Improved Capon Estimator for High-Resolution DOA Estimation and Its Statistical Analysis

Despite some efforts and attempts have been made to improve the direction-of-arrival(DOA)estimation performance of the standard Capon beamformer(SCB)in array processing,rigorous statistical performance analyses of these modified Capon estimators are still lacking.This paper studies an improved Capon estimator(ICE)for estimating the DOAs of multiple uncorrelated narrowband signals,where the higherorder inverse(sample)array covariance matrix is used in the Capon-like cost function.By establishing the relationship between this nonparametric estimator and the parametric and classic subspace-based MUSIC(multiple signal classification),it is clarified that as long as the power order of the inverse covariance matrix is increased to reduce the influence of signal subspace components in the ICE,the estimation performance of the ICE becomes equivalent to that of the MUSIC regardless of the signal-to-noise ratio(SNR).Furthermore the statistical performance of the ICE is analyzed,and the large-sample mean-squared-error(MSE)expression of the estimated DOA is derived.Finally the effectiveness and the theoretical analysis of the ICE are substantiated through numerical examples,where the Cramer-Rao lower bound(CRB)is used to evaluate the validity of the derived asymptotic MSE expression.

High-Precision DOA Estimation Method Based on Synthetic Aperture Technique

The existing direction-of-arrival(DOA)estimation methods only utilize the current received signals,which are susceptible to noise.In this paper,a method for DOA estimation based on a motion platform is proposed to achieve high-precision DOA estimation by utilizing past and present signals.The concept of synthetic aperture is introduced to construct a linear DOA estima-tion model.A DOA fine-tuning method based on the linear model is proposed to eliminate the lin-ear DOA variation,achieving a non-coherent accumulation of DOA estimations.Moreover,the baseband modulation and the phase modulation caused by the range history are compensated to achieve the coherent accumulation of all the DOA estimations.Simulation results show that the proposed method can significantly improve the DOA estimated accuracy at low signal-to-noise ratios(SNR).

Full Scale-Aware Balanced High-Resolution Network for Multi-Person Pose Estimation

Scale variation is amajor challenge inmulti-person pose estimation.In scenes where persons are present at various distances,models tend to perform better on larger-scale persons,while the performance for smaller-scale persons often falls short of expectations.Therefore,effectively balancing the persons of different scales poses a significant challenge.So this paper proposes a newmulti-person pose estimation model called FSANet to improve themodel’s performance in complex scenes.Our model utilizes High-Resolution Network(HRNet)as the backbone and feeds the outputs of the last stage’s four branches into the DCB module.The dilated convolution-based(DCB)module employs a parallel structure that incorporates dilated convolutions with different rates to expand the receptive field of each branch.Subsequently,the attention operation-based(AOB)module performs attention operations at both branch and channel levels to enhance high-frequency features and reduce the influence of noise.Finally,predictions are made using the heatmap representation.The model can recognize images with diverse scales and more complex semantic information.Experimental results demonstrate that FSA Net achieves competitive results on the MSCOCO and MPII datasets,validating the effectiveness of our proposed approach.

MDTCNet:Multi-Task Classifications Network and TCNN for Direction of Arrival Estimation

The direction-of-arrival(DoA) estimation is one of the hot research areas in signal processing. To overcome the DoA estimation challenge without the prior information about signal sources number and multipath number in millimeter wave system,the multi-task deep residual shrinkage network(MTDRSN) and transfer learning-based convolutional neural network(TCNN), namely MDTCNet, are proposed. The sampling covariance matrix based on the received signal is used as the input to the proposed network. A DRSN-based multi-task classifications model is first introduced to estimate signal sources number and multipath number simultaneously. Then, the DoAs with multi-signal and multipath are estimated by the regression model. The proposed CNN is applied for DoAs estimation with the predicted number of signal sources and paths. Furthermore, the modelbased transfer learning is also introduced into the regression model. The TCNN inherits the partial network parameters of the already formed optimization model obtained by the CNN. A series of experimental results show that the MDTCNet-based DoAs estimation method can accurately predict the signal sources number and multipath number under a range of signal-to-noise ratios. Remarkably, the proposed method achieves the lower root mean square error compared with some existing deep learning-based and traditional methods.

Fusion of Convolutional Self-Attention and Cross-Dimensional Feature Transformationfor Human Posture Estimation

Human posture estimation is a prominent research topic in the fields of human-com-puter interaction,motion recognition,and other intelligent applications.However,achieving highaccuracy in key point localization,which is crucial for intelligent applications,contradicts the lowdetection accuracy of human posture detection models in practical scenarios.To address this issue,a human pose estimation network called AT-HRNet has been proposed,which combines convolu-tional self-attention and cross-dimensional feature transformation.AT-HRNet captures significantfeature information from various regions in an adaptive manner,aggregating them through convolu-tional operations within the local receptive domain.The residual structures TripNeck and Trip-Block of the high-resolution network are designed to further refine the key point locations,wherethe attention weight is adjusted by a cross-dimensional interaction to obtain more features.To vali-date the effectiveness of this network,AT-HRNet was evaluated using the COCO2017 dataset.Theresults show that AT-HRNet outperforms HRNet by improving 3.2%in mAP,4.0%in AP75,and3.9%in AP^(M).This suggests that AT-HRNet can offer more beneficial solutions for human posture estimation.

Computationally efficient MUSIC based DOA estimation algorithm for FMCW radar

This paper proposes low-cost yet high-accuracy direction of arrival(DOA)estimation for the automotive frequency-modulated continuous-wave(FMcW)radar.The existing subspace-based DOA estimation algorithms suffer fromeither high computational costs or low accuracy.We aim to solve such contradictory relation between complexity and accuracy by using randomizedmatrix approximation.Specifically,we apply an easily-interpretablerandomized low-rank approximation to the covariance matrix(CM)and R∈C^(M×M)throughthresketch maties in the fom of R≈OBQ^(H).Here the approximately compute its subspaces.That is,we first approximate matrix Q∈C^(M×z)contains the orthonormal basis for the range of the sketchmatrik C∈C^(M×z)cwe whichis etrated fom R using randomized unifom counsampling and B∈C^(z×z)is a weight-matrix reducing the approximation error.Relying on such approximation,we are able to accelerate the subspacecomputation by the orders of the magnitude without compromising estimation accuracy.Furthermore,we drive a theoretical error bound for the suggested scheme to ensure the accuracy of the approximation.As validated by the simulation results,the DOA estimation accuracy of the proposed algorithm,eficient multiple signal classification(E-MUSIC)s high,closely tracks standardMUSIC,and outperforms the well-known algorithms with tremendouslyreduced time complexity.Thus,the devised method can realize high-resolutionreal-time target detection in the emerging multiple input and multiple output(MIMO)automotive radar systems.

Exploration on 2D DOA Estimation of Linear Array Motion:Uniform Linear Motion

Generally,due to the limitation of the dimension of the array aperture,linear arrays cannot achieve two-dimensional(2D)direction of arrival(DOA)estimation.But the emergence of array motion provides a chance for that.In this paper,a generalized motion scheme and a novel method of 2D DOA estimation are proposed by exploring the linear array motion.To be specific,the linear arrays are controlled to move along an arbitrary direction at a constant velocity and snap per fixed time delay.All the received signals are processed to synthesize the comprehensive observation vector for an extended 2D virtual aperture.Subsequently,since most of 2D DOA estimation methods are not universal to our proposed motion scheme and the reduced-dimensional(RD)method fails to handle the case of the coupled parameters,a decoupled reduced-complexity multiple signals classification(DRC MUSIC)algorithm is designed specifically.Simulation results demonstrate that:a)our proposed scheme can achieve underdetermined 2D DOA estimation just by the linear arrays;b)our designed DRC MUSIC algorithm has the good properties of high accuracy and low complexity;c)our proposed motion scheme with the DRC method has better universality in the motion direction.

基于二阶统计特性的方向向量估计算法的DOA估计

为了减小天线阵流形误差对波达方向(DOA)估计结果的影响,以及克服基于传统盲源分离算法的DOA估计算法不能应用于少通道测向设备的不足,提出一种基于2阶统计特性的方向向量估计算法的DOA估计算法。首先,根据确定性最大似然(DML)估计算法谱函数的特征,构造关于协方差矩阵的酉约束下的优化问题;然后,通过优化该问题获得各个单信号的实际方向向量;最后,将各个单信号的实际方向向量输入到空间谱算法中实现DOA估计。由于将多信号的DOA估计转化为多个单信号的DOA估计,因此在天线阵列流形存在误差时,所提算法比传统的DOA方法具有更好的DOA估计性能。由于所提算法仅需使用协方差矩阵,因此所提算法可应用于少通道测向设备。由仿真实验结果可知,在阵列流形存在误差以及测向设备为少通道测向设备时,与传统DOA方法相比,所提算法的DOA估计的准确度、抗扰度以及分辨率更高。

A Decorrelating DOA Estimation Based on the Principal Eigenvector for CDMA Frequency-Selective Fading Channels

A novel decorrelating DOA estimation algorithm of multipath signals for CDMA frequency selective fading channels based only on the principal eigenvector of its corresponding covariance matrix is proposed. The proposed algorithm has the advantages that the DOAs of the multipath signals can be estimated independently and all the other resolved multipath signal interference is eliminated. Simulation results show that this algorithm estimates the DOAs of multipath signals efficiently and accurately.

Joint DOA Estimation and Phase Calibration for Synchronous CDMA with Decorrelator

A joint direction of arrival (DOA) estimation and phase calibration for synchronous CDMA system with decorrelator are presented. Through decorrelating processing DOAs of the desired users can be estimated independently and all other resolved signal interferences are eliminated. Emphasis is directed to applications in which sensor phases may be in error. It is shown that accurate phase calibration in conjunction with their use in high resolution DOA estimation can be achieved for the decoupled signals.

一种基于稀疏贝叶斯学习的离网DOA估计算法

本文提出一种基于稀疏贝叶斯学习的改进离网DOA估计算法,以提升非理想测向环境下在低信噪比、低快拍数时的DOA估计性能,称之为MOGSBL算法。本算法将信号源方位区间进行离散化,得到方位离散网格。为阵列接收信号建立稀疏贝叶斯模型,将网格节点修正量设为模型超参数。采用期望最大化算法迭代更新网格节点修正量,使更新后的网格节点更接近真实源信号方位。为了检验MOGSBL算法的性能,本文进行了大量的数值实验,并将MOGSBL算法的DOA估计结果与RSBL算法、OGSBL算法和L1-SVD算法进行对比。在不同信噪比和不同快拍数时,MOGSBL算法均能清晰分辨方位很接近的两个信号源,角度分辨率明显高于RSBL算法、OGSBL算法和L1-SVD算法。随着信噪比和快拍数的增加,4种算法的RMSE均逐渐减小。但MOGSBL算法的RMSE明显低于RSBL算法、OGSBL算法和L1-SVD算法,且RSBL算法、OGSBL算法优于L1-SVD算法。实验还分析了方向测试范围的离散网格节点数对DOA估计的影响,发现细密的离散网格可以提高DOA估计精度,但DOA估计的计算量会增加。且在任意网格节点数时,相比于RSBL算法、OGSBL算法和L1-SVD算法,本文的MOGSBL算法均具有最低的RMSE和最短的计算时间。

阵元失效下稀疏阵列的二维DOA估计算法

本文针对二维稀疏阵列在阵元失效条件下,因数据缺失导致虚拟阵列连续性被破坏及自由度下降的问题,提出了一种二维DOA估计算法。首先基于二维差分共阵构建虚拟阵列,然后利用解耦原子范数最小化理论,以矩阵填充的形式恢复协方差矩阵数据,实现对虚拟阵列中丢失虚拟阵元的内插,最后采用SS-MUSIC算法进行多信源的二维DOA估计。所提方法弥补了物理阵元失效所造成的影响,恢复了原始虚拟阵列的完整孔径特性,保持了虚拟阵列的自由度,从而确保了较高精度的二维DOA估计性能。仿真实验结果表明,在相同阵元数量及阵元失效情况下,本文提出的算法相比已有方法能有效地估计更多信源,并在小快拍数和低信噪比条件下表现出更高的稳健性,最大限度地保留并利用了稀疏阵列在二维DOA估计中的自由度优势。

大间距均匀阵列抗模糊DOA估计实验研究

在波达方向(DOA)估计中,当接收天线阵列的单元间距大于入射信号载波的半波长时,会出现阵列流形模糊,这对分辨真实的信号DOA带来了挑战。该文基于子阵级大间距均匀双线极化阵列,提出通过随机改变每个子阵中某个单元的极化状态,使不同子阵对应的导向矢量相互独立,从而打破大间距均匀阵列下导向矢量间的线性关系,并抑制阵列流形模糊。仿真和实验结果表明,该方法可有效去除多重信号分类(MUSIC)算法空间谱中的伪峰,实现高精度DOA估计。

基于低秩块Hankel矩阵正则化的阵元故障MIMO雷达DOA估计

多输入多输出(Multiple-Input Multiple-Output,MIMO)雷达在阵元故障时虚拟阵列输出数据矩阵会出现大量的整行数据丢失,由于阵列接收数据矩阵的不完整而导致对波达方向(Direction of Arrival,DOA)的估计性能恶化。大多数低秩矩阵填充算法要求缺失数据随机分布于不完整的矩阵中,无法适用于整行缺失数据的恢复问题。为此,提出了一种基于低秩块Hankel矩阵正则化的阵元故障MIMO雷达DOA估计方法。首先,通过奇异值分解(Singular Value Decomposition,SVD)降低虚拟阵列输出矩阵的维度,以减少计算复杂度。然后,对降维数据矩阵建立基于块Hankel矩阵正则化的低秩矩阵填充模型,在该模型中将MIMO雷达降维数据矩阵排列成块Hankel矩阵并施加Schatten-p范数作为正则项。最后,结合交替方向乘子法(Alternate Direction Multiplier Method,ADMM)求解该模型,获得完整的MIMO雷达降维数据矩阵。仿真结果表明,所提方法能够有效恢复降维数据矩阵中的整行数据缺失,具有较高的DOA估计精度和实时性,在阵元故障率低于50.0%时DOA估计精度优于现有方法。

范数在稀疏重构类DOA估计领域的应用

本文主要探讨了基于稀疏重构理论的DOA估计方法,以及利用范数进行稀疏性约束的优化方法.

DOA Estimation Algorithm Based on Adaptive Filtering in Spatial Domain

In this paper, a novel DOA estimation methodology based upon the technology of adaptive nulling antenna is proposed. Initially, the nulling antenna obtains the weight vector by LMS algorithm and power inversion criterion.Afterwards, reciprocal of the antenna pattern is defined as the spatial spectrum and the extracted peak values are corresponded to the estimated DOA. Through observation of the spectrum and data analysis of variable steps and SNRs, the simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method can estimate DOA above board. Furthermore, the estimation error of the proposed technique is directly proportional to step size and is inversely proportional to SNR. Unlike the existing MUSIC algorithm, the proposed algorithm has less computational complexity as it eliminates the need of estimating the number of signals and the eigenvalue decomposition of covariance matrix. Also it outperforms MUSIC algorithm, the recently proposed MUSIC-Like algorithm and classical methods by achieving better resolution with narrow width of peaks.

Blind identification and DOA estimation for array sources in presence of scattering

A novel identification method for point source,coherently distributed（CD） source and incoherently distributed（ICD） source is proposed.The differences among the point source,CD source and ICD source are studied.According to the different characters of covariance matrix and general steering vector of the array received source,a second order blind identification method is used to separate the sources,the mixing matrix could be obtained.From the mixing matrix,the type of the source is identified by using an amplitude criterion.And the direction of arrival for the array received source is estimated by using the matching pursuit algorithm from the vectors of the mixing matrix.Computer simulations validate the efficiency of the method.

Low-complexity method for DOA estimation based on ESPRIT

A low-complexity method for direction of arrival（DOA） estimation based on estimation signal parameters via rotational invariance technique（ESPRIT） is proposed.Instead of using the cross-correlation vectors in multistage Wiener filter（MSWF）,the orthogonal residual vectors obtained in conjugate gradient（CG） method span the signal subspace used by ESPRIT.The computational complexity of the proposed method is significantly reduced,since the signal subspace estimation mainly needs two matrixvector complex multiplications at the iteration of data level.Furthermore,the prior training data are not needed in the proposed method.To overcome performance degradation at low signal to noise ratio（SNR）,the expanded signal subspace spanned by more basis vectors is used and simultaneously renders ESPRIT yield redundant DOAs,which can be excluded by performing ESPRIT once more using the unexpanded signal subspace.Compared with the traditional ESPRIT methods by MSWF and eigenvalue decomposition（EVD）,numerical results demonstrate the satisfactory performance of the proposed method.

A Modified Root-MUSIC Algorithm for Signal DOA Estimation

This paper presents a modified Root-MUSIC algorithm by which the signal DOA estimation performance can be improved when the snapshot number is limited. The operation principlesof this algorithm are described in detail. It is also pointed out theoretically that this is equivalentto have increased the snapshot number and can make the DOA estimation better. Finally, somesimulating results to verify the theoretical analyses are presented.

DOA estimation of coexisted noncoherent and coherent signals via sparse representation of cleaned array covariance matrix

A new direction finding method is presented to deal with coexisted noncoherent and co- herent signals without smoothing operation. First the direction-of-arrival （DOA） estimation task is herein reformulated as a sparse reconstruction problem of the cleaned array covariance matrix, which is processed to eliminate the affection of the noise. Then by using the block of matrices, the information of DOAs which we pursuit are implied in the sparse coefficient matrix. Finally, the sparse reconstruction problem is solved by the improved M-FOCUSS method, which is applied to the situation of block of matrices. This method outperforms its data domain counterpart in terms of noise suppression, and has a better performance in DOA estimation than the customary spatial smoothing technique. Simulation results verify the efficacy of the proposed method.