Stability behavior of the Lanxi ancient flood control levee after reinforcement with upside-down hanging wells and grouting curtain

The stability of the ancient flood control levees is mainly influenced by water level fluctuations, groundwater concentration and rainfalls. This paper takes the Lanxi ancient levee as a research object to study the evolution laws of its seepage, displacement and stability before and after reinforcement with the upside-down hanging wells and grouting curtain through numerical simulation methods combined with experiments and observations. The study results indicate that the filled soil is less affected by water level fluctuations and groundwater concentration after reinforcement. A high groundwater level is detrimental to the levee's long-term stability, and the drainage issues need to be fully considered. The deformation of the reinforced levee is effectively controlled since the fill deformation is mainly borne by the upside-down hanging wells. The safety factors of the levee before reinforcement vary significantly with the water level. The minimum value of the safety factors is 0.886 during the water level decreasing period, indicating a very high risk of the instability. While it reached 1.478 after reinforcement, the stability of the ancient levee is improved by a large margin.

Grouting theories and technologies for the reinforcement of fractured rocks surrounding deep roadways

Grouting is an effective method to improve the integrity and stability of fractured rocks that surround deep roadways.After years of research and practice,various theories and a complete set of grouting technologies for deep roadways with fractured rocks have been developed and are widely applied in Chinese coal mining production.This paper systematically summarizes and analyzes the research results concerning the theory,design,materials,processes,and equipment for the grouting and reinforcement of fractured rocks surrounding deep roadways.Specifically,in terms of grouting methods,pregrouting,groutingwhile-excavation,and postgrouting methods are explored;in terms of grouting theory,backfill grouting,compaction grouting,infiltration grouting,and fracture grouting theories are studied.In addition,this paper also studies grouting borehole arrangement,water-cement ratio,grouting pressure,grouting volume,grout diffusion radius,and other grouting parameters and their determination methods.On this basis,this paper explores the physical and mechanical properties of organic and organic-inorganic composite grouting materials,and assess grouting reinforcement quality testing methods and instruments.Taken as the field cases,the application of pregrouting in front of heading faces,groutingwhile-excavation,and postgrouting in the Kouzidong coal mine are then introduced,and the effects of the grouting reinforcements are evaluated.This paper proposes a development direction for grouting technology based on problems existing in the grouting reinforcement of fractured rocks surrounding deep roadways.

Removal of Pb^(2+) and Cd^(2+) by adsorption on clay-solidified grouting curtain for waste landfills

Pb2+ and Cd2+ in leachate were adsorbed on clay-solidified grouting curtain for waste landfills with equilibrium experiment. The cation exchange capacity was determined with ammonium acetate. And the concentration of heavy metal cations in leachate was determined with atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Their equilibrium isotherms were measured, and the experimental isotherm data were analyzed by using Freundlich and Langmuir models. The results show that the adsorption capacities of the heavy metal cations are closely related to the compositions of clay-solidified grouting curtain, and the maximum adsorption appears at the ratio of cement to clay of 2∶4 in the experimental conditions. At their maximum adsorption and pH 5.0, the adsorption capacities of Pb 2+ and Cd 2+ are 16.19mg/g and 1.21mg/g. The competitive adsorption coefficients indicate that the adsorption of clay-solidified grouting curtain for Pb2+ is stronger than that for Cd 2+ . The adsorption process conforms to Freundlich’s model with related coefficient higher than 0.996.

Retention of clay-solidified grouting curtain to Cd^(2+), Pb^(2+) and Hg^(2+) in landfill of municipal solid waste

The effects of components and their ratio of grouts on anti-seepage capability of clay-solidified grouting curtain and its permeability of heavy metal cations were investigated by permeating experiments, using reactive solute transport model to study the permeation of heavy metals (Cd2+, Pb2+ and Hg2+). The study of permeating for different mixture ratios of cement and clay indicates that hydraulic conductivity of clay-solidified grouting curtain with different ratios of solid to liquid or with the same ratio of solid to liquid but with different ratios of cement to clay is changed. The laboratory simulation test results also show that precipitates produced in heavy metal cation migration process in curtain block up water flowing passage which makes the hydraulic conductivity of the solution-permeated curtain decrease with the leakage time. The permeation velocities for different heavy metal cations vary with ionic concentration, exchange capacity and ion radius etc. The test results indicate that the permeation rapidity order of heavy metals cations in clay-solidified grouting curtain is Hg2+>Pb2+ in the same experimental circumstance. In addition, permeability for different mixture ratios and antisepsis capabilities of clay-solidified grouting curtain were studied in tests.

Factors affecting phenol adsorption on clay-solidified grouting curtain

Batch experiments were conducted to study the adsorption of phenol on clay-solidified grouting curtain (CSGC) and the effects of contact time,pH and adsorbent concentration on the adsorption were investigated.Under the experimental conditions used,2 d was adequate to determine the equilibrium of phenol adsorption onto CSGC.The amount of phenol adsorbed by CSGC from an initial concentration of 100mg/L was found to be 8.4mg/g.The adsorption process includes particle diffusion and liquid film diffusion,and the latter is the predominating step of the adsorption process.The adsorption ability of CSGC decreased with pH but it increased non-linearly with the CSGC concentration.The optimized concentration for CSGC was found to be 20g/L for the adsorption of 100mg/L phenol.

Analysis on contaminants transport process through clay-solidified grouting curtain in MSW landfills

Clay-solidified grouting curtains are commonly used for remediation by containment or pollution prevention, in addition to their use as a barrier to water flow in municipal solid waste(MSW) landfills. A hydrological model.of water flow and a hydrodynamic model of contaminant are presented to simulate the migration of leachate through clay-solidified grouting curtain in MSW landfills, with particular attention paid to the role of diffusive and adsorptive fluxes in contaminant transport. The models were applied to simulate the sensitivity of the curtain's behavior to changes in parameters, such as thickness, depth, permeability coefficient, diffusion coefficient,resistance coefficient and concentration, and also to demonstrate the contaminant distribution on the evolution of travel time and offset distance of clay-solidified grouting curtain in landfills. It is found that a part of leachate components stays or is retarded in clay-solidified grouting curtain by precipitate or exchange, the retention rate is closely related to composition of clay-solidified grouting curtain, more than 800%, and the maximum occurs at the cementclay ratio of 2: 4 under experimental conditions. Contamination distribution is variable on travel time and offset distance, the highest concentration takes place where the contamination intensity is nearest to the pollution resource or takes place at early middle period of transport, and the pollutant attenuates gradually. The results indicate that claysolidified grouting curtain with a proper thickness, a low permeability coefficient and a high resistance coefficient might serve as a sufficiently effective vertical barrier against leachate seepage and contamination migration in MSWlandfills.

Theory,technology and application of grouted bolting in soft rock roadways of deep coal mines

The grouted bolt,combining rock bolting with grouting techniques,provides an effective solution for controlling the surrounding rock in deep soft rock and fractured roadways.It has been extensively applied in numerous deep mining areas characterized by soft rock roadways,where it has demonstrated remarkable control results.This article systematically explores the evolution of grouted bolting,covering its theoretical foundations,design methods,materials,construction processes,monitoring measures,and methods for assessing its effectiveness.The overview encompassed several key elements,delving into anchoring theory and grouting reinforcement theory.The new principle of high pretensioned high-pressure splitting grouted bolting collaborative active control is introduced.A fresh method for dynamic information design is also highlighted.The discussion touches on both conventional grouting rock bolts and cable bolts,as well as innovative grouted rock bolts and cables characterized by their high pretension,strength,and sealing hole pressure.An examination of the merits and demerits of standard inorganic and organic grouting materials versus the new inorganic–organic composite materials,including their specific application conditions,was conducted.Additionally,the article presents various methods and instruments to assess the support effect of grouting rock bolts,cable bolts,and grouting reinforcement.Furthermore,it provides a foundation for understanding the factors influencing decisions on grouted bolting timing,the sequence of grouting,the pressure applied,the volume of grout used,and the strategic arrangement of grouted rock bolts and cable bolts.The application of the high pretensioned high-pressure splitting grouted bolting collaborative control technology in a typical kilometer-deep soft rock mine in China—the soft coal seam and soft rock roadway in the Kouzidong coal mine,Huainan coal mining area,was introduced.Finally,the existing problems in grouted bolting control technology for deep soft rock roadways are analyzed,and the future development trend of grouted bolting control technology is anticipated.

Real-Time Grouting Monitoring and Visualization Analysis System for Dam Foundation Curtain Grouting

A real-time monitoring and 3D visualization analysis system is proposed for dam foundation curtain grouting. Based on the real-time control technology, the optimization method and the set theory, a mathematical model of the system is established. The real-time collection and transmission technology of the grouting data provides a data foundation for the system. The real-time grouting monitoring and dynamic alarming method helps the system control the grouting quality during the grouting process, thus, the abnormalities of grouting, such as jacking and hydraulic uplift, can be effectively controlled. In addition, the 3D grouting visualization analysis technology is proposed to establish the grouting information model(GIM). The GIM provides a platform to visualize and analyze the grouting process and results. The system has been applied to a hydraulic project of China as a case study, and the application results indicate that the real-time grouting monitoring and 3D visualization analysis for the grouting process can help engineers control the grouting quality more efficiently.

Permeability in Flysch-Distribution Decrease with Depth and Grout Curtains Under Dams

A considerable number of in situ permeability tests in flysch are processed to a depth of 120m with a good spatial distribution. The distribution of permeability values for the different litho-types of this formation, their comparison and their decrease with depth is discussed. The depth where a permeability of 3 to 5×10-7m/sec can be retained (the limit of a reasonable grouting under a high dam) may be twofold if the geological history of the formation could not contain a compressional tectonic process. This depth may reach 100m in some cases. The differences in the mean values of permeability among the various litho-types are minor, while the presence of siltstones, always present although with varied participation, dramatically controls the global permeability.

基于帷幕注浆理论的瓦斯抽采钻孔封孔技术研究及应用

瓦斯抽采钻孔封孔效果直接决定了矿井瓦斯治理效果,是高瓦斯突出矿井安全生产的重要保障。为解决主焦煤矿2301工作面瓦斯抽采底板巷围岩裂隙发育、钻孔封孔难题,基于矿井防治水经验提出瓦斯抽采钻孔帷幕注浆封孔技术。首先通过数值模拟和钻孔窥视法确定了2301工作面底板巷松动圈范围为0.8~1.7 m。然后根据矿井注浆扩散半径设计施工帷幕注浆钻孔,利用巷道围岩帷幕注浆技术提高瓦斯抽采钻孔的封孔效果。经过现场应用取得了良好效果,71.1%的瓦斯抽采浓度较原抽采浓度得到大幅提高,对类似地质条件的瓦斯抽采岩巷钻孔封孔具有很好的指导意义。

贵州裸露型岩溶地下河系统污染防治技术——以遵义坪桥地下河系统污染防治工程为例

裸露型岩溶区岩溶强发育、水文地质条件复杂,受污染的地下河系统通道隐蔽性强、污染防治难度大。本文以坪桥地下河系统污染防治工程为例,在近污染源的主径流通道实施“地下水防渗帷幕+污水抽排”工程措施实现近源截排。施工面临岩溶破碎地层易掉块卡埋钻、钻效低及岩溶强发育段浆液扩散距离远等难题。通过配备适宜的钻进工艺,采取纯压式灌浆、水泥砂浆灌填溶洞、低压限量及速凝浆液灌注等灌浆控制措施,保证了工程进度质量,实现了源头治理污染地下水的目的。“近源截排”对类似水文地质条件下地下水污染防治提供可借鉴的地学治理模式。

基于流固耦合的高承压水岩溶隧道加固措施研究

我国西南地区多山岭且地下水丰富,公路隧道在修建过程中面临的水文地质条件复杂多变,国内外大量工程实践表明,隧道在穿越高承压水岩溶地质时,由于围岩岩溶发育、自稳能力差、岩溶水丰富且水压力较高等特点常易发生突泥、涌水甚至塌方等工程灾害,为此开展基于流固耦合的高承压水岩溶隧道加固措施研究,并以巫溪隧道为依托工程,通过对采用不同加固措施包括帷幕注浆、超前小导管及径向注浆系统锚杆的隧道施工进行数值模拟,对比分析不同加固措施的效果。结果表明:1)隧道仅施作初期支护时,高承压水岩溶隧道易发生整体失稳破坏;2)采用帷幕注浆加固措施后,围岩变形及塑性区得到有效控制;3)采用帷幕注浆+超前小导管+径向注浆系统锚杆控制围岩变形效果更加显著,可进一步为隧道提供安全储备;4)根据加固效果及经济成本控制,推荐方案为帷幕注浆+径向注浆系统锚杆。

国际水电项目GIN参数设计方法研究

在Lombardi博士的GIN理论基础上,结合世界大坝委员会的坝基设计公报及以往国际水电站工程采用GIN灌浆取得的经验,依托科特迪瓦波波里水电站土石坝帷幕灌浆的实践,阐述了基于坝基岩石质量与压水试验成果的GIN设计值的取值方法,提出了P_(max)、V_(max)值设计时需要考虑的两种边界条件,并通过理论公式计算及实践经验提出了浆液扩散半径的安全保证系数。

地铁暗挖竖井深孔注浆止水施工技术研究

针对承压水粉细砂地层竖井施工发生流水涌砂及坍塌的难题,采用深孔注浆止水帷幕代替人工降水。通过对注浆帷幕的设计以及增加预防竖井侧壁滑塌的棚盖措施,有效阻隔了竖井开挖过程中的地下水,满足暗挖施工无水作业的条件。

神东矿区立体帷幕注浆精准堵漏风与高效防灭火技术

为高效治理神东矿区浅埋藏煤层开采漏风引起的煤自燃隐患,以大柳塔煤矿活鸡兔井12_上、12_下煤层工作面为研究对象,通过立体帷幕注浆的方式进行精准堵漏风与防灭火工程示范。首先利用地质剖面移动角计算注浆距离,并设计注浆平面布置,同时针对不同地质情况,设计了先导钻孔、注浆钻孔和监测钻孔;根据活鸡兔井实际情况,共施工104个钻孔,设计帷幕体长度约1020 m,高度约40 m;通过分段上行式注浆法,设计工作面切眼外侧注浆高度72 m,12_上205运输巷段注浆高度12 m,注浆宽度15 m,总注浆169569.1 m^(3)。通过立体帷幕注浆,12_下205工作面漏风较同条件下最大减少约1000 m^(3)/min,12_下207工作面漏风较同条件下最大减少近800m^(3)/min;堵漏风效果明显,有效降低12_下煤层工作面煤自燃隐患。

柠条塔煤矿水文地质结构特征与水害治理模式研究

随着西部煤炭资源的持续高强度开采,矿山所面临的工程与水文地质条件越来越复杂,极易诱发采掘突水溃砂事故,而水文地质结构特征的研究是水害评价和治理的重要基础性工作。本文以陕北榆神府矿区的柠条塔煤矿为例,在对其地质条件和构造发育情况进行系统分析的基础上,从矿区的补给、径流、排泄条件,主要充水水源,矿体与含水层的空间结构关系三个方面对矿山的水文地质结构特征进行了研究。研究发现,地表浅部松散层主要接受大气降水补给,基岩风化带含水层主要接受侧向径流补给。矿井充水水源包括大气降水、地表水、含水层水、老空水和烧变岩水五种,不同煤层根据其埋深、开采厚度、冒裂带发育高度等的不同具有不同的充水水源。基于对矿山水文地质结构特征的分析,认为火烧区下部2-2煤层回采工作面可能存在突水溃砂风险,并设计了两排帷幕注浆孔。注浆治理工程完成后的放水试验结果表明,烧变岩含水层补给量大幅度减小,治理效果显著,可以保障煤层的安全开采,研究成果对榆神府矿区的矿井水害防治及水资源保护具有一定的理论意义和实践意义。

土石坝灌浆设计与施工关键技术探讨

心墙堆石坝和面板堆石坝等土石坝坝基灌浆受盖重薄、爆破卸荷、岩体软弱等因素影响,灌浆过程中抬动、劈裂和外漏严重,导致升压灌注和质量保证困难,甚至影响水库正常蓄水。针对建基岩体选择、基础灌浆廊道布置、灌浆孔布置、灌浆与检查压力等关键设计问题进行分析,并结合规范规定和工程实践对灌浆方法、外漏处理、阻塞器选择、抬动控制与升压方式等关键施工工艺和参数进行探讨,提出的帷幕灌浆压力与检查压力确定方法、外漏系统封堵+随机封堵、阻塞器选择原则、基于P与Q关系的“固步升压”灌浆控制等,可供同类工程坝基灌浆参考。

西南地区急倾斜薄煤层充水采空区地面注浆堵水工艺研究及应用

针对金沙水电站蓄水区南岸的相关煤矿采空区的治理,选择帷幕注浆堵水为治理方案。通过钻孔将水泥浆充填采空区及其上部裂隙,切断金沙江与矿井之间的径流通道,其中帷幕孔注浆采用水泥-水玻璃双液浆注浆工艺,一般注浆孔采用水泥浆单液注浆工艺。室内凝结时间检测试验的结果中,水泥浆的终凝时间随着水灰比的增大而逐渐从500 s以上下降到20 s左右,根据试验结果确定了合适的水泥浆配比。注浆堵水质量检测得到4组水泥芯体的采空区无侧限抗压强度均值分别为1.21、1.21、1.36、1.29 MPa,注浆段波速值为365~384m/s。抗压强度大于1 MPa,横波波速大于350 m/s,表明注浆堵水工艺实施后的质量评价结果整体满足要求,具有可行性与实用性。

岩溶地区某尾矿库尾砂渗漏探查与治理

某尾矿库位于岩溶地区,雨季库区出现塌陷,且下游溶洞口尾砂泄漏,造成当地水土体污染。经现场调查及库区水文地质条件初步分析,认为库区岩溶塌陷导通岩溶管道是尾砂泄漏的主要原因。采用EH4连续电导率剖面仪与五极纵轴测深相结合的综合物探方法,先进行EH4探测,再在EH4圈定的异常部位进行五极纵轴测深,发现在库区岩溶洼地中间发育一条北东向断层及其次生构造,且沿构造附近地表以下80m范围内有大量低阻区,推测为库区的主要过水通道。采用地面帷幕注浆方法,利用钻探查清了尾砂渗漏的主要岩溶通道;利用理论公式计算确定了骨料投入量,并采用“投骨料-注双液浆-注水泥单液浆”的动水注浆技术对大型溶洞或岩溶管道进行了有效封堵。经帷幕注浆治理后,库区内未再出现塌陷情况,下游也未见尾砂泄漏。实践表明,综合物探探测技术与地面帷幕注浆方法能有效解决尾砂渗漏通道探查与治理问题,可为今后类似尾矿库渗漏治理提供借鉴。

富水岩溶隧道注浆处理及工艺优化

为了提高隧道富水岩溶区的注浆加固效果,依托某隧道工程,采用多种超前探测手段对隧道富水岩溶区进行全面探测。在此基础上,采用数值模拟方法,分析不同注浆厚度下隧道位移变化和涌水的变化规律,并采用3种注浆技术相结合的方法对隧道富水岩溶区进行了注浆加固。研究结果表明:帷幕注浆厚度主要体现在减少涌水量上,当注浆厚度超过5 m以后,隧道的止水效果几乎不再增长;选择5 m的注浆厚度和25 m的注浆长度作为工程的注浆范围。在注浆过程中,3种注浆技术相结合,可以有效解决高水位涌动和成孔困难的问题。勘探和注浆结合的方法,可为后续注浆方案提供动态反馈和优化。注浆结束后,现场施工情况表明,注浆效果良好。