Different bactericidal abilities of plasma-activated saline with various reactive species prepared by surface plasma-activated air and plasma jet combinations

Plasma-activated water(PAW),as an extended form of cold atmospheric-pressure plasma,greatly expands the application of plasma-based technology.The biological effects of PAW are closely related to the aqueous reactive species,which can be regulated by the activation process.In this study,surface plasma-activated air(SAA)and a He+O_(2)plasma jet(Jet)were parallelly combined(the SAA+Jet combination)or sequentially combined(the SAA→Jet combination and the Jet→SAA combination)to prepare plasma-activated saline(PAS).The PAS activated by the combinations exhibited stronger bactericidal effects than that activated by the SAA or the Jet alone.The concentrations of H_(2)O_(2)and NO_(2)^(-)were higher in the PAS activated by the Jet→SAA combination,while ONOO^(-)concentrations were close in the three kinds of PAS and^(1)O_(2)concentrations were higher in the PAS activated by the SAA+Jet combination.The analysis of scavengers also demonstrated that H_(2)O_(2),^(1)O_(2),and ONOO^(-)in the PAS activated by the SAA+Jet combination,and^(1)O_(2)in the PAS activated by the Jet→SAA combination played critical roles in bactericidal effects.Further,the effective placement time of the three PAS varied,and the PAS activated by the Jet→SAA combination could also inactivate 2.6-log_(10)of MRSA cells after placement for more than 60 min.The regulation of reactive species in plasma-activated water via different combinations of plasma devices could improve the directional application of plasma-activated water in the biomedical field.

A novel approach of jet polishing for interior surface of small-grooved components using three developed setups

It is a challenge to polish the interior surface of an additively manufactured component with complex structures and groove sizes less than 1 mm.Traditional polishing methods are disabled to polish the component,meanwhile keeping the structure intact.To overcome this challenge,small-grooved components made of aluminum alloy with sizes less than 1 mm were fabricated by a custom-made printer.A novel approach to multi-phase jet(MPJ)polishing is proposed,utilizing a self-developed polisher that incorporates solid,liquid,and gas phases.In contrast,abrasive air jet(AAJ)polishing is recommended,employing a customized polisher that combines solid and gas phases.After jet polishing,surface roughness(Sa)on the interior surface of grooves decreases from pristine 8.596μm to 0.701μm and 0.336μm via AAJ polishing and MPJ polishing,respectively,and Sa reduces 92%and 96%,correspondingly.Furthermore,a formula defining the relationship between linear energy density and unit defect volume has been developed.The optimized parameters in additive manufacturing are that linear energy density varies from 0.135 J mm^(-1)to 0.22 J mm^(-1).The unit area defect volume achieved via the optimized parameters decreases to 1/12 of that achieved via non-optimized ones.Computational fluid dynamics simulation results reveal that material is removed by shear stress,and the alumina abrasives experience multiple collisions with the defects on the heat pipe groove,resulting in uniform material removal.This is in good agreement with the experimental results.The novel proposed setups,approach,and findings provide new insights into manufacturing complex-structured components,polishing the small-grooved structure,and keeping it unbroken.

Characteristic analysis of air pressure wave generated by high-speed trains traveling through a tunnel

It is a complicated dynamic phenomenon when a transient pressure pulse is triggered by two high-speed trains passing each other in a tunnel. The air pressure pulse is a transient excitation to side wall of the car body. It can stimulate almost all vibration modes of the car body and the correlated assemblies, cause serious aerodynamic noise, and have important impacts on car body distortion, train noise, and operation safety. This article analyzes the time- frequency characteristics and main parameters of field-measured the air pressure wave, and its relationship with the train velocity as well as the vibration of the car body. Cepstrum analysis concludes that in the process of the meeting, the air pressure wave in tunnel crossing is a multiplying pressure wave instead of a superposed wave. The pressure pulse during the meeting is non-symmetrical one featured with a sharp front, large amplitude, fluctuating central sec- tion, and less sharp tail. The pulse width is inversely proportional to the train speed. As the speed increases, the impulse amplitude is amplified, and the speed of pulse front is advanced.

Draft sensation distribution of air jet supply system in large space building in summer

To study the draft sensation distribution of an air jet supply system in a large space building in summer,experiments are conducted in a large laboratory.The temperature,velocity and draft sensation distributions at a nozzle height of 4 m in the occupied zone are obtained.Then,the numerical simulation under the test condition is carried out by the computational fluid dynamics（CFD）method.The calculation results of the indoor vertical temperature and the draft sensation distribution are validated by the test data.Simulations with different nozzle heights are conducted.The satisfactory air supply condition is determined by analyzing the draft sensations and the temperatures in the occupied zone under three conditions.The simulation results show that the optimal draft sensation distribution and the uniform temperature and velocity fields can be obtained at a nozzle height of 5 m.

Application of jet main region specification model in CFD simulation for room air movement analysis

This paper analyzes the applications of four air terminal device（ATD）models（i.e.,the basic model,the box model,the N-point momentum model,the jet main region specification model）in computational fluid dynamics（CFD）simulation and their performance in case study.A full-scale experiment is performed in an environment chamber,and the measured air velocity and temperature fields are compared with the simulation results by using four ATD models.The velocity and temperature fields are measured by an omni-directional thermo-anemometer system.It demonstrates that the basic model and the box model are not applicable to complicated air terminal devices.At the occupant area,the relative errors between simulated and measured air velocities are less than 20% based on the N-point momentum model and the jet main region specification model.Around the ATD zone,the relative error between the numerical and measured air velocity based on the jet main region specification model is less than 15%.The jet main region specification model is proved to be an applicable approach and a more accurate way to study the airflow pattern around the ATD with complicated geometry.

Modeling of workpiece temperature suppression in high-speed dry milling of UD-CF/PEEK considering heat partition and jet heat transfer

High-performance carbon fiber-reinforced polyether-ether-ketone(CF/PEEK)has been gradually applied in aerospace and automobile applications because of its high strength-to-weight ratio and impact resistance.The drymachining requirement tends to cause the cutting temperature to surpass the glass transition temperature(Tg),leading to poor surface quality,which is the bottleneck for dry milling of CF/PEEK.Temperature suppression has become an important breakthrough in the feasibility of high-speed dry(HSD)milling of CF/PEEK.However,heat partitioning and jet heat transfer mechanisms pose strong challenges for temperature suppression analytical modeling.To address this gap,an innovative temperature suppression analytical model based on heat partitioning and jet heat transfer mechanisms is first developed for suppressing workpiece temperature via the first-time implementation of an air jet cooling process in the HSD milling of UD-CF/PEEK.Then,verification experiments of the HSD milling of UD-CF/PEEK with four fiber orientations are performed for dry and air jet cooling conditions.The chip morphologies are characterized to reveal the formation mechanism and heat-carrying capacity of the chip.The milling force model can obtain the force coefficients and the total cutting heat.The workpiece temperature increase model is validated to elucidate the machined surface temperature evolution and heat partition characteristics.On this basis,an analytical model is verified to predict the workpiece temperature of air jet cooling HSD milled with UD-CF/PEEK with a prediction accuracy greater than 90%.Compared with those under dry conditions,the machined surface temperatures for the four fiber orientations decreased by 30%–50%and were suppressed within the Tg range under air jet cooling conditions,resulting in better surface quality.This work describes a feasible process for the HSD milling of CF/PEEK.

Study of generation characteristics of glow-type atmospheric-pressure plasma jet based on DC discharge in air

In order to form an atmospheric-pressure plasma jet without airflow, a needle–ring electrode structure is proposed in this paper. When heteropolar potentials are applied to a needle and a ring, a marked electric field strength enhancement around the needle’s pointed end has been found. When the same potential is applied to both the needle and the ring, the lateral electric field strength for the needle can be weakened. By using the above two methods, an increase of the difference between the pointed end electric field strength and the lateral one is achieved and stable plasma jets are formed. A symmetrical space electric field distribution is established at the pointed end of the needles when several sets of heteropolar needle–ring electrodes are uniformly arranged, which is conducive to forming a uniform array plasma jet. Under DC discharge conditions, a safe and stable plasma jet of high density and an array plasma jet are successfully achieved.

Influence of abrasive hardness on erosion wear of abrasive air jets

To make clear the influence of abrasive hardness on the erosion effect,the erosion experiments of abrasive air jet with the same impact energy were carried out.The influence of abrasive hardness on the erosion effect is clarified by comparing the different erosion depths.The main conclusions are as follows.Under the same mass flow rate and mesh number,the abrasive with a higher density needs greater pressure irrespective of hardness.After erosion damage,the abrasive size exhibits a Weibull distribution.The shape parameterβand Weibull distribution function of four types of abrasives are derived by the least squares method;moreover,βis found to have a quadratic relation with abrasive hardness.The results of the erosion experiments show that abrasive hardness and erosion depth are quadratically related.By calculating the increase in surface energy after abrasive erosion crushing,it is found that abrasive hardness has a quadratic relation with surface energy and that the increases in erosion depth and surface energy consumption are basically identical.In conclusion,the effect is a soft abrasive impact when the ratio of abrasive hardness(Ha)to the material hardness(Hm)is<2.6,and it is a hard abrasive impact when Ha/Hm>3.

Surface Decontamination of Chemical Agent Surrogates Using an Atmospheric Pressure Air Flow Plasma Jet

An atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge （DBD） plasma jet generator using air flow as the feedstock gas was applied to decontaminate the chemical agent surrogates on the surface of aluminum, stainless steel or iron plate painted with alkyd or PVC. The experi- mental results of material decontamination show that the residual chemical agent on the material is lower than the permissible value of the National Military Standard of China. In order to test the corrosion effect of the plasma jet on different material surfaces in the decontamination pro-cess, corrosion tests for the materials of polymethyl methacrylate, neoprene, polyvinyl chloride （PVC）, polyethylene （PE）, phenolic resin, iron plate painted with alkyd, stainless steel, aluminum, etc. were carried out, and relevant parameters were examined, including etiolation index, chroma- tism, loss of gloss, corrosion form, etc. The results show that the plasma jet is slightly corrosive for part of the materials, but their performances are not affected. A portable calculator, computer display, mainboard, circuit board of radiogram, and a hygrometer could work normally after being treated by the plasma jet.

Development of a portable cold air plasma jet device and observation of its photo ionization process

Photo ionization plays a critical role in the formation and propagation of atmospheric pressure plasma jet plumes.But in experiments,it is very difficult to observe the photo ionization due to its relative lower density of photo electrons.In the present study,we develop a portable cold air plasma jet device and observe the ionization wave in adc spark air plasma jet.The discharge images acquired by an ICCD camera show that the ionization wave front performs as a quickly moving bright ball.Breakdown could take place at another side of the quartz plate or pork tissue layer(6 mm thick),which suggests that the ionization should be attributed to photo ionization.The laser schlieren images indicate there is propagation of a shock wave along with the plasma bullet.Based on the photo ionization theory and the photo-electric measurement,the direct photo ionization and multistage photo ionization are the main factors in charge of generating the cold air plasma jet.In addition,the plasma jet outside of the cathode nozzle is colder than 320 K and can be touched safely by a human.In view of the plasma jet including a large amount of active particles,such as NO,O,OH,emitted photons,etc,the proposed portable cold air plasma jet device could be qualified for plasma bio-medicine applications.

Influence of air pressure on the performance of plasma synthetic jet actuator

Plasma synthetic jet actuator（PSJA） has a wide application prospect in the high-speed flow control field for its high jet velocity.In this paper,the influence of the air pressure on the performance of a two-electrode PSJA is investigated by the schlieren method in a large range from 7 k Pa to 100 k Pa.The energy consumed by the PSJA is roughly the same for all the pressure levels.Traces of the precursor shock wave velocity and the jet front velocity vary a lot for different pressures.The precursor shock wave velocity first decreases gradually and then remains at 345 m/s as the air pressure increases.The peak jet front velocity always appears at the first appearance of a jet,and it decreases gradually with the increase of the air pressure.A maximum precursor shock wave velocity of 520 m/s and a maximum jet front velocity of 440 m/s are observed at the pressure of 7 k Pa.The averaged jet velocity in one period ranges from 44 m/s to 54 m/s for all air pressures,and it drops with the rising of the air pressure.High velocities of the precursor shock wave and the jet front indicate that this type of PSJA can still be used to influence the high-speed flow field at 7 k Pa.

Close relationship between the East Asian westerly jet and Russian far East surface air temperature in summer

The interannual variability of the east asian upper-tropospheric westerly jet（EAJ） in summer is characterized by the meridional displacement of its axis, or a seesaw pattern of zonal wind anomalies between the northern and southern flanks of the EAJ. This study reveals a close relationship between the surface air temperature in the russian far east and the northern flank of the EAJ. Related to a warmer surface in the russian far east, the westerly decelerates in the northern flank of the EAJ. The relationship can be explained by a positive feedback mechanism between the surface air temperature in the russian far east and the overhead circulation： the anticyclonic circulation anomaly related to a weakened westerly in the northern flank of the EAJ induces surface warming in the russian far east and the warmer surface can in turn act as a heat source and induces a local anticyclonic circulation anomaly in the upper troposphere, therefore decelerating the westerly in the northern flank of the EAJ. The result implies that a better description of the summer surface condition in the russian far east may benefit seasonal forecasts of the EAJ and, subsequently, east asian summer climate.

Water-Air Mixing Jet Produced by Electro-hydraulic Impulse Technology Strengthening the Quality of Surface of Metal Materials

Electro-hydraulic impulse water-air mixing jet by which the quality of metal materials can be improved is described in this paper. The experimental results proved that the hardness and the micro-hardness of the surface layer of metal materials can be improved with this method, for example, the microhardness of CrWMn can be increased by 35.62 percent.

Prediction Analysis on the Transport Distance of Supply Air in Warm Air Heating Room with Impinging Jet Ventilation Systems

To overcome the disadvantages of displacement ventilation( DV) and traditional mixing ventilation( MV) system,a new ventilation system known as impinging jet ventilation system( IJVS)has been developing. The warm air can be supplied with impinging jet ventilation( IJV), while the DV is only used for cooling.However,the flow and temperature field of IJV under heating scenario has had few references. The paper is mainly focused on computational fluid dynamics( CFD) and developing an adequate correlation between the distance L that warm air can reach and different parameters in the warm IJVS by using response surface methodology( RSM). The results indicate that L decreases as the supply velocity υ decreases but increases as the supply temperature difference ΔT or the discharge height h decreases. In the variable air volume( VAV) system, it is necessary to determine supply parameters both under the maximum-heat-load condition and the small-heat-load condition. Unlike the VAV system,the constant air volume( CAV) system has no need to study the small-heat-load condition. Draught discomfort near the nozzle becomes the issue of concern in IJVS, thus the suitable discharge height is of great importance in design and can be calculated based on the predictive model.

STUDY OF PET AIR-JET TEXTURING SEWING THREAD PROPERTIES

This paper presents a study of properties of air-jet textured threads made from high strengthpolyester filament and ordinary strength polyester filament.It includes the evaluation of tenacity,breaking elongation,modulus,specific work,evenness,abrasion resistance,hook strength,knotstrength and other mechanical properties relating to sewing.The polyester air-jet texturing sewingthread has special structure and appearance and possesses better properties of evenness,goodabrasion resistance,fatigue property,high hook and knot strength.

Study on Design of Pressure Chamber in a Linear-Jet Type Air Curtain System for Prevention of Smoke Spread

Death toll by smoke in fire is estimated at 70% which emphasizes the importance of smoke control system to deal with the fire smoke. In advanced countries, the studies on method to prevent smoke spread by forming the air curtain using high velocity jet flow are underway now. In this study, a linear-jet type air curtain system is proposed to prevent the smoke spread and analysis of flow characteristics of pressure chamber, which is the core component, is conducted through numerical analysis and experimental approach. Consequently, the pressure was increased in 2D functional way to input air flowrate and about 595 Pa pressure was formed at pressure chamber inlet in response to 30 m/s nozzle jet velocity.

Acoustic Absorption Characteristics of Perforated Thin Plate with Air Jets and Cavity

The present paper focuses on the effect of air jets through a perforated thin plate on the characteristics of an acoustic absorption coefficient. We measured the flow rate, internal pressure, acoustic pressure, and transfer function by using an improved acoustic impedance tube. The normal incidence absorption coefficient was calculated from the measured transfer function using transfer function methods. As a result, the frequency characteristics of the acoustic absorption coefficient against the frequency showed a maximum value at the local frequency. The peak frequency of the acoustic absorption coefficient depended on the thickness of the background air space and the thickness of the perforated plate. As the flow rate increased through the micropores, the peak level of the acoustic absorption coefficient also increased until a flow rate of 80?l /min. As the flow rate further increased, the peak level of the acoustic absorption coefficient decreased and that of the high frequency band increased.

Influence of water content on the inactivation of P. digitatum spores using an air–water plasma jet

In order to investigate whether an air–water plasma jet is beneficial to improve the efficiency of inactivation, a series of experiments were done using a ring-needle plasma jet. The water content in the working gas（air） was accurately measured based on the Karl Fischer method. The effects of water on the production of OH（A;Σ;–X;Π;） and O（3p;P–3s;S） were also studied by optical emission spectroscopy. The results show that the water content is in the range of 2.53–9.58 mg l;, depending on the gas/water mixture ratio. The production of OH（A;Σ;–X;Π;） rises with the increase of water content, whereas the O（3p;P–3s;S） shows a declining tendency with higher water content. The sterilization experiments indicate that this air–water plasma jet inactivates the P. digitatum spores very effectively and its efficiency rises with the increase of the water content. It is possible that OH（A;Σ;–X;Π;） is a more effective species in inactivation than O（3p;P–3s;S） and the water content benefit the spore germination inhibition through rising the OH（A;Σ;–X;Π;） production. The maximum of the inactivation efficacy is up to 93% when the applied voltage is -6.75 kV and the water content is 9.58 mg l;.

Effects of cryogenic cold air jet cutting on chip break in metal machining

The half-dry cutting employs cryogenic compressed air cooled down to (10 to 40) and a micro-dosage of lubricating oil, called cryogenic cold air jet cutting was studied. On the basis of a comparative experiment on dry and cryogenic cold air jet cuttings carried out for grade 45 steel, the effects of cryogenic cold air jet on the breaking of chips were discussed. The experimental results reveal that in the valid ranges of pressure and temperature, the cryogenic cold air jet widens the chip breaking areas effectively. When the cutting depth is not greater than 1 mm, the influence of chip breaking is much more significant. But different injecting angle of cold air has different influence on the chip-break. From the experiment, the optimized jet injecting angle, temperature effecting range and pressure working range of cold air are obtained. These results can offer a foundation for industrial manufacturing.

Design and Numerical Simulation of Low-Fiber Hollow Spindle in Air-Jet Vortex Spinning

Based on the mechanical system of free-end fibers and the analysis of pulling free-end fibers out of the spun yarn during spinning,a low-fiber hollow spindle is designed and the air distribution of fluent field is simulated numerically. The negative pressure effect is much bigger at the top of low-fiber hollow spindle than that in Murata No.861,which is more conducive for single fiber to get into the channel of hollow spindle. The tangential velocity in 0-3 mm at the top of hollow spindle increases and the fluctuation of radial velocity is much stronger,which enhance the wrapping effect. In the addition,the distribution of axial velocity remains the same.