged lift and drag coefficient were reduced,and the lift-drag ratio increased in water injection conditions.

Progress in numerical simulation of cavitating water jets

This paper reviews recent progress made toward modeling of cavitation and numerical simulation of cavitating water jets. Properties of existing cavitation models are discussed and a compressible mixture flow method for the numerical simulation of high- speed water jets accompanied by intensive cavitation is introduced. Two-phase fluids media of cavitating flow are treated as a homo- geneous bubbly mixture and the mean flow is computed by solving Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes （RANS） equations for com- pressible fluid. The intensity of cavitation is evaluated by the gas volume fraction, which is governed by the compressibility of bubble-liquid mixture corresponding to the status of mean flow field. Numerical results of cavitating water jet issuing from an orifice nozzle are presented and its applicability to intensively cavitating jets is demonstrated. However, the effect of impact pressure caused by collapsing of bubbles is neglected, and effectively coupling of the present compressible mixture flow method with the dynamics of bubbles remains to be a challenge.

空化水喷丸表面改性技术研究进展综述

空化水喷丸是一种利用空化现象产生的巨大能量冲击材料表面,对零件进行强化的表面改性技术。因其对诸多金属材料都具有强化作用,而被广泛应用于改善零件的表面状态,形成残余压应力层,延长零件的疲劳寿命。主要从基本原理、试验设备和研究现状3个方面对水射流空化喷丸(WJCP)、超声空化喷丸(UCP)和激光空化喷丸(LCP)进行了介绍,并从理论和试验等方面总结了不同类型金属材料进行空化水喷丸后其残余压应力、粗糙度和疲劳寿命等方面的变化情况。在上述研究内容的基础上,结合空化水喷丸技术的优势,对空化水喷丸今后的发展方向和应用前景进行了展望。研究表明,空化水喷丸技术作为一种新型的表面强化技术,具有独特的优势和广阔的发展前景。

混流式喷水推进泵空化流动及其诱导振动特性的试验研究

为了研究喷水推进泵内非定常空化流动及其诱导的振动特征,搭建了高速摄像与数字信号同步测量平台。对不同空化程度下的泵内空化流动、压力脉动信号、振动信号进行了采集和分析。引入经验模态分解及希尔伯特黄变换(Hilbert-Huang transform,HHT)对振动信号进行了处理和分析。试验表明:喷水推进泵叶顶区出现了叶顶间隙空化和叶顶泄露涡空化等空化现象;随着空化程度的加剧,叶顶区的空化结构先由丝状逐渐连接成薄片状,继而发展为云状;快速旋转的空化云会呈现出极不稳定状态,尾部发生脱落形成垂直空化涡(perpendicular cavitating vortices,PCVs);小尺度的垂直空化涡消散在流道中部;随着空化程度的进一步加剧,垂直空化涡尺度增大并向相邻叶片的压力面运动,造成喷水推进泵性能的下降。空化程度加剧对应的流动结构特征会导致压力脉动产生相应的变化,从而诱导振动的增加。经验模态分解和HHT结果显示片状空化及大尺度云空泡溃灭时会诱导高频区的宽频振动增大;空化云尾缘的低频脱落会产生垂直空化涡,诱导低频的压力脉动和振动的快速增加。希尔伯特边际谱上高频幅值,叶频和轴频幅值的变化特征可在一定程度上用来反映泵内的流动状态。

空心弹入水射流与空化特性仿真

空心弹入水过程中,高速水射流的产生是影响其入水的关键。为深入研究空心弹通孔孔径对射流和入水特性的影响,文中建立了不同孔径的空心弹垂直入水仿真模型,并对比分析了不同孔径弹丸的孔内压力特性与空泡发展差异。分析结果表明,孔径比与初始碰撞时刻的孔内压力强度有关,且随着孔径比的增加,射流的高度与速度均有所降低,这与通孔内的压力梯度现象有关;同时,压力梯度的强度随着孔径比的增加而降低。文中还对空心弹空化现象发展进行了简要描述,分析了孔径比对空化现象的影响,可知随着孔径比的增大,弹体产生的蒸汽量逐渐减少,空泡闭合时间提前。

基于LES湍流模型的角形喷嘴数值模拟

针对RANS方法存在空化流场预测不准确的问题,通过采用大涡模拟(LES)对角形喷嘴进行数值模拟来获得其瞬时速度场以及空化云分布。通过对其流场进一步分析,揭示了空化水射流在发展过程中漩涡结构与空化之间的关系以及不同压力下的射流分布特征,为工程实践应用及空化射流机理提供了理论参考。

油压锥阀与水压锥阀空化特性的对比分析

油压锥阀与水压锥阀在空化特性方面有较大差异,其流场机制尚未明确。为此,利用VOF空化两相流数值模拟算法在OpenFOAM开源平台上开展流场模拟,研究水压锥阀与油压锥阀空化特性。结果表明,水压锥阀及油压锥阀的空化分布较为一致,集中在自由剪切层、壁面剪切层及阀芯后沿等位置,同时各区域的空化诱发机制相同。油压锥阀的近壁面漩涡空化呈现径向链状特征,而水压锥阀则为分散性的片状结构,不同的空化形态主要源于转捩过程的差异。另外,在高强度空化流动条件下,直角型油压锥阀的整体空化强度相对水压锥阀较大,而倒角型锥阀则相反。水压锥阀比油压锥阀更容易发生空化初生。研究分析了水压锥阀与油压锥阀的空化特性差异及相关机制,可为不同介质的液压阀设计提供理论参考。

喷水推进器起航阶段内部流动及空化特性分析

为了研究喷水推进器在起航阶段的内部流动以及空化特性,以一台轴流式喷水推进器为研究对象,基于Ansys CFX商用软件,采用SST k-ω湍流模型、ZGB空化模型对喷水推进器起航过程进行数值模拟。结果表明,喷水推进器在起航阶段流量与扬程出现滞后效应,进水流道内部流态较为紊乱,出现明显的流动分离现象。喷水推进泵整体湍动能随着起航过程时间的增加而增加,在叶顶处由于叶片压力面与吸力面压差升高形成叶顶泄漏涡而最为明显。叶轮内空泡体积分数随着起航过程的发展而增大,起航完成后稳定阶段空泡体积分数较最高值降低了4.2%,并且严重的空化抑制了喷水推进器的推进效率,起航阶段效率总体呈现为先增大后减少。